Project team Christian de Boer BSc Civil Engineering MSc Transport and Planning Michell Hogeveen...

Project team

Christian de Boer BSc Civil Engineering MSc Transport and Planning

Michell Hogeveen BSc Architecture MSc Construction, Management & Engineering

Jiska Schimmelpennink BSc Architecture MSc Construction, Management & Engineering

Menno Yap BSc Technology, Policy & Management MSc Transport, Infrastructure & Logistics

Jascha Zwaving BSc Civil Engineering MSc Construction, Management & Engineering

TU Delft Multidisciplinary Project

Introduction Analysis Synthesis Measures Evaluation Decision

ResearchTU Delft Multidisciplinary Project


At South China University of Technology (SCUT)

In Guangzhou, China

Focus on port of Guangzhou

From February 20th to April 20th, 2013

Contents

Introduction

Analysis

Synthesis

Measures

Evaluation

Decision


Port of Guangzhou

Port geography


West Pearl River Delta: port of Guangzhou (4 port areas) Nansha Port: built on man-made island

East Pearl River Delta: port of Shenzhen; port of Hong Kong

Port of Guangzhou

Cargo and container throughput


Total cargo throughput port of Guangzhou (2011): 466 million ton (world’s 6th largest)

Total container throughput port of Guangzhou (2011): 14.4 million TEU (world’s 7th largest)

Port of Guangzhou

Facts and figures


Sustainable ports

Enormous increase cargo throughput due to China’s economic growth

Cargo throughput from 128 (2001) to 466 million ton (2011): 264% growth

Container throughput from 1.7 (2001) to 14.4 million TEU (2011): 747% growth

Environmental impact of port-related activities Increased substantially because of cargo throughput increase Increased awareness in China

Therefore: transition of port of Guangzhou towards a sustainable port

Integral approach to balance economic growth and environmental impact of the port

Sustainable port development


Sustainable ports

1. Air quality Incl. dust

2. Water quality3. Energy consumption and climate change4. Dredging (operations and disposal)5. External safety

Related to transport and handling of dangerous goods Related to industrial parks on port area for value added

services6. Noise7. Waste8. Port development / land use9. Transport connections10. Nature / habitat loss

Aspects of sustainable port development (based on ESPO and PIANC)


Goal and research questionMain research objective:

‘Improvement of the sustainable performance of the port of Guangzhou by providing a technical, economic and integral strategy, consisting of short and long term recommendations for the main stakeholders’

Research question:

‘What integral strategy can be proposed to improve the sustainability of the port of Guangzhou, thereby considering the institutional and economic environment in Guangzhou and China? ‘

Problem owner: Guangzhou Port Authority (GPA) Guangzhou Port Group (GPG)Introduction Analysis Synthesis Measures Evaluation Decision

Methodology



Analysis

Economic boundaries


Analysis of main competitors in Pearl River Delta

Port of Guangzhou: Strong market position in general Proposed measures should not decrease container handling

efficiency

Port of Shenzhen

Port of Hong Kong

Economic boundaries


SWOT analysis

Many small truck companies responsible for cargo hinterland transport: Difficult to unite them to focus on sustainable transport Companies have limited financial resources to invest in

sustainable transport

Institutional boundaries


Stakeholder analysis – power-interest grid

Actors with most power and interest to realize sustainability measures at the port of Guangzhou:

Guangzhou Port Authority

Regulatory measures Guangzhou Port Group

Operation measures

Decisions GPA + GPG should be in line with interests of national government and municipality

Institutional boundaries


Priority assessment Guangzhou Port Authority – based on survey

Given the priorities and high power of the GPA, sustainability improvements focusing on a part of all aspects of sustainable port development are considered institutionally viable on the short term to 2030

Sustainability aspects


Air quality

Air quality problems: NO x

PM 2.5

PM 10

SO 2



Water quality

Water quality problems: In Guangdong province overall quite good water quality Parts – incl. the Pearl River in the city of Guangzhou – have

(very) bad water quality

Water quality Guangdong province (I: good – V: very bad):



Energy consumption / climate change

Energy problems: Large dependency on fossil fuels in port activities Port of Guangzhou: many financial resources reserved for

energy conservation increased awareness of current climate problems

Current (left) and expected (in 2015; right) distribution of energy sources



External safety

Port of Guangzhou: Strictly abides SOLAS Future: even strengthens regulations regarding external safety

In China in general strict regulations regarding external safety: Ministry of Environmental Protection Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine

Port of Guangzhou: strict, additional regulations regarding external safety of ships and industrial parks at port area for value added services:

Guangzhou Port Authority Guangzhou Maritime Safety Administration Guangzhou Maritime Administration Authority



Port development / land use

Land use container yard Nansha Port & Guangzhou Container Terminal

container stacking parallel to quay wall: less efficient and sustainable

Port development phased development Nansha Port with lot of temporary non-used

space

Limited efficient / sustainable land use in port development and port activities currently



Transport connections – modal split

Modal split transport between port of Guangzhou and hinterland markets

Especially regarding container hinterland transport, non-sustainable modal split



Transport connections – vehicle emissions

Emissions of transport vehicles: Trucks for hinterland transport use traditional diesel / gasoline Trains for hinterland transport mainly electrified (but power

from fossil fuels), but also partly diesel powered engines on non-electrified tracks

Sea vessels and barges mainly use Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO): 4.5% SO2

Sea vessels and barges use their auxiliary diesel engines when at the quay

Combination of limited sustainable transport vehicles and non-sustainable modal split: transport connections are currently not very sustainable

All transport modes have relatively high emission values per ton-kilometer


Synthesis

Integrating results of analyses


Integration of economic boundaries and detected sustainability problems port of Guangzhou:

Proposed sustainability measures should not decrease container handling efficiency

Integration of institutional boundaries and detected sustainability problems port of Guangzhou


Measures

Measures


Overview of measures and impact

Overview of measures based on literature study and reference projects :

Port of Rotterdam Other ports in Europe and

worldwide ESPO PIANC


Evaluation

Method of evaluation


Two-step approach

Step 1: Evaluation of viability of measures Measure viable given the economic context of the port of

Guangzhou? Measure viable given the institutional context of the port of

Guangzhou?

Step 2: Evaluation of feasibility of remaining measures Feasibility calculated for short time horizon from 2013 until

2030 Financial feasibility: discounted expected financial costs vs.

financial benefits Economic feasibility: discounted expected financial +

environmental costs vs. financial + environmental benefits

Viability of measures


Economic and institutional viability of measures

Measures considered not viable given the economic and/or institutional context of the port of Guangzhou are cut-off here

Feasibility of measures


General assumptions

Discount factor NPV: 2.25%

Average yearly container throughput growth 2013 – 2030: 10% Actual container throughput growth 2010 – 2011: 13.6% Expected average yearly container throughput growth next 5

years: 8% After 5 years, container throughput growth is expected to

increase again

Lifetime for NPV of all measures: 17 years (2013 – 2030) to get comparable results

Monetary emission values used:

OPS + rewarding clean ships


Onshore Power Supply (OPS) – technical description

Connection to national power grid

Work barge instead of cable reel system

Implementation at Nansha Port

OPS + rewarding clean ships


Onshore Power Supply (OPS) – combined with rewarding clean ships

Responsibilities when implementing OPS: Adapting port infrastructure: GPA + GPG Adapting ships for on-board system OPS: shipping companies

Financial incentive should be provided to shipping companies before they will adapt their ships:

GPA + GPG provide discount to ‘clean ships’ (ships suitable for OPS)

Discount at least €4500 per year per ship to prevent losses for shipping companies

‘Rewarding clean ships’ required as means to successfully implement ‘OPS’ measure

Clean trucks


Technical description

Focus on trucks for transport between port and hinterland

Fee for unclean trucks for each port call

GPA contributes for 80% to investment costs for truck companies for new, clean trucks (e.g. by using filters)

After several years: unclean trucks prohibited at port area

By financial incentive and long term enforcing: economic boundary regarding the large number of small truck companies is taken into account in this measure

Container stacking method


Technical description – containers stacked parallel to quay wall

Current situation:

Average driving distance per container over CY (terminal truck + hinterland truck): 3.0 km

Container stacking method


Technical description – containers stacked front-end: perpendicular to quay wall

New situation:

Applied first at GOCT at Nansha Port

Average driving distance per container over CY (terminal truck + hinterland truck): 1.6 km

Barge round trip system



Barge round trip system for container transport between Nansha Port and 19 hinterland ports (operated by GPG)

5 round trips + 7 barge shuttles instead of 19 barge shuttle services

Clean terminal trucks



Focus on terminal trucks for container transport between ship and stack

Two possible ways for cleaner transport: Replace terminal trucks by cleaner – still manual operated -

terminal trucks Replace manual operated diesel trucks by electric Automatic

Guided Vehicles

Implementation at terminal of Nansha Port (GOCT)


Decision

Short term recommendations


Integral package of feasible sustainability measures

Onshore Power Supply + rewarding clean ships Clean trucks for hinterland transport Front-end container stacking (depends on investment

costs) Clean (non-automated) terminal trucks to encourage

truck companies Barge round trip system for container hinterland

transport

Long term recommendations


Aspects of sustainable port development – long term

To realize a transition towards a sustainable port, all aspects of sustainable port development need to be considered and improved

Although sustainability improvements are not institutionally viable on the short term (until 2030) for certain aspects, long term recommendations for these aspects are shortly provided

Long term recommendations


Aspects of sustainable port development – long term

Nature / habitat loss: Nature compensation for port extensions with large impact on

nature areasNoise:

Mitigation of noise by (e.g.) physical infrastructure (noise barriers)

Reduction of noise emitting factors by enforcing noise limits or innovationsDredging (operations and disposal):

Prevent dredging by minimizing sediment inflow and sediment reduction plans

Treatment, reuse and eventually placement of dredging materialsWaste (from ships and from industrial activities on port area):

Sustainable waste management: reduction, recycling and monitoring of waste

Water quality: Regulations: financial incentives (e.g. polluter has to pay) Regulations: non-financial incentives (e.g. naming of clean and

pollutant firms)

Supervision


Supervision from TU Delft and SCUT

Delft University of Technology: Prof. ir. Tiedo Vellinga Prof. dr. ir. Marcel Hertogh

University relations (International Office SCUT): Jasmine Yao Irene Wang

A special thanks to: Jin Haosi, participating student

South China University of Technology (SCUT): Prof. dr. ir. Chen Chaohe

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