Electron Recoil & Dark Matter Direct Detection Qing Wang Tsinghua Univ. Beijing.
Prof. Zhihua Wang, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Transcript of Prof. Zhihua Wang, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
2016/5/4
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May 9, 2016 1Zhihua WANG
Tsinghua University
New challenges in low power and high-speed real-time signal
processing
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
May 9, 2016 2Zhihua WANG
Tsinghua University
Contents
• The requirements of semiconductors of medical applications
• Portable and/or Implantable Medical Systems
• Real time analog signal processing - Design considerations of a transceiver used for IMD
• Real time analog signal processing - Case study for applications
• Conclusions
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The requirements of semiconductors of medical applications
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Tsinghua University
Information services from (mobile) internet• “Stories" about Web services
• Google(谷歌)• AAA @ Google map• SCI/EI @ Google Scholar• … …
• Twitter/Facebook/Weibo/Weixin
(微博、微信)• eBay /Taobao(淘宝)• Amazon /JD (京东)
There is any kind of human needs in real society, there must exist a corresponding Internet companies in virtual community
Fact ONE
(In virtual community) except of medicines and medical equipment sales, there is no Internet companies
involved in medical and health care
Fact TWO
Question:Do human beings have medical and health care needs in real society?
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Could the model of today’s information servicebe applied to future mobile medical services
Hospital-centered
医学检测和监护Medical Tests &
Monitoring
诊断Diagnostics
医学处理Treatment
感到不适
Sense of Discomfort
Medical Tests &Monitoring
DiagnosticsTreatment
Sense of Discomfort
Patient-centered
Medical Service Enterprise using IT mode
Do not charge to the user (patient) directly
How to achieve this objective?
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Tsinghua University
Conditions and Approach
Hospital-centered
医学检测和监护Medical Tests &
Monitoring
诊断Diagnostics
医学处理Treatment
感到不适
Sense of Discomfort
Medical Tests &Monitoring
DiagnosticsTreatment
Sense of Discomfort
Patient-centered
Conditions:Testing to get the Physiological
information with accurate, reliable, complete at home
Approach:Miniaturization Intelligent of existing
medical equipmentelectrification of the non-electric
(chemical, biological) medical devices
It is not to replace today's medical services, but to provide a new type of medical service to effective use of the knowledge of medical people, and it does not directly charge to the consumers
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To make Medical Devices smaller & smarter 1946: using
vacuum tubes
Your mobile phone has more computing power than all of NASA in 1969. NASA launched a man to the moon. We launch a bird into pigs.— George Bray
From 200 bytes filling a big room and consuming 150 KW,
to 1 Gbytes/64G filling your pocket and consuming less than 2W
The evolution of computing technology: power and computing capability (1946~2016)
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To make the Medical Devices electrification
Kodak Company was founded in 1880, filed for bankruptcy protection in January 2012
It has no any value for a mechanical watch as a timing tool
The demise of film and mechanical watch
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Tsinghua University
Similar annual sales of top 20 companies , but differents in …
TOP 20 PUBLIC MEDICAL DEVICE COMPANIES BY SALES, Priced as of close on October 7, 2015
No. Company Name (Exchange: Ticker)
Total Revenue,
Last 12 Months
($USDmm,)
1 Johnson & Johnson (NYSE:JNJ) $25,836.0
2 Medtronic plc (NYSE:MDT) $23,127.0
3 General Electric Co. (NYSE:GE) $18,030.0
4 Fresenius Medical Care AG & Co.
KGAA (DB:FME)
$16,982.3
5 Baxter International Inc. (NYSE:BAX) $16,326.0
6 Siemens AG (DB:SIE) $14,600.4
7 Cardinal Health Inc. (NYSE:CAH) $11,395.0
8 Novartis AG (SWX:NOVN) $10,485.0
9 Koninklijke Philips N.V (ENXTAM:PHIA) $10,402.5
10 Stryker Corp. (NYSE:SYK) $9,818.0
11 Becton, Dickinson and Co. (NYSE:BDX) $9,410.0
12 Boston Scientific Corp. (NYSE:BSX) $7,272.0
13 Essilor International SA (ENXTPA:EI) $7,015.3
14 St. Jude Medical Inc. (NYSE:STJ) $5,566.0
15 3M Co. (NYSE:MMM) $5,475.0
16 Abbott Laboratories (NYSE:ABT) $5,223.5
17 Olympus Corp. (TSE:7733) (OTC:
OCPNY)
$4,811.5
18 Smith & Nephew plc (LSE:SN.) $4,669.0
19 Zimmer Biomet Holdings Inc.
(NYSE:ZBH)
$4,630.9
20 Terumo Corp. (TSE:4543) $4,114.6
Sub-total form top 20 $215,190.0
Top 20 Semiconductor companies ranked on 2015 year's sales (US$ B)
15‘s
RankCompanies
Y2015
revenue
1 Intel 50.31
2 Sumsang Electronics 41.61
3 TSMC(F) 26.56
4 Hynix 16.92
5 Qualcomm(FL) 15.63
6 Micron 14.82
7 Texas Instruments 12.11
8 Toshiba 9.73
9 BroadComm (FL) 8.42
10 Avago (FL) 6.96
11 Infineon Technpology 6.90
12 STMicroelectronics 6.84
13 MediaTek + Mstar(FL) 6.50
14 Sony 5.89
15 NXP 5.79
16 Renesas Electronics 5.66
17 Global Foundries(F) 4.99
18 nVidia 4.63
19 UMC(F) 4.47
20 Freescale Semi 4.41
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TECHNOLOGY ENABLERS• Portable and/or Implantable medical monitoring systems
• Reliable and seamless monitoring systems that can be integrated into patients daily life routine
• Ambulatory data analysis• Real-time data analysis and even diagnostics increasing
the efficiency of health-care delivery
• Close the loop• Smart drug delivery and/or stimulation systems
for preventive (care)
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Portable and/or Implantable Medical Systems
Enabling Technology is Integrated Circuit
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It should be a device with a Medical-grade
•An instrument, apparatus, implement, machine, contrivance, implant, in vitro reagent, or other similar or related article, including a component part, or accessory which is:• Recognized in the official National Formulary• Intended for use in the diagnosis of disease or other
conditions• Intended to affect the structure or any function of the
body of man or other animals
What is a Portable and/or Implantable Medical Device?
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It should be an Potable and/or Implantable Device
• Electronic implantable medical devices (IMD) are designed to be fully or partially implanted in the human bodies through surgeries[1], and remain in bodies for several hours to several years or even permanently after the surgical intervention.
[1] R. Ritter, J. Handwerker, T. Liu, and M. Ortmanns, “Telemetry for Implantable Medical Devices,”IEEE SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS MAGAZINE, vol. 6, Issue. 2, pp. 47-51, Spring 2014.
What is a Portable and/or Implantable Medical Device?
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Classification of medical Devices
•Class I: General controls
•Class II: General controls with special controls • infusion pumps, and surgical drapes…
•Class III: General controls and premarket approval • implantable pacemaker, pulse generators, automated
external defibrillators…
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Examples of Potable and/or Implantable Medical Devices
Total hip replacement capsule endoscopyRobot hand
Cochlear implants Nerve Stimulator Total Knee replacement
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Tsinghua University
A Medical System with Portable and/or Implantable Medical Devices
Deep Brain
Neurostimulator
Cochlear implant
Endoscopic Capsule
Others IMDs
Gastric stimulator
Portable and/or Implantable Medical
Devices - IMDs
Controller / Programmer
Display / control unit
External Host Devices -
EHDs
(Terms and Definitions)
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Research and Development of an medical system with Portable and/or Implantable Medical Devices (IMDs)
Specification DesignPrototype/
ProductVerification
Small
Production
Technology
Transfer
Design Review
ValidationLarge
ProductionResearch
Idea /
Concept
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Composition or Development Platform• Communication protocols and modules
• information security
• Sensing modules
• Pacing modules
• Wireless battery recharge module
• Lead impedance measurement modules
• Accelerometer modules
• FW download module
• RTC module
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About the information security - Mostly at the system level and implemented in software
Confidentiality Integrity
AvailabilityAccountability
CIAA policy
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Portable and/or Implantable Medical Systems Market
• 5 big companies:• share more than 98% of the market (mainly pacemakers and ICDs).
• design and manufacture their products but do not act as contract designers or manufacturers.
• buy patents and technology from small companies in the field or eventually buy the companies.
• Start –up companies created to check the feasibility of treating a disease using an implantable device implementing a therapy conceived by themselves:• few per year, mainly from US, Israel and Canada
• without capacity to develop and manufacture the devices
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Enabling Technology is Integrated Circuit
• Information Sciences: Acquisition
processing,
Storage
Transmission
of (medical and life ) signals
Analog
Front
End
ADC
DSP
Radio
μC
Sensor
Power management, battery, harvester
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Real time analog signal processingDesign considerations of a transceiver used for IMD
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Well known IMDs in clinical application• cardiac pacemakers,
• implantable defibrillators, • Cochlear implants,
• nerve stimulators (Functional Electrical Stimulation-
• FES),
• limb function stimulation,
• bladder stimulators,
• Sphincter stimulators,
• diaphragm stimulators,
• implantable infusion pumps,
• bio-monitoring devices such as the capsule endoscope.
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Two options to power an IMD• miniature battery, and wireless power.
• lowering the circuit power consumption, • to evaluate the available space for power supply components inside IMDs,
• The lifetime and reliability requirement, before choosing the power type.• For example, a cardiac pacemaker relying on a reliable energy source may
choose a battery, while an intraocular IMD usually choose wireless power since there is no room for a battery. The requirements on the wireless transceivers for different IMDS are quite diverse, in terms of data rate, signal transmission distance, and communication directions (single direction or two-way). The data integrity and bit-error rate (BER) tolerance are also of great importance, and the poor performances on these aspects may lead to harmful and even fetal malfunction.
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IMD power and wireless data requirements
IMDs Power consumption Target data rate Life-Time Energy Source
Biomonitoring System <100 μW < 10 kb/s a few days Primary Battery
Capsule endoscope <15mW >1 Mb/s 10 Hours Primary Battery
Pacemaker <100 μW 10 Years Primary Battery
Cardioverter-Defibrilator Cont: <100 μW; Peak: 5–10 W 10 Years Primary Battery
Cochlear Processor 200 μW >100Kb/s 1 Week Rechargeable Battery
Hearing Aid 100–2,000 μW 200 kb/s 1 Week Rechargeable Battery
Retinal Implant 40–250 mW > 500kb/s NA Inductive Power
Neural Recorder/Stimulator 1–100 mW <1 Mb/s NA Inductive Power
Artificial Heart 10–100 W NA Inductive Power
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Frequency band selection for IMD transceiver design • considering the huge variation of EM signal propagation characteristics through human
tissues with different frequencies. Based on FCC frequency regulations, the MedRadioband (composed of several inconsecutive bands in 401–457 MHz) has superior propagation characteristics for implants, quiet channel properties, and worldwide availability, which are the primary reasons for its popularity for implant applications. The 2.45GHz ISM band, with the mature circuit technologies, wide support for connecting to smart phones and other mobile devices, convenient access to the network, is also widely used for implantable medical systems.
Global
Frequency bandsCategory Comments
9 – 315 kHz EU medical implant Not so allocated outside EU
13.56 MHz ISM and SRD RFID transponders for patient ID
27.12 MHz ISM and R/C Congested
40.68 MHz ISM and SRD Protocol restrictions in USA
402 – 405 MHz Medical Implant Comm. Reserved for implants
2.45 GHz
ISM and SRD and
microwave oven 802.11b/g (BT, Wi-Fi)
5.8 GHz ISM 802.11a
Table 2. Radio standards – Implantable Medical devices
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Antenna design for IMDs
• IMD antenna design is also very challenging due to the size and shape restrictions, and the complicated working environment in human bodies. Since the electrical properties of the human tissues varies a lot with the patients' weight, age, posture changes, etc., the IMD antennas may adopt different sizes and shapes depending on the implantation location, which further limits the freedom of the designer
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Burst data rate and much longer working time• It is noted that the data transmission from IMD to EHD sometimes
requires very high burst data rate, while the control/command information exchange between them requires continuous connection with a much lower data rate but much longer working time. Since the power efficiency is a key consideration for IMDs, people have tried many ways to design communication protocols and circuits to provide a good compromise between these two types of communication. However, the huge gap between two types of communication turns to be the major factor to limit the system efficiency by using a single band/mode transceiver. A nature solution is to design an IMD transceiver with multi-band and multi-mode options.
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Proposed Transceiver for the IMDs
• A dual-band/mode transceiver architecture with high energy efficiency
• working in the 400MHz frequency band and the 2.4GHz band simultaneously with a shared antenna.
• The 400MHz data link transceiver will be used for biomedical data transmission from IMD to a EHD, with a raw data rate of up to 10 Mbps, and the power consumption less than 10mA current.
• The 2.4GHz Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) protocol transceiver consumes no more than 5mA current from 1.0V supply, and will be used to build wireless connection between the IMD and EHD such as a smart phone. The BLE transceiver effective data rate is around tens of kbps.
Dual-Band
ANT
400 MHz Data Link TRX
LNA
PA
LNA
PA
ADC
ADC
ADC
PGA & LPF
PGA & LPF
0o
90o
PFD& CP LPFDIV/2
/2
DCOC &
Auto-tune
FM-I
FM-II
AM
-A
DCOC &
Auto-tune
2.4G Bluetooth Low Energy TRX
400M BPF
2.4G BPF
ADC
PLL
400M
0o
90o
90o
180o
270o
90o
PLL
400M
Phase
selector
Shaping
filter
AGC & DCOC
& Auto-tune
Bloker
Calibration
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Real time digital signal processingCase study for two applications
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Smart cap
sule,
chip
design
and
app
lication
Capsule Endoscopy
2003 2008
Phase I
Research
Phase III
Production
2010
Supporting
Equipment
Phase II
Pre-Application
Sodar 2009.10
2003.04 Applied Patent:
Digital Wireless Capsule
Endoscopy
2004.08 Applied National Key
Technologies R&D Program
2005.04 Patent is Granted
2005 A-SSCC
Demo PCB System
2006.05 support students to
Founded
Beijing E-Core Technology Co.
2006
2008 A-SSCC Student
Design Award, EL 2008.7,
TBCAS 2009.1 CJE 2009.6
Kelvin 2008.6
2006 JSSC
Production-Prototype
2008 Two National 863 Project
with total 18 Million
Sodar
System Design
IC Design
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Multi-camera capsule (camera ball)• Whole levels of lower power design
• High energy efficient digital
• Lower power RF/ Aanlog/mix-mode
• Energy transmission through wireless
• The sensor for the movement and direction of capsule
• Image processing• Compress and cording
• Reorganization
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Digital Signal Processing: 2D representation of pictures
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Intelligent Hearing Aid - High-performance hearing aids in two ears
• Ear to ear communications to provide better clarity and Directionality
• Ear - Equipment: Connecting to smartphone, TV, MP3, etc.
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Wire
les
s h
ealth
mo
nito
ring
Gas
troin
tes
tinal
exa
min
atio
n
As
sis
ted
orth
op
ed
ic
su
rgery
Nerv
e s
timu
lato
rDecember,
2012Band-Aid
ECG
Heart
sounds
Monitor
Ph value
Capsule
Capsule
endoscope
Balloon
Endoscopy
Knee pressure
monitoring
Hip posture
monitoring
Gastric
electrical
stimulation
Vagus nerve
stimulatorCochlear
2001
2005
1997
Knee pressure 2012 clinical
trials
2010 Improved
System
2007
Prototype
capsulesSuccessful
development of SoC,
2006
2009 Clinical trials
2011 Medical Device
Registration
2012 Wireless Power
supply
2012
Balloon prototype
2012 Animal testing
Productive inspection
2009 Prototype
2012 Prototype
Successful
development of SoC,
2000 2010 Prototype
2009 Prototype
Clinical
picture
Wireless Medical and Health Progress and outlook
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Tsinghua University
One Sentence to academic: If you achieve good research results, you can get good publications also• 11 papers published on IEEE Journal of Solid-state Circuit (JSSC)
• 35 papers published on IEEE Transactions
• 72 papers published on other Journals cited by Science Citation Index (SCI)
• 6 papers published in International Conference of Solid-State Circuit (ISSCC)
• 12 papers published in Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC)
• 29 papers published in Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference (A-SSCC)
• 14 papers published in Radio Frequency Integrated Cir. Symp. (RFIC)
• 75 papers published in IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)
• 223 papers published in other International Conferences
• Holding 75 Chinese patents
• Holding 4 US patents
11 published books and book chapters
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Tsinghua University
Conclusions
• Medical application should be one of the main driving force for semiconductor
• Medical grade Portable and/or Implantable Medical Systems gives new challenges in low power and high-speed real-time signal processing
• To be patient and to cooperate with the medical people
• Application is the source of innovation, long-term persistence is the key to success
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Tsinghua University
Thank you for your attentionQ&A