Primate Society of Great BritainNo. 124FEBRUARY 2018

THE PRIMATE SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN Registered Charity No. 290185 Officers: President: Prof. Simon Bearder (14) (Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Department of Anthropology, School of Social Sciences & Law, Oxford Brookes University, Gypsy Lane, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP) Hon. Secretary: Dr Andrew Smith (13) (Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge, CB1 1PT) Hon. Treasurer Brian Machin (15) (Drylaw Cottage, Cote Drive, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol BS9 3UP) Council Members: Dr N. Alberts (UCL) – Webmaster (14) Dr E. Bethell (Liverpool John Moores) – Meetings Officer (15) Dr M. Blanchard (Birmingham) – Membership Secretary & Official Archivist (15) Dr J. Boubli (Salford) (16) Dr L. Dean (St Andrews) (17) Dr L. Fitton (HYMS) (16) Dr Sonya Hill (Chester) (17) Dr P. Honess (Bioculture Group – Convenor, Captive Care Working Party (16) Dr Juliane Kaminski (Portsmouth) (17) Prof. K. Robson-Brown (Bristol) (16) Dr C. Ross (Roehampton) (16) H. Donnelly (Durham) – Student Representative (17) Convenors of Working Parties: Dr C. Harcourt (Chester) – Convenor, Conservation Working Party Priscillia Miard (Oxford Brookes) – Convenor, Marketing Working Party Dr B. Waller (Portsmouth) – Convenor, Research Working Party Assistant Members of Council: Dr S. Evans (Du Mond Conservancy, c/o Monkey Jungle Inc., PO Box 246, Miami, Florida 33170, USA) – for US membership I. Redmond OBE (Ape Alliance, Twitter@4apes) – Editor, Primate Eye Dr C. Bettridge (Manchester Metropolitan) – Deputy Editor, Primate Eye Honorary Members: Born Free Foundation Knowsley Safari Park Honorary Auditors: Messrs Morris & Co., Chester Subscription Rates: Annual subscription rates (send cheques and sterling drafts to the Treasurer): Full members and Associate members: Payment by Banker's Order £25.00 Payment by cheque, postal order, cash, credit card £27.50 Undergraduate and postgraduate student membership £15.00 (Membership of P.S.G.B. includes Primate Eye and supplements) Institutions wishing to receive Primate Eye and supplements only: Annual subscription £30.00 Overseas subscriptions may be paid at longer intervals by arrangement with the Treasurer

EDITORIAL It is with a heavy heart that I send off this issue of Primate Eye with a hastily re-written editorial. Just as I flew to Kenya to make a documentary, and thinking it was ready to go to the printers, I received the shocking news of the murder, at his home outside Nairobi, of Dr Esmond Bradley Martin (75), a prominent conservationist whose reports on the trade in rhino horn and ivory have been shaping conservation policy for decades. Although the focus of his work was not primates, his work has had an impact on whole ecosystems across Africa and Asia given the role played by elephants and rhinos in shaping their habitat. Esmond was a geographer, an academic who was drawn into the conservation world through his pioneering studies of Indian Ocean trade routes which revealed where and how the illegal wildlife traders shipped the valuable body parts of pachyderms, among other goods. Esmond didn’t do undercover investigations – he was an unmistakeable figure, being tall with a wave of white hair, he stood out in any crowd. Instead, he simply talked to people and counted the products he saw, eventually winning the confidence of traders, customers and shipping agents through repeated visits seeking to understand the trade. Year after year he and his colleagues compiled the data that exposed the scale of the problem facing rhinos and elephants, thereby influencing the decisions of CITES and national governments around the world. In the early 1990s as black rhino populations crashed, he served as the UN Special Envoy for Rhinoceros Conservation1. (the first time there had ever been a UN Envoy for a non-human issue) and in 2000 he encouraged me to approach the Executive Director of UNEP to do something similar for apes, which led to the UN Great Ape Survival Partnership. Distinguished, dedicated, courageous and courteous, Esmond was a delightful character who wielded a fountain pen mightier than any computer. The Kenyan police are investigating his brutal murder (was it a bungled burglary or an assassination by an organised crime network whose profits his work had impacted?) while the conservation world mourns, along with his family and friends. His was certainly a life well lived and his work will be carried on by those he inspired. Even before this awful news, there was a sombre side to this Primate Eye; as most readers will know, the euphoria generated by our successful 50th Anniversary conference (398 attendees from 27 countries) was tempered by news of the passing of two highly respected members of our community. A number of speakers had mentioned that Prof. Colin Groves was unable to join us because he was gravely ill, so it was sad but no great surprise to hear after our

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meeting drew to a close that he had lost his battle with cancer. Barely had we absorbed that news though when the sudden death of Dr Tony Whitten was announced, following a traffic accident in Cambridge as he cycled home. The obituaries to them both herein reveal the extraordinary depth and scope of their work. Such richly lived lives serve as an example to which a new generation of primatologists, much in evidence at the conference, aspire. A more positive piece of news that broke just as we were going to press, is the announcement by the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International that “actress Portia de Rossi has given her wife, Ellen DeGeneres, an amazing birthday gift that will enable the Fossey Fund to break ground on a state-of-the-art campus (in Rwanda) for our Karisoke Research Center and its programs.” The gift was given live on the recipient’s show on US television – what a wonderful way to express love – perhaps it will set a new trend for gift-giving that benefits science and conservation! Looking forward to summer 2018, the International Primatological Society is gearing up for its 27thCongress this August, to be hosted by GRASP-UNEP in Nairobi. It is the first time a UN agency has taken such an interest in primatology, and bodes well for cross-fertilisation of ideas and fields of knowledge. It also presents delegates with a wonderful opportunity to travel around East Africa to see the wide variety of primates, diurnal and nocturnal, playing their part in the ecology of the region. What a shame it is that Esmond will not be there to absorb information and share his vast experience of getting conservation onto the agenda of UN agencies, politicians and law-makers. Reference: 1. Redmond, I.; Martin, E.B., 1992. Don't argue - save the rhino. BBC Wildlife 10 (11): 44-45 Primate Eye is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License <creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/>. Individual authors retain ownership of the copyright for their contributions, but authorise anyone to download, reuse, reprint, modify, distribute, and/or copy their work, as long as the original author(s) and source are cited correctly. No permission is required. The deadline for the next issue of Primate Eye is 15th May 2018. Items (manuscript or electronic in any standard format) for future issues should be sent to:

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Ian Redmond Dr Caroline Bettridge FHEA Editor, Primate Eye Deputy Editor, Primate Eye Ape Alliance Conservation, Evolution and c/o RSPCA Building Behaviour Research Group Lansdown Division of Biology andStroud Conservation EcologyGloucestershire Manchester Metropolitan University GL5 1BG Chester Street Manchester M1 5GD Email: editor@psgb.org Email: editor@psgb.org Tel: UK (0)1453 765228 Tel: +44 (0)161 247 1198 www.4apes.com www.ceerec.mmu.ac.uk/ceb/ PSGB correspondence unrelated to Primate Eye should be addressed to the Hon. Secretary. Notification of change of address should be sent to the Membership Secretary. The PSGB WebSite can be found at www.psgb.org

Membership application forms can be found at www.psgb.org/membership

Patron: Dr Jane Goodall, DBE

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BUCKINGHAM PALACE

24th November, 2017.

eThe Queen has asked me to thank you for your kind letter sent

on behalf of the Primate Society of Great Britain on the occasion ofyour Fiftieth Anniversary which is being celebrated in London from27th to 29th November.

Her Majesty was interested to learn of the aims of theorganisation and appreciated your thoughtftilness in writing as youdid. In return, The Queen sends her best wishes to all concerned fora most successful and enjoyable programme commemorating thismilestone in the history of the Society.

David RyanDirector, Private Secretary’s Office

Professor Emeritus Simon Bearder.

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President’s Report, January 2018

The past year represents an important milestone in the history of primatology and it has been a busy and successful one, culminating in our 50th Anniversary celebrations at the Royal Geographical Society. We enjoyed excellent meetings hosted by Durham University in January and the Universities of Salford and Manchester Metropolitan in April. In August, a large number of our members joined colleagues for the European Federation of Primatology meeting in Strasbourg which attracted the highest number of delegates in its history. Congratulations and thanks go to all those who worked so hard to make these meetings such a success. I will devote much of this report to looking back at the history of the Society but, as I stand down as President, I would like to pay tribute to all the members of Council who have contributed to the smooth running of the Society over the last three years and especially to our Honorary Secretary, Andrew Smith, who has been in office since 2012. His calm efficiency and clear-headed advice have made my role very easy and enjoyable. Of course, our 50th anniversary conference in November was very special. It featured guest speakers Dr Jane Goodall DBE (our Patron) and Prof Frans de Waal, with after-dinner speeches by Jane and Bob Martin. There were presentations from 9 past Presidents of the Society and 12 specialist speakers from a wide range of sub-disciplines within primatology, together with poster presentations and primate-related original artwork on sale, which raised more than £4000 for conservation causes. The meeting included the launch of the latest analysis of the top 25 most endangered primates with Russ Mittermeier, Anthony Rylands and Christoph Schwitzer and the presentation of the Society’s Conservation Medal to John Oates. This is a strange Society indeed. There are 21 Orders of mammals but only one of them has its own Society – apart from bats. Primates, however, are different in having over 20 National Societies devoted to their study, including many countries where there are no primates other than humans, and there are no bat equivalents to the International Primatological Society or the European Federation of Primatology.

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The Society was formed at a time when there were two journals devoted to primates. Primates was established in 1957 and Folia Primatologica in 1963, but very few, if any, biologists would have considered themselves as primatologists. The foundation of the Primate Society coincided with the formation of a new discipline devoted to a single order of mammals. But despite this relatively narrow focus, the Society drew interest from a wide range of academic departments including zoologists, anthropologists, archaeologists, psychologists, anatomists, physiologists and vets, as well as those with a deep understanding of primates in captivity and in museums. As we learnt more about primate ecology and conservation biology these disciplines were increasingly a focus that reflected their worrying decline. The formation of the Society can be attributed to the coming together of three significant developments. First, the 1960s marked a flourishing of pioneering studies of primates in the wild which brought the ecology and social lives of primates to the attention of a wide audience. Foremost of these were the inspiring work of Jane Goodall and Vernon Reynolds on chimpanzees; early fieldwork on gorillas by George Schaller and Dian Fossey; publication of early field studies of monkeys, particularly the work of Junichiro Itani and his Japanese colleagues and the edited volumes of Irven DeVore and Stuart Altmann; and the work on lemurs by Jean-Jacques Petter and Alison Jolly. A second ingredient was the increasing interest in the fossil remains of human ancestors, largely thanks to the work on Louis and Mary Leakey in East Africa. This led to the formation of a primate interest group at the Zoological Society of London under the leadership of John Napier. Finally, in 1967, John and his wife Prue published A Handbook of Living Primates and he set up the Primate Society of Great Britain, becoming its first President. Fifty years ago of course the world and science were very different. There was half the number of people compared to today. At that time most authorities considered that tree shrews were members of the Order Primates (they are now classified as belonging to their own Order, the Scandentia). The theory of plate tectonics was still disputed and a concept of a Scala Naturae, whereby living animals were seen on a scale of development from primitive to advanced (lower to higher), had yet to be abandoned. Perhaps the greatest

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change has been the development in our understanding of genetics, which now has the potential to show how all animals are related to one another and when they are likely to have diverged. The Handbook of Living Primates recognised approximately two hundred species, whereas today we know of over 500 and counting. The latest example is a newly recognised species of orangutan (Pongo tapanuliensis). Closer to home, the number of fossil species on our own lineage (the hominins) was six in 1967, whereas today it is about twenty-three. Despite this exponential increase in scientific understanding, our ability to prevent a catastrophic decline in primate numbers remains minimal. We know that 60% of primate species currently face the possibility of extinction and the number increases by the year. We know why this happens. Many primatologists still engage in long-term field studies in some of the most remote parts of the world where they witness the decline at first hand. We know that primates are important pollinators, seed dispersers and effectively act as ‘gardeners’ in forests and woodlands throughout the tropics and sub-tropics, but increasing human population expansion and over-exploitation of natural resources make it almost impossible to reverse the trend. Reverse it we must, however, given that primates are keystone species in forests now recognised as essential to climate stability. The importance of primates and their habitat in global efforts to prevent dangerous climate change adds new impetus to our enthusiasm. We must all do what we can to ensure that these wonderful animals, from which we have so much to learn, can share our future. I wonder how many of you will be able to attend our 100th Anniversary when this will be known! Simon Bearder skbearder@brookes.ac.uk

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Poster presentations from the PSGB Winter Meeting,

November 2017

Ground-nest building in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in Taï National Park (Côte d'Ivoire): non-social behavior and group-specific gesture Julia Cissewski*(1), Lydia Luncz(2) and Christophe Boesch(3) (1) Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig (2) Institute of Cognitive and Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Oxford (3) Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig The origin of great ape gestures continues to attract interest and controversy. Some researchers propose species-specific innate repertoires; others argue that great ape gestures emerge from social behaviours via learning processes during an individual’s lifetime. A phenomenon not envisaged in either of these approaches is the emergence of gestures from non-social behaviours during an individual’s lifetime. We propose precisely this possibility, based on field observations. In wild chimpanzees of Taï National Park (Côte d’Ivoire), day ground nests are commonly built for the purpose of resting. In two communities this non-social behaviour has also developed into group-specific gestures, for playing and/or mating. We offer a theoretical framework for: (i) the emergence of gestures, with arbitrary form-meaning linkage, from non-social behaviours, and (ii) their subsequent development into group-specific gestures. Our work thus contributes to a more complete understanding of the origins of the gestural repertoires of our closest living relatives.

Longitudinal insights into the development of empathy in bonobos Zanna Clay*, Stephanie Kordon, LiesbethSterck, Frans BM de Waal *Department of Psychology Durham University, Durham, UK *zanna.e.clay@durham.ac.uk

Empathy has been defined as emotional and mental sensitivity to another’s state, which may include being affected by and sharing this

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state as well as to appraise it. While more cognitively-rich forms of empathy are considered special to humans, great apes and some other animal species also show more sophisticated forms of empathy, indicative of deeper evolutionary roots. So far, most research on primate empathy is based upon adults, whereas little is still known about how this capacity develops. Here, we present data from a longitudinal study that tracks the development of empathy and socio-emotional competence in bonobos (Pan paniscus) with different rearing backgrounds. The socio-emotional skills of twelve semi-free ranging bonobos, housed at Lola ya Bonobo Sanctuary were compared during the periods of juvenility and adolescence; half were orphans and the other half were mother-reared. As juveniles, we found pronounced differences between the two groups, with mother-reared juveniles showing greater empathy and socio-emotional competence. However, our analyses 5 years later using the same measures revealed that that many of these differences had largely disappeared by adolescence. These results point to the apparent resilience of great apes and the potential for plasticity in their socio-emotional development. The fact that we found noticeable recovery of orphans may also highlight the positive role that sanctuaries play in the rehabilitation of orphaned apes.

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Conservation Working Party, report from the grantee:

The fruit of discord? Saba senegalensis use by Critically Endangered Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) and

local people at the Dindefelo Community Nature Reserve (RNCD), southeastern Senegal

Marina Ramon Gorina

Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, UK marina.ramon.go@gmail.com

Granted the Cyril Rosen Award in 2017

In Senegal chimpanzees are facing extinction, with fewer than 400 individuals, and are threatened by habitat degradation and competition with humans over access to natural resources, including Saba senegalensis.

In this case-study we adopted a cross-disciplinary approach to examine the use of Saba senegalensis fruit (hereafter Saba) by local people and the Critically Endangered Western chimpanzee at the Dindefelo Community Nature Reserve (RNCD), southeastern Senegal, a human-dominated area and a last stronghold for Senegalese chimpanzees.

From April to July 2017, we studied the importance, spatiotemporal use and extraction of Saba by humans and chimpanzees through a combination of social and biological science methods. We conducted (i) semi-structured interviews and free-listing exercises (N=49), and (ii) participant observation of harvest (N=3) and sale (N=2) to gather quantitative and qualitative information on human use of Saba. We also monitored Saba liana patches (N=88) along predetermined routes weekly to obtain data on the extraction of Saba by people and non-human primates (hereafter primates). The identification of traces was possible because the various species exploit fruit differently (Fig 1). Additionally, we analysed data on faeces (N=1973) collected by the JGIS from 2015 to 2016 to determine whether Saba is an important food for chimpanzees.

Saba was the second most salient (i.e., important and used) wild plant for local people, who collected its fruits for their own consumption (Fig. 2) but mainly for sale, with profits used to satisfy

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basic needs (e.g. food and clothes). The sale of forest products, especially Saba, was the only source of income for most respondents at the onset of the rainy season. People gathered Saba fruits from May to July, but harvesting peaked when travelling tradesmen arrived in the village to buy large quantities of Saba to sell at urban markets (early June during this study). Approximately 62,400 Saba fruits were harvested for wholesale in a village of 343 inhabitants, which is a smaller amount than estimated in other regions within Senegal. More than half of interviewees complained about the conditions of wholesale (e.g. not getting paid, forced to accept low prices, overripe fruit being discarded). Interviewees generally encountered primates while collecting Saba but only 28.6% reported encountering chimpanzees.

Saba was identified in chimpanzee faeces from March to August and was considered an important food, found in more than 50% of faeces in at least one month, with particularly high levels during the months of June and July.

There was only a minor spatial overlap and some temporal overlap in the use of Saba by humans and other apes. Only 3.4% of the lianas (n=3) were used by both chimpanzees and humans. Human extraction in one site accounted for over 30% of the total number of Saba fruits from the monitored lianas, while all primates combined extracted 60% of the fruits.

The overall findings indicate that the current patterns of Saba use may not be severely affecting chimpanzees or local people at the RNCD, but do not assure a lack of conflict long-term due to the dynamic nature of consumption by primates and the susceptibility of the human harvest to externally mediated economic and social changes.

Conservation actions should take a community approach to balance the needs of humans and primates. For example, the JGIS could play a role by setting up a scheme which allows villagers to be paid fairly whilst also considering the needs of chimpanzees and other primates. Based on the findings of the present study along with participatory mapping exercises with community members, it would be possible to evaluate if there is a need to alternate specific areas for harvest. Moreover, alternative income-generating projects should be developed to reduce the dependence of people on Saba.

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methods can contribute to an increased level of understanding of the co-utilisation of a key wild plant resource by sympatric humans and primates, assess the level of competition, and inform conservation strategies.

These results will not only be useful to suggest conservation actions to be implemented at the RNCD, but also to inform the development of the new Management Plan of the RNCD and the upcoming Western Chimpanzee Conservation Action Plan Meeting, scheduled for December 2017 in Monrovia, Liberia.

Figure 1.Saba fruit consumed by a chimpanzee.

Figure 2. Child ready to lick raw Saba seeds after halving the husk of a fruit. For an extended report see http://www.psgb.org/pdfs/Marina_Ramon_for_web_s.pdf

This case-study shows how integrating biological and social science

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Cyril Rosen Award 2016, report from the grantee:

Movement Ecology and Socioecology of the Tonkin Snub-Nosed

Monkeys and Recommendations for Future Conservation

Nicholas James nlj987@yahoo.com

High volume biodiversity loss in Southeast Asia threatens the existence of numerous primate species, especially rare species such as the Tonkin snub-nosed monkey (TSNM; Rhinopithecus avunculus) which has been listed as one of the 25 most endangered primates for over a decade, due to threats from hunting and habitat degradation. Currently, only four populations remain with a total of less than 200 individuals in northern Vietnam, making the species Critically Endangered (CR; c2ai). Unfortunately, legislation appears to have had minimal impact on three of the four declining populations (Fig. 1). This study focuses on the two largest remaining populations found in the Khau Ca Species and Habitat Conservation area (SHCA) and the Tung Vai watershed forest (TVWF).

Figure 1: Distribution of all confirmed historical records of the Tonkin snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus avunculus) with boundaries of the protected areas or watershed areas where populations still exist.

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The TVWF is currently thought to contain 15-21 individuals. Two years ago, a SHCA classification was proposed for the core R. avunculus habitat areas in the TVWF, although it is not clear if this protected area will be finalised. The population in Khau Ca SHCA was most recently estimated at approximately 100 individuals (Le, 2014) and, as such, this area is thought to be the stronghold of the species. I, along with three other people, conducted primate surveys between 04/06/2016 to 17/06/2016 and 04/12/2016 to 19/01/2017 at the TVWF and Khau Ca SHCA, respectively. We used a ‘recce’ survey method on existing trails due to the steep terrain and to avoid unnecessary destruction of habitat that may open up access for hunters. During primate follows, we recorded group size, classified age/sex class and took GPS points at five-minute intervals. All anthropogenic disturbances encountered along recce routes were recorded including logging, people, traps, hunting evidence, gunshots and chainsaws. In addition, 105 ground truth points of habitat assessment were made throughout the Tung Vai site, recording canopy density, land cover type and slope measurements. Large datasets collected from 2/10/2015 to 27/11/2016 by a local non-government organisation were also provided for both sites, which were combined with my own survey data. I worked with FFI team members during the period 22/01/2017 to 18/02/2017 to interpret and clean these data ready for analyses. I conducted a land cover classification and anthropogenic disturbance analysis for the TVWF to understand the impact and extent of cardamom farming on TSNM habitat. Encounter rate, day range and population estimates were also calculated. I then created a habitat suitability model for the TVWF and Khau Ca SHCA to contribute to the potential zoning of the new SHCA in Tung Vai and to identify areas for corridor projects in Khau Ca. We observed no R. avunculus in TVWF and six groups in the Khau Ca SHCA (Fig. 2). Anthropogenic disturbance throughout the TVWF was found to be extensive, with the impacts of cardamom farming reaching further than expected. The only observed anthropogenic disturbance in the Khau Ca SHCA was a single case of illegal logging. Home range of the Khau Ca population was estimated to be 3.74 km2 and day range was estimated as 0.55-1.47 km. The encounter rate was 1.47 individuals/km and population density ranged from 13-35 individuals/km2. Finally, the total population was estimated at 58-131 individuals.

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Figure 2: An adult female Tonkin snub-nosed monkey in the Khau Ca Species and Habitat Conservation Area. Photo by N. James This study provides new information on a seldom researched species that contributes to our ecological understanding and, hopefully, improves conservation measures. Key issues, such as widespread cardamom farming in the TVWF, require immediate conservation intervention to prevent the loss of that population. Both populations studied are still small enough to be vulnerable to stochastic demographic factors, which emphasise the need for conservation efforts in boosting population growth. Overall this project highlights the need to prioritise conservation efforts in Southeast Asia, particularly for primates. A longer version of this report can be found at http://www.psgb.org/pdfs/N._James_Final_report.pdf

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PSGB Noticeboard

Oxford Brookes Monkey Monday talks open to all: The award-winning MSc in Primate Conservation at Oxford Brookes University offers public seminars every Monday evening from 6-7 at the Headington Campus Oxford in JHB308. All are welcome to the winter 2018 series, shown here. 29 Jan - Dr Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar (University of Oslo): Chimpanzee and baboon sleeping patterns 5 Feb - Dr Kim Reuter (Conservation International): Pet lemur trade in Madagascar 12 Feb - Dr Mika Peck (University of Sussex): Primates, parabiologsts and chocolate – Community-based conservation lessons from the Ecuadorian Choco 19 Feb - Dr Qingyong Ni (Sichuan Agricultural University, China): Distribution and conservation status of the slow loris in China 26 Feb - Dr David Chivers (University of Cambridge): Socio-ecology of the Asian apes 5 March - Andrew Walmsley (Independent Photographer): Turning snaps into a story 12 March - Dr Tatyana Humle (University of Kent): Sharing landscapes: chimpanzee and people coexistence in West Africa 19 March - Prof E.J. Milner-Gulland (University of Oxford): Conservation of saiga antelopes 9 April - Dr Daniel Ingram (University of Sussex): Quantifying the exploitation of terrestrial wildlife 16 April - Dr Christoph Schwitzer (Bristol Zoological Society): The IUCN Red List and lemur conservation For more information about joining the course for 2018 entry, please check this link: https://www.brookes.ac.uk/primates

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Grant Announcement

The Captive Care Working Party of the Primate Society of Great Britain is pleased to announce its grant round for 2018. The CCWP administers the PSGB Captive Care Grants. These awards, typically not exceeding £1000, are to assist research of clear benefit to primate welfare in captivity, and to assist education projects about captive primate welfare. The Captive Care Working Party welcomes high quality applications with clearly defined benefits for the welfare of captive nonhuman primates. The deadline for applications is 28th February 2018. Please visit the Captive Care Grant section of the PSGB website (http://www.psgb.org/captivecare_grants.php) for more details including application forms and guidance notes. The guidance notes indicate the criteria for grant application acceptability and those considering applying should read these guidance notes carefully. Email enquiries may be directed to Dr Paul Honess, Convenor of the Captive Care Working Party (ccwp@psgb.org).

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PSGB Patron Dr Jane Goodall and a ‘Spy in the Wild’ orangutan entertain past and possible future presidents of PSGB at our

50th Anniversary Gala Reception

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What is the Nagoya Protocol and how does it affect your research on primates?

The Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefits Sharing is part of the international treaty known as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). The CBD was opened for signature at the 1992 Earth Summit in Brazil, and entered into force in 1993. The Nagoya Protocol is a Supplementary Agreement to the CBD that was adopted in 2010. In spite of the 17-year gap between the CBD and the Nagoya Protocol, the purpose of the Nagoya Protocol – the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources – has been one of the goals of the CBD since its inception. Aim and implementation of the Nagoya Protocol. The aim of the Nagoya Protocol is to ensure that the benefits associated with genetic resources, and also with traditional knowledge of biodiversity, are shared fairly and equitably. The Protocol formalizes the idea that countries in which genetic resources and traditional knowledge originate should have the option of retaining some rights over those resources and knowledge. Another underlying principle of the Nagoya Protocol is the idea that Access and Benefits Sharing is critically important for conservation and for the sustainable use of biodiversity. By providing countries with fair and equitable access to benefits from the genetic resources and traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity, the Protocol provides incentives for both conservation and research. The Nagoya Protocol has been ratified by nearly 100 countries, including many UN member states and the European Union. The US has not ratified the Protocol, and hence is not a party to it. However, because many countries worldwide are now parties to this treaty, scientists who export biological materials from one country to another need to be cognizant of the country-specific requirements of the protocol, whether or not their home country is a party to it. Penalties for non-compliance in the countries that are parties to the treaty can be stiff. Most (not all) countries that are home to nonhuman primates are parties to the Nagoya Protocol. This means that in addition to the research permits, collection permits, and CITES export permits that researchers already obtain, they will also need to be compliant with the requirements of the Nagoya Protocol as implemented in the country where they conduct research.

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Resources for learning more about the Nagoya Protocol. Researchers will find the following websites very useful in learning more about the Nagoya Protocol. 1. The Access and Benefit-Sharing Clearing-House (ABSCH) includes valuable general information about the Nagoya Protocol, as well as detailed country-specific information. Under the ‘Country Profiles’ link, 198 countries are listed. Their status with respect to the Protocol is indicated (party versus non-party), as well as each country’s national point of contact for information about the protocol, the national authority that oversees the implementation of the protocol, and a range of other useful information. https://absch.cbd.int/help/about 2. The Convention on Biological Diversity, the umbrella treaty under which the Nagoya Protocol falls, has a comprehensive website with basic information, news links, updates, and program information. https://www.cbd.int/ 3. Knowledge about the Nagoya Protocol is highly variable across universities, museums, and captive primate facilities. Consider contacting the central research administration office at your institution to learn what they know, and what types of support they can offer to researchers. If they are new to the Nagoya Protocol, you can give them the information provided here, and also point them to the following link, with information on access and benefit sharing geared towards administrators. https://scbd.unssc.org/course/index.php?categoryid=4  

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Developing International Collaborations to Address Fire and Other Primate Conservation Issues in

Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Peatland mismanagement and associated forest fires are a crucial concern for forest and primate conservation in Indonesian Borneo (Kalimantan). This is especially true during dry years, such as 2015, when a strong El Niño event led to particularly dry conditions. From August to November 2015, MODIS satellites detected over 50,000 fire hotspots in Kalimantan, with 53% on peatland. In total, recent estimates indicate these fires burnt over 22,000 km2 of land in Kalimantan (Lohberger et al., 2017): an area larger than Wales. This includes peat-swamp forests such as the site of the Borneo Nature Foundation’s long-term primate research site in Sebangau, which is home to the largest protected population of the now Critically Endangered Bornean orangutan and Endangered southern Bornean gibbon, plus seven other primate species. Preliminary estimates suggest up to 10% of the forest area in Sebangau may have burned during the 2015 fires (Allsop, 2017). Other major peat-swamp forest areas were also threatened, including Tuanan (home to long-term orangutan research by Zürich and Rutgers University) and Katingan, which also support large populations of threatened primates. In addition to this clear threat to primate populations through forest loss and fragmentation, peat fires produce a thick toxic haze that is a major public (and primate) health hazard, with in 2015 an estimated 11,880 associated premature mortalities in Equatorial Asia (Crippa et al., 2016), vast amounts of carbon released (estimated 0.45 Gt CO2e, Lohberger et al., 2017) and large economic losses resulting (estimated by the World Bank as at least USD 16.1 billion for Indonesia). For both human and non-human primates, the need to protect and restore Indonesia’s peatlands is therefore now urgent. With this in mind, the Borneo Nature Foundation (BNF) and University of Exeter (UoE) recently brought together over 30 scientists and Indonesian government representatives, to discuss challenges and opportunities relating to fire and other forest and wildlife conservation issues in Central Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo. Delegates attending the two-day meeting at the UoE’s Cornwall Campus included representatives of BNF, UoE, the Indonesian Peat Restoration Agency (BRG), Natural Resources Conservation Agency (BKSDA) and Sebangau National Park (BTNS), who were joined by scientists from six European universities, plus the University of Palangka Raya

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and University MuhammadiyahPalangka Raya (UMP) in Central Kalimantan. Prior to the meeting, representatives from BNF plus the workshop’s ten Indonesian delegates visited the Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia in London, where they met the Ambassador to the UK, Deputy Chief of Mission, plus Minister Counsellor and First Secretary of Economic Affairs. This provided an opportunity to outline to these officials the conservation challenges facing Kalimantan’s forest and peatland habitats, and the opportunities for collaborations to address these challenges that we aimed to create through this workshop.

Photo 1.Workshop delegates arriving at the Indonesian Embassy in London and meeting the Minister Councillor (Mr Vitto Tahar, top row, second from

left) and First Secretary (Mr Bonifacius Riwi Wijayanto, bottom row, first on left) of Economic Affairs.

Photo: Susan Cheyne/Borneo Nature Foundation

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The workshop began with 1.5 days of stimulating presentations, during which delegates described advances in understanding of ecological, physical and social issues related to fire, forests and biodiversity conservation in Central Kalimantan. The talks were headlined by Dr Alue Dohong, Deputy for Construction, Operation and Maintenance of the BRG, who outlined the agency’s “3Rs Approach” to peatland restoration: Rewetting of peatland (R1), Revegetation of bare peatlands (R2), and Revitalization of local livelihoods (R3). This was followed by an insightful presentation on the tropical peatland fire dynamic by Prof. Susan Page (Univ. Leicester), who highlighted the need to accept that peatland resilience to fire at the landscape scale has altered and that land management practices must adapt accordingly. Five BNF presentations focused on outlining the conservation issues faced, the importance of these for primate and felid populations, plus fish and fishers in the region, and rural livelihood strategies and adaptation to fire. Presentations by nine UoE researchers highlighted a diverse array of techniques that are or may potentially be employed to further research and conservation efforts in the region, providing much potential stimulus for developing future research collaborations. Dr Lydia Cole (Rezatec) provided an important contextual palaeoecological perspective on tropical peatland burning and Laura D’Arcy (ZSL) described the role of partnerships in protecting peatlands. This was built on by Rudy Priyanto (BRG), who outlined collaborative efforts to restore Central Kalimantan’s peatlands, plus Dr IciKulu (UPT LLG CIMTROP), Anggodo (BTNS) and Siti Maimunah (UMP), who described ongoing conservation efforts in the Natural Laboratory of Peat-swamp Forest, Sebangau National Park and Mungku Baru Education Forest, respectively. Adib Gunawan (BKSDA) focused on orangutan rescue and release efforts, with Prof. Serge Wich (Liverpool John Moores Univ.) outlined the utility of drones to support primate surveys and peatland conservation, and Dr Caroline Upton (Univ. Leicester) highlighted the need for interdisciplinary thinking in relation to peatland conservation, including incorporating social science, arts and humanities into research and policy making.

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Photo 2.Workshop delegates at the University of Exeter’s Cornwall Campus in UK. Photo: Jake McPherson-MAYN

Inspired by the lessons learned during these talks, the workshop culminated in a round-table discussion, during which delegates identified key challenges for effective peatland and forest conservation in Central Kalimantan. This was structured around the BRG’s 3R’s approach, plus a fourth R nominated for inclusion by delegates: Reducing fire. The focus on challenges was born through the realisation that, without understanding the challenges faced in different areas and their inter-connectivity, any proposed conservation solutions may fail through encountering (or even increasing) previously unidentified challenges/problems in other areas. For example, focusing on strengthening emergency fire-fighting responses (Reducing fire) may not prove beneficial if it leads to insufficient resource allocation for canal blocking (Rewetting – important in preventing fires) or neglecting to consider alternative non-burning approaches for local communities to manage and clear their land (Revitalisation). Through this approach, delegates identified a total 81 (!) challenges to effective forest and peatland conservation in Kalimantan, most of which spanned across more than one of the 4R’s. For example, with regards to Revegetation, one challenge identified was a lack of clarity and subsequent conflicts over land ownership/tenure in many areas, which also creates challenges in relation to Rewetting, Revitalisation and Reducing fire.

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One major underlying challenge identified, which cuts across the 4R’s, is the currently limited scientific knowledge relating to many of the 81 “proximate” conservation challenges identified. An important perceived factor identified behind this was limited capacity within institutions in Kalimantan to lead internationally excellent research and innovation projects to assess the impacts of fire and other conservation threats, identify and test novel solutions to these threats, and accurately measure the effectiveness of protection and restoration efforts. Recognising this – and in a strong show of optimism –, delegates agreed to work together to overcome this underlying challenge (and in the process hopefully many of the proximate challenges identified) through developing and strengthening partnerships between the international scientists present and their institutions, and those of the delegation from Central Kalimantan. It is our fervent hope that this increased level of collaboration will help us better understand the hugely complex nature of fire and other threats in Kalimantan, strengthen the capacity of Indonesian academic and government institutions, and ultimately increase our ability to conserve these valuable ecosystems and their primate inhabitants. The book of abstracts from this workshop is available through the following links in both English and Bahasa Indonesia. Further outputs relating to this workshop will be posted on the Borneo Nature Foundation website in due course. Authors Mark E. Harrison and Susan M. Cheyne Co-Director, Borneo Nature Foundation, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia Honorary Visiting Fellow, University of Leicester, UK Email: m.harrison@borneonature.org; s.cheyne@borneonature.org Frank van Veen Centre for Ecology & Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK Email: f.j.f.van-veen@exeter.ac.uk References Allsop, A. D. T. (2017). Assessing the Extent of Vegetation Loss and

Mapping Burn Severity for the 2015 Fire Event in Sebangau National Park, Indonesia. MSc dissertation, University of Manchester, Manchester.

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Crippa, P., S. Castruccio, S. Archer-Nicholls, G. B. Lebron, M. Kuwata, A. Thota, S. Sumin, E. Butt, C. Wiedinmyer and D. V. Spracklen (2016). Population exposure to hazardous air quality due to the 2015 fires in Equatorial Asia. Scientific Reports6: 37074.

Lohberger, S., M. Stängel, E. C. Atwood and F. Siegert (2017). Spatial evaluation of Indonesia’s 2015 fire affected area and estimated carbon emissions using Sentinel-1. Global Change Biology. doi: 10.1111/gcb.13841.

Future PSGB Meetings

Spring 2018 – 11-12 April, University of Portsmouth organiser: Dr Bridget Waller

email: Bridget.Waller@port.ac.uk

Winter 2018 – Bristol Zoo organiser: Amanda Webber

email: awebber@bristolzoo.org.uk

Spring 2019 – Powell-Cotton/Canterbury Christ Church organiser: Jaimie Morris

jaimie.morris@canterbury.ac.uk

Winter 2019 – TBA (bids invited)

Spring 2020 – Liverpool John Moores organiser: Emily Bethell e.j.bethell@ljmu.ac.uk

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The abstract deadline has been extended to Monday 12th March

to support the UCU strike action.

BOOK REVIEWS THE ORANGUTAN’S WORLD: A PHOTOGRAPHIC CELEBRATION OF BORNEAN WILDLIFE Banyan Books (2017) ISBN: 978-0-95-064027-3 Paperback, £20.00 Published in celebration of the Orangutan Foundation’s 25th anniversary, and with proceeds going to its Forest Restoration Programme, this book is both a visual feast and a timely reminder of the precarious position of Borneo’s wildlife. In the preface, the Foundation’s founder and director, Ashley Leiman OBE, and photographer Ian Wood, urge readers in to the beautiful world of the orangutan and its rainforest home, and highlight the ape’s role as a keystone species. This is followed by a foreword by Chris Packham, who expands in greater detail on the threats facing orangutans in Borneo, the work carried out by the Foundation, and the importance of the reader engaging in doing something, because ‘caring is not enough’. The main body of the book consists of an impressively diverse and incredibly skilled collection of wildlife photography, interspersed with quotations from conservationists, biologists, celebrities and even historical figures dating as far back as the 1600s. The images are certainly strong enough to speak for themselves, but powerful quotations from luminaries such as Dame Jane Goodall and Sir David Attenborough provide further food for thought, particularly regarding the intrinsic and extrinsic importance of nature. The wildlife photographs are divided into sections – Orangutans: A Celebration; Birdlife in Borneo; Other Animals; Insects and Arachnids and Plantlife and Fungi. The orangutan section is by far the longest, with beautiful full-page photographs in both colour and black and white, portraying everything from comical, endearing infants with wrinkled faces to imposing, powerful, flanged males. Some of the orangutans featured are mentioned by name; as long-term research subjects or former rescues from the pet trade, these animals have a clear place in the hearts of those who recognise and photograph them, lending another emotional dimension to the book. The remaining sections are also beautifully put together, with 31 bird species, 18 mammals, reptiles and amphibians and 21 insects and arachnids splashed in glorious colour across the pages. It would be hard not to be struck by the wonderful diversity shown, and the strength of the images is such that there is a definite sense of being

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there, surrounded by the sights, sounds and smells of the rainforest. Though there are only eight distinct species of plants and fungi named in the final section, the last image, of a Bornean forest from the air, is breath-taking, and redolent of the awe the photographer must have felt while capturing it. The book ends, appropriately, on an image of an adult male orangutan, his face almost filling the page and his eyes thoughtful, but slightly wary. Alongside this are messages of support for the Orangutan Foundation, and an image of a female orangutan and her young infant. The images are a poignant reminder of the sentience of these threatened apes, and a fitting way to leave the reader thinking. The Orangutan’s World is an artistic, engaging insight into Borneo’s forests and their best-known inhabitants, and is sure to inspire readers to learn more about the wildlife, the threats it faces, and what they can do to help. Lucy Radford Barbary Macaque Awareness and Conservation Lucy Radford Writing

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THE PRIMATE ORIGINS OF HUMAN NATURE Carel Van Schaik (2016) Wiley-Blackwell ISBN: 978-0-470-14763-4 Hardback, £136 Carel van Schaik has been a leading light in behavioural and evolutionary primatology for over 30 years, combining detailed fieldwork, theoretical ideas and comparative studies to deal with all the major aspects of primate behavioural evolution and ecology – socio-ecology, mating strategies, parental care and alloparenting, sexual selection and infanticide, brain evolution and cognition. He has been a big influence on scores of primatologists, including this reviewer, always has interesting things to say, and has been intimidatingly productive. The Primate Origins of Human Nature brings together this exceptional body of work. There is much to admire here: this is an impressive distillation of a vast range of material. The book builds an account of human behavioural evolution upon a platform of fundamental concepts in evolutionary theory and behavioural ecology. The early parts of the book (Sections I & II) seem more ‘text-booky’ and drier than the later parts. The first four chapters are essentially throat-clearing, providing an overview of

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general evolutionary principles. I found the coverage and accuracy a little patchy here (e.g. adaptation is defined as current utility and cladistics is identified with parsimony), and wondered if van Schaik had been in a hurry to get onto the stuff he currently finds more interesting. “A theory of cultural evolution” is an excitingly-titled section that somewhat disappoints (no such grand theory is proposed or presented – just a quick resume of gene-culture co-evolution and the well-known idea that ‘biological predispositions’ play a role in cultural evolution). Chapter 4, however, starts with a useful demolition of naïve criticisms of evolutionary approaches to understanding human behaviour, laying bare some of the less justified assumptions of social science and the failure to distinguish proximate from ultimate causes. This will be useful clarification for students and social scientists, who, in my experience, continue often to confuse the two. Section III is about human hunter-gatherer and non-human ecology. I found it a little disappointing. Chapter 7 has rather generic descriptions of ecological constraints on primates and their behavioural responses –detailed case studies and theoretical models would have provided more depth, substance and interest. Because assertions are not always backed up, they can be questionable – for example, p106 states that small size may be advantageous in seasonal environments, but there are theoretical allometric models of fasting endurance that suggest the opposite. There is a discussion of ‘landscapes of fear’, which would have been enlivened by illustration with one of Erik Willems’ & Russell Hill’s beautiful 3-D ‘fear’ maps based on behavioural sampling of alarm call rates. The conclusion that “Extant primates are basically nomadic frugivores who move around in large home ranges” is somewhat underwhelming and ignores those species that aren’t (e.g. tarsiers, sportive lemurs). Altogether this is a strangely lacklustre chapter – a little disappointing from such a fine field researcher. Chapter 8 deals with human foragers. How did our diets evolve, based on intricate extractive foraging and preparation techniques, what sort of implications for social systems were there? Here, again, I felt the treatment could have been more exciting. I found chapter 9 more interesting and problem-oriented, perhaps reflecting the direction of author’s current interests. It provides a nice overview of current trends in understanding the relationship between ecology, tool use and foraging skills. Section IV covers sex and sexual selection. It opens with an overview of the evolution of sex. Just over one page is devoted to a huge and fascinating topic that is better treated elsewhere. The treatment of sexual selection is again a bit dry and could have been

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moistened with juicy examples. Some natural history would help: there are no detailed examples of how sexual selection operates in a particular species. Eventually mandrills, the poster species for primate sexual selection, make an appearance, but the extensive work on this species, notably by Setchell, is represented by just one 2001 paper. The treatment of infanticide is better developed, reflecting the fact that here van Schaik has been a key theoretician, though again a bit more natural history would enliven the explanations. The chapter on human mating systems and sexuality is lively and summarises the field effectively, although some parts are a little dated. Facial masculinity preferences were all the rage until to the mid-2000s, but recently some of those who developed this work have questioned whether cross-cultural patterns support a significant role for facial masculinity. I’m not sure the section on rape is well-judged or well-evidenced (e.g. human partner rape “is also directly comparable with findings in chimpanzees…this may well have been an adaptation”). This seems a little cavalier. Again, the odd inaccuracy should have been picked up in editing (“The prostate’s function is to add the zinc, citrate and cholesterol content of spermatozoa”). The final chapter in this section presents a balanced bio-cultural view of what makes things aesthetically pleasing. I can imagine this chapter stimulating students to think and research more into the topic. Section V deals with life history theory, parenting, reproduction and development. It introduces the basic ideas of trade-offs, the fast-slow life history continuum, and other key concepts in a clear an accessible way. The distinctive take here is to relate life histories to the evolution of brain size. Van Schaik explains how humans pull off the trick of increased fertility compared to other great apes, whilst producing large, slow-growing, late-reproducing and long-lived offspring. This section also contains useful surveys of primate parental and alloparental care, with special attention to cooperative breeding and its possible relevance to human evolution, and of primate growth and development. Section VI, on social life, introduces socio-ecology and provides an integrated account of the interrelationships between biology, life histories, ecology and social behaviour. In line with the aim of the book, these ideas are then applied to social evolution in hominins. In my reading, the book builds up steam in the later sections. Chapters on the evolution of human cooperation, war, morality and religion judiciously integrate evolutionary and anthropological

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thinking and come to balanced conclusions. Standard and more recent evolutionary models are reviewed and related to patterns of cooperation in small scale human societies. Cooperative breeding is again at the centre of the arguments, and van Schaik deals with fairness, reputation and free riding. He touches on cultural group selection, but does not enter the recent controversy in the experimental game theory literature over whether humans really do show prosocial preferences or – when they fully understand a scenario – are just as selfish as conventional theory suggests. On religion, van Schaik is surely correct that “Religion is a complex phenomenon and clearly a set of interrelated traits rather than a single one” (p363). The final part of the book examines the evolution of brain and cognition. This is where I found most to disagree with. Van Schaik’s take on the subject is strongly influenced by the view that cognitive evolution primarily involved a progressive increase in the capacity for ‘executive control’. This view foregrounds the neocortex as the substrate of ‘advanced’ cognition and the brain structure where all the interesting evolutionary action occurred. There is a two-page spread on the related concept of the ‘triune brain’, which holds that our brains consist of a primitive ‘reptilian’ core, overlain by a ‘palaeomammalian’ brain, which in turn is overlain (and controlled) by the ‘rational’ ‘neo-mammalian brain whose evolution enabled humans to control their base instincts, invent technology and conquer the globe. These are literally Victorian ideas: they go back to the neurologist Hughlings Jackson, who, as a good Social Darwinist, thought that “higher” brain areas evolved to control “lower” brain areas just as governments developed to control the lower orders of society. This is essentially the idea that chimpanzees didn’t make it to the moon because they just can’t help acting on impulse. If they could, they’d be able reflect and work it all out. So, can’t we just give them some Ritalin and then witness a humanlike flowering of cumulative culture? Pastiche aside, these sorts of ideas are still unfortunately popular, but they are divorced from the empirical evidence of how brains actually evolved and how they function. The brain did not evolve in layers like an onion, and there are no “primitive” or “advanced” brain structures (these are misnomers based on the myth of a scalanatura). Cortical and subcortical regions work together and evolved together in complicated ways, differently on different parts of the phylogenetic tree, in response to different ecological pressures; and in ways not captured by overall forebrain size. Contemporary cognitive neuroscience shows clearly that functions such as emotions, sensory-motor control and what we think of as ‘cognition’

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(e.g. planning, causal reasoning) are facets of the same processes, and are not localized in the way envisaged by these old ideas. Embedded in van Schaik’s account is an anthropocentric view of unidimensional, progressive evolution towards humanlike ‘general intelligence’ (“one important question is whether human-like intelligence is also found in nonhuman primates”). Van Schaik is sniffy about the ‘embodied’ and ‘embedded’ cognition’ frameworks, because “even embodied cognition requires a brain” – but the notion that advocates of this perspective think otherwise is well wide of the mark. It would be churlish to finish on this negative note, particularly as the final chapter on language does not suffer from the same flaws. It comprises an excellent summary of work on the biological and cultural evolution of language. Overall, this book is a herculean effort at synthesis which for the most part succeeds. It is also collegial of van Schaik to put in the effort to produce a text book, which is not something we academics generally get a huge amount of credit for; only someone of van Schaik’s astonishing productivity could manage it while at the same time continuing to produce a stream of influential primary research publications. I do feel that there is a smaller and intellectually more important work struggling to emerge from the confines of this compendious tome, one which would benefit from not having to review such a vast range of material and would devote more intense focus to fewer key questions. I hope van Schaik finds the time to write it. Rob Barton Durham University

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VORACIOUS SCIENCE AND VULNERABLE ANIMALS: A PRIMATE SCIENTIST’S ETHICAL JOURNEY John P. Gluck (2016) University of Chicago Press ISBN: 9-78-022-637565-6 Paperback, $27.50 The use of primates in research is a controversial and emotional topic that polarizes both primatologists and the public. In Voracious Science and Vulnerable Animals: A Primate Scientist’s Ethical Journey, Gluck recounts his professional career to examine his own use of primate research, and interrogates this use with perspective gained from his experiences in clinical psychology and bioethics. His conclusion is that his prior research involved accepting a level of suffering and social deprivation that he now finds ethically

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unacceptable. He further concludes that academic scientists are charged with incredible power over vulnerable subjects, and such power requires a level of compassion and self-reflection that is often discouraged within scientific training. John Gluck in an emeritus professor of psychology at the University of New Mexico. He serves as a senior advisor to the president on animal research ethics and welfare at the University of New Mexico, and is a research professor at the Kennedy Institute of Ethics at Georgetown University. He is a primatologist trained within Harry Harlow’s lab, and founded his own primate research lab in New Mexico. The strength of this book is that Gluck interweaves the personal and professional, and addresses this controversial topic from the perspective of someone who is immersed within it. Gluck starts by addressing his history with animals, including time with a college friend on a ranching trip where they branded and castrated cows, and his early undergraduate training where he learned to perform rat surgeries. In relaying these experiences, he explains how he initially had qualms about harming the animals, but was socialized to suppress those feelings and rationalize those acts. For example, he was taught to euthanize rats by throwing them against a wall, and that if he made errors in rat neurosurgery, it was a learning experience that would benefit science. He describes the social rewards involved with this process, as participating provided a sense of inclusion and appreciation. He describes an atmosphere at the Harlow lab that was intellectually thrilling. While the standard for the doctoral program was harsh, Harlow’s lab provided a collegial and supportive space where graduate students had tremendous intellectual freedom to pursue their research interests. While it was acknowledged that the research caused some degree of animal suffering, it was rationalized that, like soldiers going to war, the animals were noble recruits who would give their lives to reduce human suffering. Throughout the book, Gluck interweaves his discomfort with animal suffering with the thrill of scientific discovery and achievement. He observed that publications, citations, and invited talks were a powerful motivator, and succeeding professionally required confirming to established norms. Questioning the ethical positions of his field was risky. But as he continued grappling with these ethical issues, his discomfort led him away from primate research, and toward training in clinical psychology and bioethics. In a clinical fellowship, he describes a breakthrough moment he had with a patient with a brain injury. She had limited abilities to communicate and only partial control of her limbs, and he tried to determine why she was having trouble swallowing food. When he asked her, she

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pointed to a board with an alphabet, and painstakingly spelled out an explanation. The problem was that she was angry with a nurse that insulted her, and was trying to spit her food at the nurse. This was a turning point for Gluck, as his realized that when someone is incapacitated in a way that prevents them from communicating their suffering, we grow blind to it. This led him to question what his primate subjects would communicate if they could. Through his work with Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC), he further considered these questions in evaluating the use of shelter dogs in terminal surgeries within veterinary training. His work with humans, training in bioethics, and IACUC caused him to re-evaluate the welfare of the animals in his own lab. However, in finding an appropriate solution to closing his lab, he faced new ethical dilemmas. He determined that euthanasia would be best to end the suffering of the socially-deprived rhesus macaques, but they were euthanized as part of a study in which their brains would be removed for further study. He considered relocating his socially-housed stump-tailed macaques to a sanctuary, but had concerns that there was not sufficient funding to ensure their lifetime care. He decided to send them to Steve Suomi’s lab, but grappled with whether their social group would remain intact. Throughout the book, Gluck hints at underlying cultural problems in academic science without directly addressing their inter-connection. He draws attention to the harsh and emotionally abusive doctoral training at Wisconsin. He mentions the issues that Harlow had within his own personal life. Gluck briefly discusses issues in his personal life, as he often neglected his first marriage because scientific research and his lab took priority. He describes ethical violations such as clinical psychology student who assaulted a patient, and professors who had inappropriate relationships with students. Such accounts are interweaved with his emphasis on ethical issues surrounding animal use. In these seemingly unrelated domains, he hints at the underlying cultural problems that facilitate a scientific hubris, in which scientists are socialized to believe their contributions to the great good outweigh personal responsibility and circumvent ethical considerations. Gluck further notes that the academic scientists achieve positions of authority where they deal with vulnerable subjects, whether students, human participants, or animals. Such vulnerability requires compassion and ethics, but the structures of academic authority facilitate abuse. While Gluck highlights how scientific socialization makes it easy to overlook ethical issues, I wish he had explicitly stated how each of these issues are interconnected, and their shared roots within academic power structures and scientific training.

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This book is an open and engaging account of Gluck’s ethical struggle to reconcile his own research with his conscience, and he makes clear that there are no easily solutions. All primatologists, whether field researchers or captive researchers, grapple with these questions. For this reason, I consider this book essential reading for primatologists, as it provides a lens to consider our own personal ethical dilemmas. The contentious discussion at the 2016 joint meetings of the American Society of Primatologists and International Primatological Society remind us that this is an ongoing debate. We all need to critically examine our own ethical positions, and engage in dialogue with those have differing opinions. Furthermore, Gluck’s compelling narrative is accessible reading for the public, and can provide readers with an insightful window into the ethical struggles that primate researchers experience. Michelle A. Rodrigues University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

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ANIMAL VIGILANCE: MONITORING PREDATORS AND CONSPECIFICS Guy Beauchamp (2015) Academic Press ISBN: 978-0-12-801983-2 Paperback £34.99 Studies of vigilance have had a long history in primatology and animal behaviour more generally. While for primates the vigilance literature was reviewed nearly 20 years ago (Treves, 2000), a more comprehensive review across a broader range of taxa has not been forthcoming. This is despite the vast literature that has accumulated over the last 50 years. This book aims to address that gap. Written by a researcher who has contributed more than his fair share to the vigilance literature, the book does a great job of achieving its aims. The opening chapter provides a very readable and fascinating introduction to the volume. It sets up a number of important distinctions, such as between routine and induced vigilance, pre-emptive vs reactive vigilance and antipredator vs social vigilance. It also makes the point that vigilance should not be restricted to just the visual sense. The remainder of the chapter then takes a historical perspective on vigilance research to help define the subsequent structure of the book. It becomes clear that primates have constituted a large proportion of the research effort to date. Interestingly, however, they are not well represented in all of the subsequent chapters, suggesting that published primate vigilance studies may have been quite narrow in their focus.

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Chapter 2 explores the functions of vigilance. A major theme is that vigilance is not just about protection from predation, but that vigilance can also be directed towards conspecifics, and not just in the context of threats. There has been a recent upsurge in producer-scrounger literature in primates and both strategies are expected to have an impact on vigilance. The chapter questions whether vigilance for predators is compatible with looking for scrounging opportunities and predicts that the incompatibility between vigilance and other activities has probably been exaggerated. Other fundamental questions also remain. Are vigilant animals better able to detect a predator sooner? Primates should be a good study system for many of these issues, particularly relating to competition and producer-scrounger dynamics, but the chapter itself draws on very few primate examples in synthesising this element of the vigilance literature. The next chapter reviews the hormonal factors underpinning the expression of vigilance, followed by the neural factors (including sleep). Both areas are relatively unexplored. Developmental factors are then reviewed to consider how vigilance changes with age. Interestingly, despite a table spanning some 6 pages of the book listing studies that have explored the link between vigilance and age, there are only 3 primate examples. This may partially reflect the general pattern of focussing on adult individuals in primatology, but given the importance of primates to studies of social vigilance this seems to be a missed opportunity. The chapter then finishes by touching on the evolutionary elements of vigilance. All of the topics contained in the chapter are relatively under-represented in the vigilance literature and this seems particularly true for primate studies. Chapter 4 is one of the most valuable chapters. It explores the drivers of vigilance, focussing on how it responds to both social factors (sections on sex, dominance and distance to neighbours) and elements linked to predation risk (divided into sections on sex, offspring, distance to neighbours, visual obstructions, distance to cover, spatial position, predator presence and environmental factors). Primates are well represented in the examples throughout. Issues relating to the group size effect are left to the next two chapters given the volume of studies, although the distinctions aren’t always obvious. For example, the number of near neighbours and position in the group (distance from edge) are likely to correlate with group size. Nevertheless, as the book regularly points out, the drivers of vigilance are often intertwined and difficult to disentangle. The final

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sections of the chapter focus on food and the foraging-predation trade-off and how it influences vigilance. It highlights that food availability is rarely controlled for in vigilance studies, which may be an important oversight. Similarly, many studies also overlook consistent individual differences in vigilance since these are rarely explored. Primate studies should be well placed to address these issues. Chapter 5 reviews the theoretical basis for the group size effect, focussing initially on reviewing the benefits of grouping in reducing predation (many eyes, collective detection, dilution, confusion). Starting with the classic model of Pulliam (1973), the key models of antipredator vigilance are then reviewed. An important issue that emerges with the models is that many of the assumptions remain untested and may not in fact be justifiable. For example, the assumption of a vigilance-foraging trade-off may be significantly overstated. Similarly, how animals should partition their vigilance (short vs long bouts; random vs regular look-ups) is also relatively unexplored. Primates feature relatively little in this chapter, with many of the models apparently developed with bird systems in mind. As a result, the embedded assumptions may require even closer assessment for primate social systems. At the same time it suggests that there is obvious future potential for future theoretical models of vigilance in primatology. Chapter 6 explores the empirical evidence for the group size effect, probably the most researched topic in vigilance research. Early publications found overwhelming support, and while some subsequent research reported contrary results, a meta-analysis of bird studies revealed the group size effect to be a robust, medium effect. The chapter highlighted though that an extension of this meta-analysis approach to mammals is needed. Interestingly, although not noted in the chapter, primates do not seem to conform to the predictions of the group size effect (Treves, 2000). This suggests that the outcomes of a mammal meta-analysis could be particularly fruitful in shaping future primate vigilance studies. The next chapter explores the assumption that individual vigilance is independent of the vigilance of other group members and thus also explores the issue of synchronisation. The idea that animals may use both personal and social information in setting their vigilance level is highly relevant to social primates, although the specific question appears not to have been addressed. As with the previous chapter, empirical examples from primates are under-represented. This may reflect the fact that many primate studies tend to focus on a limited number of questions, or in the case of Chapter 6, draw on a single

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study group so that group size effects can’t be explored. Nevertheless, many primates should be ideal study systems to explore the potential coordination of vigilance in groups.

The starting point for Chapter 8 is that most studies are ‘typical’ vigilance studies, exploring time allocation to vigilance in a reasonably accessible species in relation to factors such as group size or sex. What about nocturnal species? Or animals on islands or in areas subject to reduced predator pressure? What about humans as predators? Some of the subjects suggested have been well studied in primates – e.g. mixed species associations – but primatology is essentially absent from studies using flight initiation distances to measure threat detection or vigilance in disturbed habitats. This latter example is interesting given that many primate vigilance studies formally exclude glances to observer in their methods, thereby explicitly recognising that humans in the environment may have significant implications for vigilance levels. Nevertheless, primatologists seem well set to help address many of the pressing ‘non-typical’ questions in vigilance research. The final, brief, chapter highlights the avenues for future work. The randomness of vigilance between individuals is an important assumption of theoretical models and primates are a good study species for assessing whether there is a degree of coordination (and indeed understanding the scheduling of vigilance more generally). Similarly, primatologists are well placed to help determine markers of vigilance, the drivers of vigilance and to explain why primates (and perhaps mammals) do not appear to support the group size effect. In doing so there is also the scope to contribute to theoretical models. Despite over a century of work on vigilance, therefore, and a significant contribution from primatologists, there is still plenty of scope for future work! Overall this is a good book. A very readable synthesis of the current state of play of vigilance research that will have value for staff and students alike. The balance of the literature is certainly weighted to birds, but that is something that we as primatologists can address. The regular pointers to future research directions are valuable in that regard, and it is encouraging that so many of these appear so well suited to primate studies. Primatologists should thus make an enhanced contribution to Vigilance 2.0 (see page 200). If I didn’t now own this book I would certainly be looking to buy it. References: Treves, A. (2000) Theory and method in studies of vigilance and aggregation. Animal Behaviour 60: 711-722. Russell Hill Durham University

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ETHNOPRIMATOLOGY: A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO RESEARCH AT THE HUMAN-NONHUMAN INTERFACE Dore, KM, ER Riley & A Fuentes, editors (2017) Cambridge University Press ISBN: 978-1-10-710996-4 Hardback: £64.99 The field of ethnoprimatology focuses on the human-primate interface and advocates the use of mixed methods to enhance our understanding of how human and nonhuman primates interact and overlap. Ethnoprimatology has been described as a bridge between biological and cultural anthropology, and ethnoprimatologists discuss why and how they conduct mixed methods research. The aim of this book is to provide guidance for those designing or conducting projects at the human-nonhuman primate interface. The book is divided into three parts. Part I focuses on behavioural ecology, a favoured focus of ethnoprimatologists from the point of view of anthropogenic influences on primate species through a predominantly primatological lens. The chapters in this part of the book characterise the human-nonhuman primate interface with sections about primate behavioural ecology in anthropogenic environments; epidemiological studies; one predator-prey study and

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two studies about human-primate conflict. A chapter by Baker et al. presents results from a survey of primatologists’ perceptions of human-primate conflicts. I found this chapter interesting, but it ultimately raises more questions than it answers about primatologists’ own biases. Part II is much more interesting from my point of view, as it finally brings in the human as participant rather than as a study species. I very much enjoyed all the chapters in this section and learned a lot from each one. John Knight, who has worked for many years studying the complicated relationship between people and Japanese macaques, introduces the section. Ethics, which are so important when working with people, are ably discussed by Malone et al. using their studies of people and primates in the wild and in captivity. Melissa Remis and Carolyn Jost Robinson discuss their use of mixed methods, including ethnography, to investigate and elucidate human and nonhuman primate interdependencies in their fascinating long term study in Dzanga Sangha Reserve, CAR. This is followed by Peterson and Riley’s pertinent discussion of how westerners’ interpretations of local language has affected primatologists’ understanding of what makes a macaque species sacred to the communities coexisting with them. Kerry McAuliffe Dore eloquently describes how she became immersed in ethnography after she had arrived at her field site in St Kitts to study farmer-vervet monkey relations. The final chapter in part II discusses the cultural importance of subsistence primate hunting for the Waiwai tribe in Guyana, with its ramifications for conservation work. Part III focuses on the implications of ethnoprimatalogy research for conservation. There are chapters on the people and the Endangered Guizhou snub –nosed monkey in China; a discussion of how cultural issues affect people’s relationships with macaques and lorises in Northeast India and the conservation implications of lemur hunting in Masoala NP, Madagascar. All these studies result in findings that are extremely useful for conservation practitioners. To sum up the book as a whole, Fuentes, Riley and Dore discuss how far ethnoprimatology has advanced and how much more we can expect from this still relatively new approach. What I really appreciated about this book was how the chapters were organised. Each chapter begins with bullet points of information about the major question discussed therein - the theoretical basis used to answer that question; how the methods used might be useful in addressing related issues. This short introduction takes the place of an abstract and I found it effective as it allowed me, the reader, to quickly assess whether a chapter is relevant to my research. The

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chapters follow the conventional order but deviate from the norm with a section entitled “Lessons from the field” where the author(s) discuss what they would do differently in approaching or conducting their study if they were starting over. Reading this book definitely inspired me to incorporate some quantitative methods into my largely ethnographic conservation research. I have no doubt that this book will inspire many other primatologists to think about incorporating qualitative methods into their research endeavours. I very much enjoyed reading this book and would recommend its purchase for university libraries and by researchers looking for information on how to design and implement a mixed methods study, whether they are working on primates or other fauna. Hopefully it will soon be available in paperback, with a price which is attainable for budding ethnoprimatologists. Siân Waters Durham University Barbary Macaque Awareness & Conservation

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OBITUARIES

ANTHONY WHITTEN (1953 – 2017) Tony was an important figure in the conservation world, with a thirst for knowledge, an irrepressible optimism for conservation, and a great enthusiasm for cave-dwelling creatures. His infectious enthusiasm inspired so many in Indonesia, Vietnam and Mongolia, but tributes are also flooding in from China and Myanmar, and his legacy is global. He had an astute scientific mind and an extraordinary ability to communicate with people, whether villagers, field workers, trekkers, corporate executives or government officials. Born on 10th April 1953, he was cycling in Cambridge on the evening of 29th November 2017, when a collision with a car ended his life. Tony was one of my earliest doctoral students (from 1975-80). He was educated at Dulwich College. An early interest in animals of all shapes and sizes progressed as he spent school holidays at the Slimbridge Wildfowl Trust, attracting the interest of Sir Peter Scott, and helping with badger surveys in southern Britain. He was the youngest-ever recipient of a Churchill Fellowship in 1970, pursuing an interest in endemic birds in New Zealand, Fiji and Hawaii. He came to us in 1975 from Southampton University, where he had carried out projects on duck behaviour, but, like me, he was hooked on gibbons, specifically the Kloss gibbons on the remote Mentawai Islands off Sumatra in western Indonesia. He persuaded the Goodies to support his project, because of their successful pop song – the Funky Gibbon! He embarked on his field study on Siberut early in 1976, with a botanist, Alan House. He returned to Cambridge later in the year to marry Jane in King’s College chapel, who then returned with him to Siberut; she studied the endemic rats and squirrels. Tony and Jane forged such close contacts and working relationships with the local people that they were absorbed whole-heartedly into the community and remained in contact through subsequent decades, eventually taking their own children back to meet them. He proceeded to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in 1980 at the University of Cambridge (King’s College and Department of Anatomy), then becoming Advisor in the Centre for Environmental Studies at the University of North Sumatra, living in Indonesia for a further 10 years. During this period he was employed by Dalhousie University of Halifax, Nova Scotia in Canada whilst also consulting

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for most of the major development agencies on land settlement, indigenous peoples, forest issues and biodiversity. He wrote major ecological treatises on the ecology of Sumatra, Sulawesi and Java and Bali. The Ecology of Sumatra was the first such book on any island or mainland area of South-east Asia. In addition to synthesising the ecological information on every ecosystem type in Sumatra for students and ecologists, it was also a resource manual for environmental scientists conducting environmental analyses of development projects. Uniquely, the books were published in both English and Indonesian, making them accessible to a much wider audience. The Ecology of Indonesia series was an exciting and innovative collaboration between the Canadians (with CIDA and UNDP funding) and the Indonesian Ministry for Population and Environment to nurture all kinds of green and socially-concerned thinking within the government. From 1994 to 2010 he was a Senior Biodiversity Specialist at the World Bank, a rare ecologist among thousands of economists. There he managed, through his credibility and personality, to weave ecological principles into major projects around the world. He supported projects on habitat issues, finding beneficial practical and sustainable solutions; he developed his own projects in Mongolia, China and Indonesia; he was involved in regional initiatives to fill important gaps and to develop new approaches, particularly on the biodiversity of limestone systems (especially caves), freshwater biodiversity (especially fish), local-language field guides (at least 111), and, given his religious convictions, on inter-faith dialogue and the environment. He helped establish and chaired the IUCN Cave Invertebrate Specialist Group, which stimulated increased action for conserving the critical and endangered habitat of cave creatures. He was a Visiting Fellow to the University of Cambridge from 2003-2009, and from 2010-2017 he was Regional Director for the Asia-Pacific, at Fauna and Flora International, the world’s oldest international conservation organisation. He had volunteered there in his student days, when it was the Fauna and Flora Preservation Society and based at London Zoo, with Richard and Maisie Fitter (and Peter Scott), so he had come full circle. He played an active role in the newly-developed Cambridge Conservation Initiative in the David Attenborough Building in the centre of Cambridge. The whole community benefited from his inspiration and enthusiasm; time spent with Tony made people feel better about the prospects for conservation, and about life in general. Tony stepped down as Regional Director, to be Senior Advisor, to develop his own conservation interests and spend more time with his

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family – Jane and four children (Ruth, Peter, Jon and Andy) and two grandchildren. He had just returned from leading a group of amateur naturalists on a sailing and bird-watching adventure in the Raja Empat Islands in the far east of Indonesia, where Alfred Russel Wallace had once laboured to develop his theories of evolution and biogeography. Reflecting the high regard in which Tony was held by fellow biologists, and the exploratory nature of taxonomy in the habitats that most concerned him – in Sulawesi, Bali, West Malaysia, west Sumatra, south China and Myanmar – his own name is now incorporated into the scientific names of no fewer than eleven species of fish, snails, beetles and geckos. Thus, we have lost, prematurely and tragically, a good friend and an inspiring colleague. His enthusiasm, compassion, determination and the rich patina of experience that he brought to all his conservation interests will be sorely missed by those who survive him and continue the struggle for the world’s wildlife and wild places. David J. Chivers January 2018 With grateful thanks to Julian Caldecott, Yarrow Robertson, Liz Bennett, Eamonn Barrett, John Payne and Jane Whitten.

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COLIN PETER GROVES (1942 – 2017) Colin Groves, primatologist extraordinary and much more besides, indeed a true polymath, died on 30th November 2017, aged 75, in Canberra, Australia, his home city for some 44 years. Largely from his base there, in the School of Archaeology and Anthropology at the Australian National University, Colin had quietly built a remarkable academic career and an extraordinary contribution to primatology, amongst other fields. With some nine books to his credit, and over 330 other publications – some long, some short; some single-authored, some co-authored, with a wide variety of collaborators; some obscurely and some prominently published – his productivity was astounding. Repeatedly, tireless travel to museums and on fieldwork to collect data was followed up by a formidable ability to sit in his office and just get on with analysis and writing, efficiently and undeflected, but always with a clear thoughtful intelligence and an admirably pithy style. In recent years, since illness compelled him to retire from lecturing, his productivity merely increased, with his contribution to the identification of a third orangutan species the highest-profile but not the only paper to emerge in the months before his death, and a few more still in press. Everything about the non-human primates, but above all their evolution and classification, interested Colin. At the outset of his career, a beginning primatologist could have been forgiven for thinking that taxonomy was a dry and pedantic field and that the primates were all satisfactorily classified already. Colin, however, was one of those who saw that the evolutionary baby should not be thrown out with the typological bathwater. Primate classification was not settled, but needed to be grounded, really, properly, in evolutionary theory, with clear concepts, rigorously economical thinking, and good data. And if the evidence so indicates, one should change one’s mind, as he did on a couple of major issues across his career. Furthermore, research in other aspects of primatology – not to mention practical action for primate conservation, which he supported passionately – needed a firm foundation in a classification rationally derived from the best available understandings of phylogeny. The culmination of decades of Colin’s work on this, though not his last word, was his book Primate Taxonomy (Smithsonian Institution Press, 2001), a key reference work for anyone seeking an expert synthesis on any particular primate taxon, or indeed a most illuminating review of taxonomic concepts and methods. A different overview, also well worth seeking out, appears in his Extended Family: Long Lost Cousins – A Personal Look at the History of Primatology (Conservation International, 2008).

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From the start, Colin interpreted his brief broadly. His prolific output covered not only primate systematics and other primatological topics, but also studies of many other mammalian groups, notably ungulates (e.g. Ungulate Taxonomy with Peter Grubb, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011), with rhinoceroses a special favourite; as well as Australian native mammals and mammal domestication. And he was also a prominent and influential contributor to studies of human evolution, to which he brought his characteristic taxonomic orderliness – including his always rationally justified inclination to ‘split’. With a record of research and publication to bring a gleam to any university administrator’s eye, Colin probably won forgiveness for his own complete lack of interest in administration. His main use for faculty papers, in the days when they were circulated in hard copy, was to write notes on the back of those pages which were printed single-sided. But teaching was a different matter. Quiet though his voice was, he was a prolific and willing lecturer; he liked ‘holding forth’, he once said. His lectures were clear, orderly, detailed, beautifully illustrated and full of interest, never simply catalogues, but structured around a theme or concept. He had a gift for presenting potentially dense or difficult material in accessible ways. Though his actual lectures were carefully prepared, he could do much the same off the cuff, plucking facts as profusely as needed from his stunningly well stocked and well pigeonholed mind. His class tests pinpointed detail in ways that could inspire awe in students. From their essays he expected cogent argument, telling evidence, clarity, and diligence; and if they were less than succinct, or misused ‘however’, he would let them know – though never unkindly. On the contrary, he was a welcoming, engaging, encouraging teacher, with an open door policy rather than any sense of hierarchy, and inclined to informality on all occasions. Not surprisingly, he attracted a large and devoted student following, undergraduate and postgraduate – another part of his enduring legacy. Colin was born in 1942, and grew up as an only child in Enfield, north London. His father was a travel agent. As a child he was always keen on animals. His schooling was at Lancing College, Sussex. Then he went to University College London for his first degree, where he had a broad and thorough grounding in the anthropological disciplines, with Nigel Barnicot amongst his teachers of physical/biological anthropology. For his PhD on gorillas, he was supervised at London’s Royal Free Hospital by John Napier, an immensely influential figure in primate evolution and taxonomy. Then, in the 1960s, he had a period of postdoctoral studies at the University of California Berkeley, followed by a fixed-term teaching

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position at the University of Cambridge. By then he was a lecturer with longish hair, a full dark beard, and a psychedelic taste in shirts and ties; but in many ways he was already the man described above, focused and productive, but also ever kindly and helpful to students. By then, too, he was already active in primatological circles and zoological societies, and already – pioneering what we would now call green causes, as well as linking his own research to its practical implications – giving public talks on wildlife conservation. Perhaps Cambridge never quite converted Colin to its mediaeval-university mystique. At any rate it would appear that when in 1974 he came to Canberra and the Australian National University, he felt more at home, for they remained his base – and that of his partner of 44 years, Phyll – for the rest of his life. When they arrived, Colin was the ANU’s first and only teacher of biological anthropology. Over the years he was allowed colleagues to share the growing load; and was promoted, becoming a professor in 2000. The team, effectively built and led by Colin, is now a thriving one of five biological anthropologists. As one of his Cambridge students, and also the first of those other ANU biological anthropology lecturers, I can testify that he was a quite wonderful colleague: ever calm, equable, knowledgeable and rational, ever willing to put in time, work and a critical approach that was never ungenerous, able to respond with a speed that was quite remarkable, and ever ready to share a laugh. In addition to her own careers, Phyll travelled with Colin, worked with him, supported him generously and indomitably in every way – never more so than in his recent years of health problems, stoically borne as they were – and she extended her support and friendship to Colin’s colleagues and students and their families. And with a large house able to accommodate plenty of pets, guests, frequent dinners and larger parties, Colin and Phyll were hospitable and never solely academic. Colin’s enthusiasms included Indian cuisine, themed t-shirts, the BBC’s Goon Show as well the ABC’s Science Show, classical mythology, of which he had almost as encyclopaedic a knowledge as primate taxonomy, and the Australian Skeptics, an organization always ready to question beliefs of any kind which appear to lack a rational basis. And he in turn warmly supported Phyll in her careers and activities. Colin received many honours, including Fellowship of the Australian Academy of the Humanities, Life Membership of the American Society of Mammalogists, and the Conservation International award for primate conservation. A few years ago, a Festschrift (Taxonomic Tapestries, edited by Alison Behie and Marc Oxenham, ANU Press, 2015) was presented to him. A snake and four mammalian species –

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including Groves’ dwarf lemur, Cheirogaleus grovesi (A.T. McLain et al., Primate Conservation 2017 (31): 27-36) – have now been named for him. Many people joined in celebrating Colin’s life at a moving outdoor funeral on 7th December 2017, in Canberra’s early summer sunshine: the opening music, Beethoven and Mozart; the closing music, Buddy Holly. Robert Attenborough, MA, DPhilLecturer in Evolutionary AnthropologyUniversity of Cambridge

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Recognizing that research in human biology must be founded on a comparative knowledge of our closest relatives, this journal is the natu-ral scientist’s ideal means of access to the best of current primate re-search. Folia Primatologica covers fields as diverse as molecular biology and social behaviour, and features articles on ecology, conservation, palaeontology, systematics and functional anatomy. In-depth articles and invited reviews are contributed by the world’s leading primatolo-gists. In addition, special issues provide rapid peer-reviewed publication of conference proceedings. Folia Primatologica is one of the top-rated primatology publications and is acknowledged worldwide as a core journal for primatologists, zoologists and anthropologists.

Folia PrimatologicaFounded: 1963Field of Interest: Primatology

Listed in bibliographic services, including: PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus

2018: Volume 896 issues per volumeLanguages: English, German, FrenchISSN 0015–5713e-ISSN 1421–9980

More information at w w w.karger.com/fpr

The official journal of the European Federation for Primatology

Offi cial Journal of the

European Federation for Primatology

An Offi cial Journal of the Primate Society of Great Britain

International Journal of PrimatologyInternationale Zeitschrift für PrimatologieJournal international de Primatologie

Editors-in-Chief

K.A.I. Nekaris, Oxford

C. Soligo, LondonEditorial AssistantC. Harcourt, Liverpool

‘All aspects of primatology, including anatomy, behavior, ecology, genetics, palaeontology and evolution are covered. As the flagship journal of the European Federation of Primatology, it allows the rapid publication of time sensitive research and free open access for editor’s choice articles and innovative reviews.’Simon K. Bearder, President Primate Societey of Great Britain

Selected contributions• Acoustic Characteristics of Long Calls Produced by Male Orang-Utans

(Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii): Advertising Individual Identity, Context, and Travel Direction: Askew, J.A. (Los Angeles, CA/Palangka Raya); Morrogh-Bernard, H.C. (Palangka Raya/Penryn)

• Disappearing in the Night: An Overview on Trade and Legislation of Night Monkeys in South and Central America: Svensson, M.S. (Oxford); Shanee, S. (Oxford/Manchester/ Yambrasbamba); Shanee, N. (Manchester/Yambrasbamba); Bannister, F.B. (Oxford); Cervera, L. (Quito); Donati, G. (Oxford); Huck, M. (Derby/Formosa); Jerusalinsky, L. (Brasí lia); Juarez, C.P. (Formosa); Maldonado, A.M. (Leticia); Martinez Mollinedo, J. (La Paz); Mé ndez-Carvajal, P.G. (Panama City); Molina Argandoñ a, M.A.; Mollo Vino, A.D. (La Paz); Nekaris, K.A.I. (Oxford); Peck, M. (Brighton); Rey-Goyeneche, J. (Oxford); Spaan, D. (Xalapa); Nijman, V. (Oxford)

• Get a Grip: Substrate Orientation and Digital Grasping Pressures in Strepsirrhines: Congdon, K.A. (Henderson, NV); Ravosa, M.J. (Notre Dame, IN)

• Semicircular Canal Size and Locomotion in Colobine Monkeys: A Cau-tionary Tale: Rae, T.C.; Johnson, P.M. (London); Yano, W. (Mizuho); Hirasaki, E. (Inuyama)

• Antelope Predation by Nigerian Forest Baboons: No. 4 Ecological and Behavioural Correlates: Sommer, V. (London/Serti); Lowe, A. (London/Canterbury); Jesus, G. (London/Serti); Alberts, N. (London); Bouquet, Y. (Neuchâ tel); Inglis, D.M. (London); Petersdorf, M. (New York, NY); van Riel, E. (Neuchâ tel); Thompson, J. (London); Ross, C. (London/Serti)

• How Many for Lunch Today? Seasonal Fission-Fusion Dynamics as a Feeding Strategy in Wild Red-Capped Mangabeys Cercocebus torquatus: Dolado, R. (Barcelona); Cooke, C. (Dayton, OH); Beltran, F.S. (Barcelona)

• Rapid Decrease in Populations of Wild Ring-Tailed Lemurs (Lemur catta) in Madagascar: LaFleur, M. (La Jolla, CA); Clarke, T.A. (Durham, NC); Reuter, K.; Schaeffer, T. (Nairobi)

KF18

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THE PRIMATE SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN founded on May 22 1967 by the Primate Group of the Zoological Society of London

Founding Council: J.R. NAPIER (President), R.P. MICHAEL (Hon.Sec.), R.J. ANDREW (Hon.Treasurer), E.H. ASHTON, L.D. BROOKES, C.R. COID, P. COTES, J.H. CROOK, J. DAVIES, R.N. T-W-FIENNES, R.A. HINDE, G.H. MANLEY, I. ROWLANDS, A.C. WARREN, L. WEISKRANTZ Past Presidents: 1967 - 1970 J.R. NAPIER 1989 - 1993 R.I.M. DUNBAR 1970 - 1973 R.P. MICHAEL 1993 - 1998 H.O. BOX 1973 - 1976 R.N. T-W-FIENNES 1998 - 2001 P.C. LEE 1976 - 1979 M.H. DAY 2001 - 2005 R. BARTON 1979 - 1982 R.D. MARTIN 2005 - 2010 A. MACLARNON 1982 - 1986 D.J. CHIVERS 2010 - 2014 K. BARD 1986 - 1989 B. WOOD Past Secretaries: 1967 - 1970 R.P. MICHAEL 1987 – 1990 R.C. HUBRECHT 1970 - 1974 K.R. HOBBS 1990 - 1993 P.C. LEE 1974 - 1975 V. REYNOLDS 1993 - 1996 C. ROSS 1975 - 1978 R.D. MARTIN 1996 - 1999 H. BUCHANAN-SMITH 1978 - 1981 A.F. DIXSON 1999 - 2005 J. LYCETT 1981 - 1985 S.K. BEARDER 2005 - 2010 C. SCHAFFNER 1985 - 1987 H.O. BOX 2010 - 2012 S. ELTON Past Treasurers: 1967 - 1970 R.J. ANDREW 1990 - 1994 R. CROMPTON 1970 - 1974 A. JOLLY 1994 - 1998 G. R. HOSEY 1974 - 1977 D.J. CHIVERS 1998 - 2002 C. EVANS 1977 - 1980 E.B. KEVERNE 2002 - 2009 R. HILL 1980 - 1984 L. AIELLO 2009 - 2012 G. BROWN 1984 - 1987 A. MACLARNON 2012 - 2014 C. CUNNINGHAM 1987 - 1990 S. KINGSLEY Past Editors: 1974 - 1977 N.R. CHALMERS 1996 - 2006 W. SELLERS 1977 - 1993 J.C. INGRAM 2006 - 2016 T. C. RAE 1993 - 1996 D. BRANDON-JONES Osman Hill Memorial Lecturers (established 1977): 1978 M.H. DAY 1998 C.B. STRINGER 1980 R.A. HINDE 2000 A.F. DIXSON 1982 F. BOURLIERE 2002 I. TATTERSALL 1984 P.M. BUTLER 2004 C. VAN SCHAIK 1986 J.P. HEARN 2006 A. JOLLY 1988 H. KUMMER 2008 W. MCGREW 1990 R.D. MARTIN 2010 A. WHITEN 1992 J.H. CROOK 2012 S. BEARDER 1994 R.I.M. DUNBAR 2014 P. LEE 1996 T. ROWELL 2015 R. CROMPTON Napier Memorial Medal Winners (established 1991): 1991 CHRISTOPHER PRYCE 2005 CORRI WAITT 1993 MARTA LAHR 2007 ANNIKA PAUKNER 1995 CARLOS DREWS 2009 ERIK WILLEMS 1997 NICOLA KOYAMA 2011 LAUREN BRENT 1999 MARK COLLARD 2013 STEPHEN MONTGOMERY 2001 RUSSELL HILL 2015 SALLY STREET 2003 SUSANNE SHULTZ Occasional Medal Winners (established 1996): 1997 JANE GOODALL CBE: Conservation 2007 CYRIL ROSEN MBE: Conservation 2008 STEPHEN NASH: Special Contributions to Primatology 2011 DAVID CHIVERS: Conservation 2011 DAVID WINDMILL: Special Contributions to Primatology Charles A. Lockwood Medal Winners (established 2009): 2009 CLAIRE SANTORELLI 2013 SALLY STREET 2010 STEPHEN MONTGOMERY 2014 HAYLEY ASH 2011 NIENKE ALBERTS 2015 JAMIE WHITEHOUSE 2012 NIENKE ALBERTS 2016 CAMILLE TROISI

Primate Eye is printed on FSC-certified paper and card by Top Copy, Bristol BS16 6JE

Primate Society of Great Britain PRIMATE EYE No 124 FEBRUARY 2018

• CONTENTS • Page

Editorial … … … … … … … 1 President’s Report, including our 50th Anniversary Conference… 5 Poster Presentations from PSGB Winter Meeting … … 8 Conservation Working Party, report from the grantee: The fruit of discord? Saba senegalensis use by Critically Endangered Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) and local people at the Dindefelo Community Nature Reserve (RNCD), southeastern Senegal … … 10 Cyril Rosen Award 2016, report from the grantee: Movement ecology and socioecology of the Tonkin snub- nosed monkeys and recommendations for future conservation 13 PSGB Noticeboard … … … … … 16 What is the Nagoya Protocol and how does it affect your research on primates? … … … … … 18 Developing international collaborations to address fire and other primate conservation issues in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia … … … … … … 20 Future Meetings: PSGB Spring 2018 – Portsmouth University … … 25 PSGB Winter 2018 – Bristol Zoo … … … 25 PSGB Spring 2019 – Powell-Cotton/Canterbury Christ Church 25 PSGB Winter 2019 – TBA … … … … 25 PSGB Spring 2020 – Liverpool John Moores University … 25 Book Reviews: The Orangutan’s World: A Photographic Celebration of Bornean Wildlife … … … … … 26 The Primate Origins of Human Nature … … 27 Voracious Science and Vulnerable Animals … … 31 Animal Vigilance: Monitoring Predators and Conspecifics 34 Ethnoprimatology: A Practical Guide to Research at the Human-Nonhuman Interface … … … 38 Obituaries: Anthony Whitten … … … … … 41 Colin Groves … … … … … 44 ISSN 0305-8417