Presentation on Energy Efficiency and Conservation

Energy Management Cell, WBSEB

Presentation on Energy Efficiency

and

Conservation


Energy Efficiency And Conservation

☻ In broad sense, Energy Efficiency means economising on the use of energy without adversely affecting economic growth and development. It includes improving the efficiency of energy extraction, Transmission And Distribution and increasing the productivity of energy use.


It is not merely a technological issue but it encompasses much broader economic and management issues. The cost effective of energy conservation/efficiency measures is well established as one unit of energy saved at the consumer end avoids nearly 2.5 to 3 times of capacity augmentation due to plant load factor, plant availability, auxiliary power consumption.

Energy Efficiency And Conservation (contd..)


Energy Conservation (contd.)

The energy intensity per unit Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is much higher in India(3.7 times from Japan, 1.5 times from USA) than many of the countries of the world leading to high wastage of energy, power shortage and uncompetitive product pricing hindering international trading.


Energy Conservation and its importance

60% of resources consumed so far

85% of raw energy comes from non-renewable sources and hence not available for future generation


To meet the growing demand, it has been assessed that additional generating capacity of 1 lakh MW has to be added by 2012 requiring an investment of Rs. 8,00,000 crore approximately.

It is estimated that high energy saving potential in the country approximately to the tune of about 23% exists for the economy as a whole while in the electricity sector alone the energy saving potential is around 25000MW of installed capacity.



So Energy Efficiency/Conservation and Demand Side Management measures can reduce power demand and prune building up of additional generating capacity to the extent it can be conserved.



Why Energy Efficiency (EE) ?

Negawatts win over Megawatts

Economic perspective (National and/or Supplier) :EE (or Negawatts) are cheaper than MegawattsEE provides maximum system wide benefitsEE reduces need for imports & scare resourcesEE mitigates risk from supply vulnerabilities


Customer Perspective :Utilities come closer to customers, better controlSupply quality and reliability improvementsLowers impact of tariff rationalisation / increase

Societal Perspective :Environmental benefits (emissions and wastes)

Why Energy Efficiency (EE) ? Contd..


Sector wise Energy Consumption

Type of Consumer Percentage of Consumption

Agricultural 5

Industry 49

Transport 22

Residential 10

Others 14

Agricultural

Industry

Transport

Residential

Others


Energy Saving Potential

Sector Potential(%)

Economy as a whole Up to 23

Agricultural Up to 30

Industrial Up to 25

Transport Up to 20

Domestic and Commercial

Up to 20


Assessed potential of 25000MW energy savingEnergy Efficiency / Conservation and Demand

Side Management measures can reduce peak and average demand

One unit saved avoids 2.5 to 3 times of fresh capacity addition

Investment in Energy Efficiency / Energy Conservation is highly cost effective

Can be achieved less than Rs.1 crore/MWAlso avoids investment in fuel, mining,

transportation etc.

Energy Saving Potential contd..


Energy Conservation Act

To tap the huge energy conservation potential Energy Conservation Act was ….

Enacted in October 2001 Enacted in October 2001

Become effective from 1st March 2002Become effective from 1st March 2002

Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) operationalized from 1st March 2002.operationalized from 1st March 2002.


Evolve minimum energy consumption and performance Evolve minimum energy consumption and performance standards for notified equipment & appliances.standards for notified equipment & appliances.

Prohibit manufacture and sale of equipment & appliances not Prohibit manufacture and sale of equipment & appliances not conforming to standards.conforming to standards.

Introduce mandatory labeling to enable consumers to make Introduce mandatory labeling to enable consumers to make informed choice.informed choice.


What are Standards and Labels?

STANDARDS

Energy efficiency standards are sets of procedures and regulations that prescribe the energy performance of manufactured products, sometimes prohibiting the sale of products less energy-efficient than the minimum standard.

LABELS

Energy efficiency labels are informative labels affixed to manufactured products indicating a product’s energy performance in order to provide consumers with the data necessary for making informed purchases.


Action Initiated ( Standards & Labeling)

Equipment /appliances approved for notification include :

Refrigerators Room Air Conditioners (unitary) Electric Water Heater Electric Motors Agricultural Pump Sets Electric Lighting & Ballasts Industrial Fans & Blowers Air Compressors


Discussions with manufacturers of Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, Agricultural Pump Sets and Motors

Technical Committee constituted to fix criteria and procedure equipment testing

Action Initiated

( Standards & Labeling) contd…


Manufacturers agreed to :Conduct equipment testing under third

party witnessProvide technical basis for the labelEvolve rating plan for the labelIntroduce labeling within two months

Action Initiated

( Standards & Labeling) contd…


Schedule to the Act provides list of Designated ConsumersSchedule to the Act provides list of Designated Consumers

Designated Consumers to :Designated Consumers to :

get energy audit by Accredited energy audit firmsget energy audit by Accredited energy audit firms

implement cost effective recommendationsimplement cost effective recommendations

appoint or designate energy managerappoint or designate energy manager

comply with energy consumption norms and standardscomply with energy consumption norms and standards

By regulations BEE to prescribe;By regulations BEE to prescribe;

qualification and certification procedure for Energy qualification and certification procedure for Energy Manager & Energy Auditors. Manager & Energy Auditors.

accreditation procedure for Energy Audit firms. accreditation procedure for Energy Audit firms.


Action Initiated (Designated Consumers)

Governing Council of BEE approved To notify of cement paper and pulp and textile sectors as

designated consumers To cover units with 5 MW connected load or annual

30000 tonnes of oil equivalent consumption National level certification examination and its syllabus

for certification of energy managers and energy auditors Engaging NPC as the certifying agency To empanel 11 institutions for running certification

course Procedure for temporary accreditation of energy auditors


Task force in cement, paper & pulp and textile sectors formed. Fertiliser, chemicals, petrochemicals and choler alkali under wayMembers to achieve the energy efficiency through

best practices, benchmarking, energy audit etc.Industries motivated through National Energy

Conservation Award schemeIndustries being approached to take commitments

Industries like INDAL, Rastriya Ispat Nigam Limited, NRC, Moral Overseas Ltd., BK Birla Group of Companies committed to reduce energy consumption

Small group activities focused on Energy Conservation initiated

Action Initiated (Designated Consumers)


BEE to prepare guidelines on BEE to prepare guidelines on ECBCECBC

To be modified by States to suit To be modified by States to suit local climatic conditionslocal climatic conditions

To be applicable to new buildings To be applicable to new buildings having connected load of 500 KWhaving connected load of 500 KW


To set up Energy Conservation Fund for To set up Energy Conservation Fund for providing :providing :

Innovative financingInnovative financing

Promotion of energy service companiesPromotion of energy service companies

Research & DevelopmentResearch & Development

Demonstration Demonstration

Creation of testing facilitiesCreation of testing facilities

Awareness creationAwareness creation


Important Roles include:Important Roles include:

Implementation of provisions of Energy Conservation ActImplementation of provisions of Energy Conservation Act

Quick coordinationQuick coordination

Policy researchPolicy research

Promotion of energy efficiencyPromotion of energy efficiency

Development of new financial instrumentsDevelopment of new financial instruments

Development of ESCOSDevelopment of ESCOS

Awareness creation.Awareness creation.


Self Regulation

o Section 17 provides power of inspection but Act enforcement through self-regulation

o Manufacturers agreed toGive energy consumption test results for labelsSetup steering committee with BEE for prescribing criteria for

Label design Standard setting Enforcement mechanism

o Designated consumers to publish certified energy consumption figures in the annual report


Energy Efficiency investment is highly cost effective:Energy Efficiency investment is highly cost effective:

Resultant energy saving pays back investment between 6 to Resultant energy saving pays back investment between 6 to 36 months.36 months.

Huge marketHuge market

Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) willing to invest with Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) willing to invest with performance guarantee and recover investment from energy performance guarantee and recover investment from energy

savings – savings – win-win situation.win-win situation.

Requires policy support; demonstration; innovative Requires policy support; demonstration; innovative financing like guarantee, insurance, venture capital; pro-financing like guarantee, insurance, venture capital; pro-active support by Banks, etcactive support by Banks, etc.


Electricity Used for Lighting

• Nearly 10% of the electricity is consumed for lighting in the residential & commercial building. This amounts to a connected load of approx. 11,000 MW and annual electricity consumption of 50 billion KWh.


CFL Example

Watts Light Cost Life No of Units

Lumens Rs. Hourshrs/day /Year

Bulb 60 700 10 1000 4 88

CFL 15 700 200 7000 4 22


Luminous Performance Characteristics of

Commonly Used Luminaries Lum / Watt

Type of Lamp Range Avg.

Color Rendering Index

Typical Application Life

(Hours)

Incandescent 8-18 14 Excellent Homes, restaurants, general lighting, emergency lighting

1000

Fluorescent Lamps

46-60 50 Good w.r.t. coating

Offices, shops, hospitals, homes

5000

Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL)

40-70 60 Very good Hotels, shops, homes, offices

8000-10000

High pressure mercury (HPMV)

44-57 50 Fair General lighting in factories, garages, car parking, flood lighting

5000

Halogen lamps 18-24 20 Excellent Display, flood lighting, stadium exhibition grounds, construction areas

2000-4000

High pressure sodium (HPSV) SON

67-121 90 Fair General lighting in factories, ware houses, street lighting

6000-12000

Low pressure sodium (LPSV) SOX

101-175 150 Poor Roadways, tunnels, canals, street lighting

6000-12000


Energy savings in lighting System

Make maximum use of natural light (North roof/translucent sheets/more windows and openings)Switch off when not requiredModify lighting layout to meet the needSelect light colours for interiorsProvide timer switches / PV controlsProvide lighting Transformer to operate at reduced voltageInstall energy efficient lamps, luminaries and controlsClean North roof glass, translucent sheet and luminaries regularly


Energy Saving in Lighting

Separate lighting Transformer– To isolate from power feeder– To avoid voltage fluctuation problem– Energy saving at optimum voltage

Install Servo stabilizer if separate transformer is not feasible

High frequency electronic ballast's(30khz)– Energy savings 30 to 35%– Less heat load into A/C room

Metal halide in place of Mercury and SVL lamps CFT in place of incandescent lamps


Energy Saving in Fan

• Fans are used extensively in summer months. Use of high efficiency fan motor and use of electronic regulator (in place of conventional resistance regulator) can lead to about 20% saving in energy. The fans with aerodynamic designs and improved impellers consume about 20% less energy but are 30% costlier as compared to conventional fans.


Energy Saving in Refrigerator

• The efficiency of refrigerators in India, is rather poor. A typical 165 ltr. Indian refrigerator consumes about 540 KWH per year. Whereas on the other hand the 200 ltr. Korean model consumes about 240 KWH per year. High efficiency refrigerator are not manufactured in India. This refrigerators use a different compressor design which are very sensitive to voltage of electric supply. Unless quality of electric supply is improved this refrigerators can not be improved in India.


Energy Saving in Motors

The electric Motors form the heart of the industries, out of the total motors in operation 98% is Induction Motors. Induction Motors consumes 70% of the total Electrical Energy generated.

Capacity of :: Motors α Torque α V2


Causes for Energy Loss in Induction Motors

The Various causes of Energy Loss in Induction Motors are due to the following factors:

Over sized MotorsRewound MotorsImproper VoltageLess Efficient Motor – Driven EquipmentIdle Run



Over sized Induction Motor Sizing of Motors plays a vital Role in Energy

Efficiency. It is very difficult to choose a right size of Motor in a single step application.

In any industry while designing the capacity of motor for a particular application involves two/three stages. Over sizing of motor is very common in typical industry



Over sized Induction Motor (contd.)

The major reasons for over sizing of motors may be due to :::

Starting torque requirementsExcess cushion & safety factorsAdhoc decisions



Rewound Motors• Rewound Induction Motors are common in

Indian Industries. Especially, in Textiles, Paper industries and Un-organised sectors such as small Flour mills, Lathe shop and Agricultural farms. Induction Motors are used even after more than four times rewound



Rewound Motors (contd.)Reason for loss in efficiency Rewound

Motors :::Eddy Current loss – eddy current loss is

proportional to the square of the thickness of the lamination

At the time motor coil burning the temperature of the winding rises more than 400oC, this temperature will evaporate the burnish insulation between lamination of both rotor and stator this results in increase of eddy current loss



Presence of carbon: the stator and rotor core is made up of thin stamping (0.28mm to 0.45mm). The stamping are insulated from each other by varnish insulation coating, which consists of hydrocarbon. Therefore while motor coil burns varnish also burns and evaporates. The resulting deposition of some unburned carbon between the stampings which deteriorates the magnetic property and hence the magnetic loss increases.



Further the presence of carbon results in early magnetic saturation and reduces the flux density of the stator and rotor cores for the same magnetisation current. Usually, the Wrought iron, and Cast iron have early magnetic saturation and poor magnetic property because of the high carbon content compared to Steel. Thus in rewound motor magnetic loss increases.



Improper VoltageThe performance of any induction motor will be

good, when the voltage/frequency ratio should be maintained constant. If a 380 Volt 50 Hz designed induction motor operated with 415V, 50Hz will lead to excess magnetisation loss. This will be the case in many of the important motor designed for other frequency and voltage than Indian frequency & voltage.



Case Study ::In a White Cement Plant• The DG set is imported from Czechoslovakia as

a package of entire system. The cooling system pump & motor are the part of the system. In Czechoslovakia, the motors are designed for 380 volts, 50 Hz supply. But the cooling tower pump motor(22KW) is operated with 415Volts, 50Hz supply, leading to excess magnetization losses and excess temperature rise and one of the motor has already burned out due to insulation failure.



Case Study :: Observations : Surface temperature measured :-• 80 % loaded 415V rated motor: 50 – 60oC• 80% loaded 380V rated motor : 72 – 76oC• Estimated saving potential : 8 – 10%Recommendation:• The existing 380V, 50Hz motor in the cooling

water pump (4 nos.) was replaced with 415V, 50Hz energy efficient motor which has the annual savings of Rs. 84000/-



Less Efficient Motor – Driven Equipment Earlier for variable speed, welding application

etc., Motor Generator sets are used. This is the Energy Inefficient practice. This offers a good scope to reduce energy consumption by using the latest technology to meet the requirements

For example the recent method to get accurate variable speed control can be achieved by using Thyristor drives which is the ideal replacement for Ward Leonard drive. Similarly Motor Generator set is used for welding application.



• Presently few machines are driven by Ward Leonard drives for better speed control. From Energy Efficiency point of view Ward Leonard drives are inefficient and operating efficiency is only 70 to 80% for full load condition. The power measurements indicated that no load power consumption of the drive varies from 10 to 14%. The modern Thyristor drives with fine speed control is popular in Industry and its efficiency is around 90 to 98%. The no load power consumption is more or less negligible.



Idle Run• In some of the industrial application, the

auxiliaries equipment will run even main equipment is switched off. There is a possibility to switch off whenever possible by incorporating controls like interlocks and timer based controllers. This will reduce the idle running time and energy consumption.



Case Study : In a Rubber Industry :: Presently in Preformers, the Hydraulic drives are running

continuously. The time study indicates around 5% of the time in a day the preformer hydraulic drive is running idle. There is a scope to reduce energy consumption during Lunch Break, Die Changing, Material Charging & Changing time.

The Power Measurement Details are as follows : Minicrowe Preformer : 18.5 KW Idle running Power cons: 4.67 KW Crowe Preformer : 30.0 KW Idle running Power cons: 7.67 KW

Recommendation: Recommend to interlock between the rubber cutter and hydraulic drive motor to reduce idle running during Lunch Break, Die Changing, Material Charging & Changing time.



• The total demand of an area deeps on varying depending on the time of the day and the season. The Load Factor is the ratio of Average Power to Peak Power. A high Load Factor means lower cost of generation. Every electric utility tries to improve the power factor to a value close to 1.

Demand Side Management



Fixed cost

Operating Cost

Load Factor

Rel

ativ

e G

ener

atio

n C

ost

0.4

0.6

0.2

1.0

0.8

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Fixed cost

Operating Cost

Load Factor

Rel

ativ

e G

ener

atio

n C

ost

0.4

0.6

0.2

1.0

0.8

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


• Load management is the concept of changing the consumer’s electricity use pattern. Load management has the purpose of improving the effect of utilisation of generating capacity and encouraging the best use of electricity by all consumers of different categories. Moreover the forced outages are reduced and service reliability is improved.



• By controlling the load at the consumer premises the load curve can be flattened. In this way the power generation by the low efficiency generation units can be minimised and forced outages are avoided. The peak load reduction can make it possible to postponed the building of new power stations. In this way considerable saving can be achieved.



Energy Conservation in Distribution (HVDS)

• Reduction of line losses by replacing smaller number of larger transformers with larger number of smaller transformers located nearer to loads and thus reducing the length of LT lines. Such an arrangement will result in better voltages, less outages, increased transformer life, easier replacement of failed transformers and fewer consumers are affected by transformer failure.

• Improvement of power factor to 0.9 through LV switched capacitor panels on all transformers supplying to pump-sets.


Smaller no. of Large Transformer Vs Larger no. of Small Transformer

Small DT

Small DT

Small DT

Large Transformer Well

LT Line

11KV Line


• All transformers feeding pump loads to be provided with remote controlled LV circuit breakers to be operated in rotation instead of switching off 11KV lines.

• Use of energy-efficient transformers (amorphous-core transformers) to reduce no-load losses. Typical core-loss savings are illustrated below:

Transformer Capacity

Losses with silicon steel

Losses with amorphous metal

25KVA 100W 25W

63KVA 180W 45W

100KVA 260W 60W

Energy Conservation in Distribution Transformers


Improvement of System Performance with improvement in Capacity Factor

Capacity Factor

0.4

T&D Losses

25%

End Conversion Losses 66.7%

Capacity Factor

0.6

T&D Losses

15%

End Conversion Losses 50%

2.3 Kwh

4 Kwh

2Kwh

3Kwh 1 Kwh

1Kwh

I

II

Generation Transmission and Distribution End-Use


Network Planning Through GIS (Geographical Information System)

o Computer-aided network planning to minimise losses and maximise system efficiency

o Accurate measurement of energy consumed is necessary for energy audit to arrive at energy conservation measures.


Need Base Energy Management

• In power sector there is a distinct difference between “demand and need”

• Consumers of electric power could be classified into five broad categories.

• Industrial users• Agricultural sector• Commercial organisation• Domestic• Essential services


A Need based energy management would – Identify the needs of various consumers– Forecast the generation requirement based

on the need– Plan power generation as per forecast– Lay down a suitable transmission and

distribution network– Regulate distribution as per need– Monitor matching of need with supply

Need Base Energy Management


Advantages of NBEM

It ensures high reliability of supply to consumers meeting the specific demand effectively for period of actual requirement

The system losses can be substantially reduced since line and equipment not get overloaded at any point of time

The voltage profile at all level is improved thus safeguarding the customers equipment from losing their efficiency at low voltage

The scheme facilitates the adoption of energy conservation and energy audit policy


Thank You

Presentation on Energy Efficiency and Conservation

Documents

Transcript of Presentation on Energy Efficiency and Conservation