Presentation of G3 by Ms. Adity, IWMI

7/31/2019 Presentation of G3 by Ms. Adity, IWMI

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Water for a food-secure world

G3: Water governance and

community based management

Annual Reflection Workshop

1st and 2nd April 2012





G3: Objectives

Main objective:

• Understand physical

resource base, institutionsand communitycharacteristics

• Understand the role of keyactor (communities,donors and government)in such governance,

conflict resolution andproductive use of land andwater

Improve polder governancethrough changes in policies andinstitutions

• Suggest implementablepolicy suggestions forimproving poldergovernance inBangladesh





G3: Research Questions

•

Is community management the best way of managing coastal polders? If so, under what

circumstances does it work?

• If community management is indeed the way

forward, what are the constraints that communitiesface in polder management?

• What kind of policies and institution are needed so

that communities can participate in management of polders?





Institutional Analysis and Development Framework

Drawing on various disciplines such as political science,

economics, anthropology, game theory and law, researchers

studying common property resources (CPR) have developed

IAD framework. Oakerson (1986) outlines a triadic interaction

framework which analyses the physical attributes of the

resource, the community attributes of the people managing

them and the attributes of the institutions that have beenformed to manage the resource.

In addition, we add a historical analysis and political

perspective to overcome the ahistorical and apolitical natureof IAD framework





Ostrom’s adapted IAD Framework

ResourceSalinity

Inundation

Crops

Infrastructure

Institutions

Informal,WMO,BWDB,LGED, Localgovernment

Community

Occupation

Religion

WealthPolitics

H i s t o r y

P o l i t i c s




Project sites and description

Polder

Subprojects Location

(Upazila) Agency Level of

Salinity WMOs (Yes/No)

and project Management

challenges Polder 3 Debhata &

Kaliganj BWDB High No – informal

management Shrimp- paddy

conflict Polder 24G Keshobpur BWDB Increasing Yes –KJDRP Water logging

and salinity Polder 31 Daacope BWDB Average to

High Yes – 4th Fisheries Salinity and

river erosion Polder 30 Batiaghata BWDB Low to

Average Yes –IPSWAM Water logging Polder 43-2F Amtoli BWDB Low Yes –IPSWAM Water scarcity Latabunia Dumuria LGED High Yes- SSWRDP Disaster

vulnerability Jabusha Rupsha LGED Average to

High Yes –SSWRDP Salinity

Jainkathi Sadar LGED Low Yes –SSWRDP Water scarcity Bagarchra-

Badurgacha Dumuria LGED High Yes –SSWRDP Declining

shrimp

productivity


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How our study sites vary across several parameters

Such diversity helpsexplore what works

and what does not


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Partners

•Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB)

• Local Government Engineering Department (LGED):

Main end users

• Institute of Water Modeling: Infrastructure and

Participatory Mapping

• Sushilan: Qualitative surveys, FGDs and KIIs

• BAU: 4 Masters students



Methods and Activities

• Literature reviews (IWMI)

– Review of water policies – Review of water users associations in Asia

– Review of water management organizations in Bangladesh

– Review of role of gender in water management

•

Infrastructure and participatory mapping for understandingphysical resource base (IWM)

• Qualitative surveys (FGDs and KIIs) to understand

characteristics of community and water management

institutions (Sushilan)

• In-depth case studies on economics and conflicts (BAU)

• Understanding official perspectives (IWMI)

• Quantitative surveys and experimental games (next phase)



Understanding the structures and

land water uses in the polders

Maps and participatory mapping (IWM)

• Detailed maps of polder areas

• Polder structures (formal and informal sluices etc)• Information on roads, khals, sluice gates, villages and

unions.

• Participatory mapping – a part of problem identification

• Land and water use: which crops and what seasons• Checking maps with local perceptions of inundation etc.



Field survey and Data collection

Sl. No. Events Specification Location Progress of work Remarks

1. Inventories of regulator

Location, no. of vents,

vent Size, type of

Structures, Active/

Inactive, Fall board/Flap

Gate, Picture

Polder 3, 30, 31,

24G, 43/2F and4 LGED

subprojects

All data collection

except 50% work of

24G which will be

completed by25th

March-2012

RTK GPS and Level

machines are used

for this survey

2.

Inventories of

Unauthorized

Structures

Location

Type

Size / Pipe Diameter

Same Same Same

3.Alignment of

Khal

All the existing drainage

khal along with name

All the plannedpolders and

LGED

subprojects

Completed

Conducted by handGPS and by using

existing google

image

4.Alignment of

Embankment

Surrounding the polders

mentioning the existing

condition

All the planned

polders and

LGED

subprojects

All data collection

except 50% work of

24G which will be

completed

Hand GPS

5.

Location of

important

features schools,

mosques etc

Geographical

coordinates of the

feature

Inside all the

polders and

subprojects

All data collection

except 90% work of

24G which will be

completed soon

Hand GPS



Field survey and Data collection

IWM Engineers working

with RTK GPS to establish

the reduced level of Polder

IWM surveyor working

with Level machine to connectDrainage structure with the

Benchmark



Water for a food-secure worldWater for a food-secure world




Polder 30




Baganchra-Badurgacha




Status of mapping work by IWM

Polder/Sub project Infrastructure maps Participatory maps

Polder 3 Yes No

Polder 30 Yes No

Polder 31 Yes No

Polder 43/2F Yes No

Polder 24G No No

Latabunia Yes Yes

Jabusha Yes Yes

Baganchra Badurgacha Yes No

Jainkathi Yes No




Understanding the actors,

communities and institutions

Problem identification: Qualitative survey (Shushilan)

• 50-70 FGDs and 70 KIs to be conducted by June 2012, starting inSatkhira polder 3 and polder 31.

• Interviewing Union Parishads, Upazilas, LGED, BWDB, DoF and DoAEon water management in the polder areas

• Interviewing Water Management Groups, WMAs and WMCA

• FGDs with different community members, paddy vs shrimp, high vslow elevation, LCS and landless, single female headed households.

• Trying to get different perspectives of the needs and suggestionsacross different segments of the communities




A Qualitative Research comprising

• FGD – 3 types of FGDs with

– General Stakeholders, e.g. paddy and shrimpfarmers, elderly, educated, informed

– LCS Group Members (Men and WomenSeparately)

– WMO/WMA/WMCA/WMG Members

• KII/ Individual Interviews

– WMO Chair & Secretary, Two Women Members

in 2 interviews – BWDB/LGED/Union Parishad (separately)

– Fem-headed HH, PAP, paddy farmers, Person withpending case for polder cuts




Fieldwork Plan and Deliverables

SL# Polder name

Fieldwork

FGD and

KII Notes

(Bang &Eng)

Fieldreport Video

SituationAnalysis

# of FGD

Numberof KII

1 Polder 3 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 12 16

2 Polder 31 Yes Yes Yes Yes 27-Apr 7 14

3 Polder 30 Yes Ongoing 25 Apr 10-Apr 30-Apr 8 14

4Bagachra-

Badurgacha Yes Ongoing 15 May 15-Apr 30-May 4 7

5 Latabunia Yes on going 20May 20-Apr 5-Jun 4 7

6 Jabusha 30-31 Mar 10-Apr 30May 25-Apr 15-Jun 4 7

7 24/G Kesbopur 5-6 April 17-Apr 10 Jun 2-May 30-Jun 5 8

8 Jainkati 10-11 Apr 24-Apr 25Jun 10May 15-Jul 5 8

9 43/2F- Amtoli 14-15 Apr 31 April 30 Jun 17May 30-Jul 5 8

Final Report 31Aug 54 89






Problem identification: Situation Analysis

• Based on FGDs and KIs, produce Situation Analysis

reports that in a systematic way identify thedifferent problems and solutions in eachpolder/sub-project

• Analysis of key issues and problems

• Recommendations of way forward




Understanding livelihood impacts especially

economics of shrimp-paddy farming systems

Capacity building (BAU)• 4 Master students in Agricultural Economics writing their theses on

water governance and food security

• Quantitative study based on household interviews on variouslivelihood indicators in selected sites (polder 31, Jabusha andLatabunia)

• Their study focuses on economics of paddy vs. shrimp cultivation andshift to golda (prawn) farming

• Field work completed and students presented their preliminaryresults on 31st March

• Work started in January and will finish by June 2012




Understanding official perspectives

on water managementProblem identification: KIs with senior officials (IWMI)

• Interview senior officials and donors

• What type of investment in water resources and thecoastal areas?

• Perceptions on community participation

• Success stories and challenges

• Recommendations for improving community participation

Status: A total of 30 officials have been interviewed. From ADB, World Bank, JICA,

Netherlands, BWDB, LGED, WARPO, BIDS and other






What are the problemsand for which groups?

How are they managed?

Which institutions,organizations and

individuals are involvedin water management?

How?

How is the communityinvolved in water

management?

S I T U A T I O N A N A L Y S I S




Research FrameworkActivities

Data & Cases•Detailed infrastructure

and resource maps

•Inundation modeling

•Detailed problem

identification through

FGDs and Kis

• In-depth case studies

Capacity building•Collaboration with local universities

•Focusing on PRA methods and extracting

different opinions from different groups and

stakeholders

Policy Analysis &CommunicationsInternational quality

research papers and

journal articles

Policy briefs and

dissemination workshops

Shushilan, IWM,

local universities,

CGIAR centers

Coastal

communities, local

government

institutions

Regional and

national policy

makers

Partners

Outcomes

• Better

management

of polders

that helps

improve food

security and

livelihoods

IMPACT

Contribute to building up longer termresilience among the communities who live in

coastal areas in Bangladesh

Policyimpact

Informedscientific

research

Capacitybuilding




• Early Implementation Project (EIP) 1975 -1998• Target group, EMGs and LCS

• Delta Development Project (DDP) 1981 to 1991• Communities involved in planning

• O&M committees formed

• System Rehabilitation Program 1990 -1997• Local involvement in maintenance

• Precursor to participatory water management

• CPP, Tangail (1991 – 2000) under FAP• Involvement of communities for flood management

• Char Development and Settlement Project (CDSP)•

Inter department cooperation• IPSWAM• SSWRDP Projects 2 completed and 2 phases on

going

Bangladesh has a long history of people’s participation in water sector

A historical analysis of evolution of coastal policies and water




A historical analysis of evolution of coastal policies and water

policies 1950s:From dynamic structures to permanent (CEP)

• Krug Mission Report 1956. EWAPDA, 1964 Master

• Plan Mega infrastructure project through CEP

• Top-down, technical, Engineering

1970s:Shift to Small Scale Water Projects

• IBRD Report on Land and WR (1972)

•

Focus on faster recovery of investments and quick results1980s:Focus on FCDI

• National Water Plan (1986), FCD and FCI

• Flood Action Plan

1990s:Policies on Participation.

• Different guidelines on People’s participation

• National Water Policy (1999)

2000s: Changing the scene for participation• Guidelines for Participatory Water Management (2001)

http://sites.google.com/site/cpwfbdceoi/ganges-bdc-research/project-g5

http://sites.google.com/site/cpwfbdceoi/ganges-bdc-research/project-g5




Current norms of formal WMOs and lessons learnt

Sub-Project/ Scheme up to 1000 ha

(LGED)

Project above 1000 ha (BWDB)

WMCA at the lowest level for each

smallest hydrological unit or social unit

(Para/Village)

Single tier WMOs

WMG at the lowest level

WMA mid-level

WMF at polder level

3 tier WMOs

Lessons learntAll WMOs created so far suffer what is called the “project syndrome”.

Time I n t e n s i t y o f a c t i v i t i e s

a n d o u t c o m e s

Year 1 Year 8

All formal

WMOs seem

to disappear




Main insights so far

L ’ lk i “D f d i ”




Let’s talk maintenance: “Deferred maintenance” at

the heart of poor management

• Reason for community involvement was to improve

maintenance of infrastructure

• In Bangladesh and even globally, this has not

happened and “deferred maintenance” plaguessystem after system

• Perverse incentives – Donors (more money pushed in the better and maintenance is cheap)

– Governments (under-budgeted and look to donors) – Communities(don’t see maintenance as their work and can get by

through informal ways of managing)

• Our recommendations should target this loophole




Of informal structures and

institutions




Base Map of Polder-3

f ld




Base Map of Polder-3

Red dot showing the Unofficial

Cuts and Pipes done by the local

people for inflowing saline water

to the Ghers inside Polder




Interim outputs

• Checklists and questionnaires (a total of 10 checklists

and questionnaires developed) IWMI, Sushilon and

BAU

• FGD notes and KII transcripts generated by Sushilon

• Transcripts of official interviews IWMI

• Field Reports IWMI and Sushilon

• Methodology workshop in Delhi (Dec 2011) and 1st

Progress workshop (31st

March 2012) IWMI

Main Outputs




Main Outputs

• Literature review reports (IWMI)

–

Review of 108 cases of water users’ association in Asiancountries (Completed)

– Review of water policies in Bangladesh (Completed)

– Review of coastal policies in Bangladesh (Completed)

–Review of WMOs in Bangladesh (Completed)

– Review of role of gender in water management (1st draft)

• Maps (IWM)

– Infrastructure maps

– Participatory maps




Summarizing




Things we know already (from lit review)

• SW parts of coastal Bangladesh is a part of an active delta,

downstream, is ecologically fragile and prone to natural disasters.

• Global experience of involving local communities in management of

irrigation/water resources has been pretty dismal till date.

• The government of Bangladesh has enshrined community

management as one of the pillars of its Water Policy.

•

While community participation works well as long as projects arefunded, they mostly die a natural death (or at best remain inactive)

after completion of projects.

• LGED and BWDB projects incorporate participatory principles, but the

way they actually operationalize it differs.




Things we know a little, but need to know more

• Polders now serve more functions than they were originally designed for,

but we don’t know what the full implications are • We know that there are informal rules and institutions, but not enough

how they work

• We don’t know enough about under what conditions formal institutions

like WMOs function well and when they do not.

• We know that conflicts are widespread, especially among “powerful”shrimp farmers and paddy farmers, but don’t know how they are resolved

• We know that LCS are an integral part of implementation of participatory

water projects in Bangladesh, but not the impact these have on water

management

• We do not know enough about the continual problem of “deferred

maintenance” and how it can be resolved




Thing we know very little about

The guidelines for participatory water management

make it mandatory to include women in executive

committee of WMAs and WMCAs. However, we do

not know anything about the experiences of thosewomen and the impact of their participation on

their own lives and that on the functioning of

WMA and WMCAs.




Communication

materials

Videos and Photos




Future work

• Commission new case studies, especiallygender review

• Questionnaire surveys and experimentalgames

• Policy recommendations and policyworkshops



Thank you

Presentation of G3 by Ms. Adity, IWMI

Documents

Transcript of Presentation of G3 by Ms. Adity, IWMI