Slide 1

EVOLUTION AND GROWTH OF PRINT INDUSTRY

INTRODUCTIONDEFINITION OF PRINTINGPrinting is a process for reproducing text and images using a master form or template.

THE INVENTION OF PRINTINGJohannes Gutenberg was the first European who invented the movable type printing, in 1439.

14TH CENTURY INNOVATIONS MOVABLE TYPE PRINTING PRESS XYLOGRAPHY (1400) TYPOGRAPHY (1450)

MOVABLE TYPE PRINTING PRESS Movable typeis the system ofprintingandtypographythat uses movablecomponentsto reproduce the elements of a document.

2. XYLOGRAPHY (1400)Woodcut, occasionally known asxylography, is a relief printing technique in printmaking. An artist carves an image into the surface of a block of woodtypically with gougesleaving the printing parts level with the surface while removing the non-printing parts.

3. TYPOGRAPHY (1450)Typographyis the art and technique ofarranging typeto makewritten languagereadable,appealing, andlegiblewhen displayed. The arrangement of type involves selectingtypefaces,point size,line length, line-spacing (leading),letter-spacing (tracking), and adjusting the space within letters pairs.

17TH CENTURY INNOVATIONS:

THE METAL PRESS (1795)

LITHOGRAPHY (1796)

STEREOTYPY AND STEREOGRAPHY (LATE 18TH CENTURY)

1. THE METAL PRESS (1795)The metal press was constructed in England in about 1795 . Several years later a metal press was built in the United States where the action of the screw was replaced by a series of metal joints. This was the Columbian, which was followed by the Washington ofSamuel Rust, the apogee of thescrew pressinherited from Gutenberg; its printing capacity was about 250 copies an hour.

2. LITHOGRAPHY (1796)Lithography is a method ofprinting originally based on theimmiscibilityof oil and water. Printing is from a stone (lithographic limestone) or a metal plate with a smooth surface.

3. STEREOTYPY AND STEREOGRAPHY (LATE 18TH CENTURY)

Stereotypy, consisted in making an impression on text blocks of type in clay or soft metal in order to make lead molds of the whole. The stereotyped plates thus obtained made it economically possible to print the same text on several presses at the same time with the added benefit of having the type pieces immediately available for further use and thus increasing the rate at which they could be recycled. Stereography ,was tried in which sets of copper matrices of each letter were manufactured in multiples. The matrices were then assembled as text, so that they covered the whole surface of the bottom of a mold from which the lead plate was then cast.

18TH CENTURY INNOVATIONS ROTARY PRINTING PRESS

INTAGLIO

OFFSET PRESS (1870s)

GRAVURE(1890s)

1. ROTARY PRINTING PRESSA rotary printing press is aprinting pressin which the impressions are carved around a cylinder so that the printing can be done on long continuous rolls ofpaper,cardboard, plastic, or a large number of other substrates. Rotary drum printing was invented byRichard March Hoein 1843 and patented in 1847, and then significantly improved byWilliam Bullock in 1863.

13

2. INTAGLIOIntaglio printingis the opposite of reliefprinting, in that theprintingis done from ink that is below the surface of the plate. The design is cut, scratched, or etched into theprintingsurface or plate, which can be copper, zinc, aluminum, magnesium, plastics, or even coated paper.

3. OFFSET PRESS (1870s) Offset printingis a commonly used technique in which theinkedimage is transferred from a plate to a rubber blanket, then to the printing surface. When used in combination with thelithographic process, which is based on the repulsion ofoilandwater, the offset technique employs a flat image carrier on which the image to be printed obtains ink from ink rollers, while the non-printing area attracts a water-based film , keeping the non-printing areas ink-free.

TYPES OF OFFSET PRINTING:SHEET FED OFFSET PRESS- The substrate is fed to the press in single sheets and each sheet is printed individually. The printed substrate is then collected in a tray and stacked neatly.WEB FED OFFSET PRESS- In a web fed press from a continuous roll. After printing the roll is either rewound onto a spool or cut into sheets depending on the requirements. Its speed is higher than sheet fed presses.

4. GRAVURE (1890s)GRAVUREis a type ofintaglioprinting process, which involvesengravingthe image onto animage carrier. In gravure printing, the image is engraved onto acylinderbecause, likeoffset printingandflexography, it uses arotary printing press. Once a staple of newspaper photo features, the rotogravure process is still used for commercial printing of magazines, postcards, and corrugated (cardboard) and other product packaging.

19TH CENTURY INNOVATIONSSCREEN PRINTING (1907)PHOTOCOPIER (1960s)THERMAL PRINTERLASER PRINTER (1969)DOT MATRIX PRINTER (1970)DIGITAL PRESS (1993)3D PRINTING

1. SCREEN PRINTING (1907) Screen printingis a printing technique whereby a mesh is used to transfer ink onto a substrate, except in areas made impermeable to the ink by a blocking stencil. A blade or squeegee is moved across the screen to fill the open mesh apertures with ink, and a reverse stroke then causes the screen to touch the substrate momentarily along a line of contact.

2. PHOTOCOPIER (1960s) Xerographic office photocopying was introduced byXeroxin the 1960s, and over the following 20 years it gradually replaced copies made by Verifax,Photostat,carbon paper, mimeograph machines, and otherduplicating machines. The prevalence of its use is one of the factors that prevented the development of thepaperless officeheralded early in thedigital revolution.

3. THERMAL PRINTER A thermal printer (or direct thermal printer) produces a printed image by selectively heating coatedthermo chromic paper, orthermal paperas it is commonly known, when the paper passes over the thermalprint head. The coating turnsblackin the areas where it is heated, producing an image.

4. LASER PRINTER (1969)Laser printingis anelectrostaticdigital printingprocess. It produces high-quality text and graphics (and moderate-quality photographs) by repeatedly passing alaser beam back and forth over a negatively charged cylindrical drum to define a differentially-charged image.

5. DOT MATRIX PRINTER (1970)Dot matrix printingis a type of computerprintingwhich uses a print head that moves back and forth, or in an up and down motion, on the page and prints by impact, striking an ink-soaked cloth ribbon against the paper, much like the print mechanism on a typewriter.

6. DIGITAL PRESS (1993)Digital printingrefers to methods ofprintingfrom adigital-based image directly to a variety of media. It usually refers to professional printing where small-run jobs fromdesktop publishingand other digital sources are printed using large-format and/or high-volume.laserorinkjetprinters.

7. 3D PRINTINGThree-dimensional printing is a method of converting a virtual3D modelinto a physical object. 3D printing is a category ofrapid prototyping technology. 3D printers are generally faster, more affordable and easier to use than other additive fabrication technologies.

THANK YOU

BY: AISHWARYA JAITLY