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A NATURALLY OCCURRING,INORGANIC, SOLID, WITH DEFINITE
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE & CRYSTALSTRUCTURE
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A Naturally Occurring Solid Made of
One or More Minerals or Other Solid Substances
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MINERALCOMPOSITION
TEXTURES
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IGNEOUSMelting Of Rocksin Hot Deep
Crust & Upper
Mantle
MAGMA
(LIQUID & GASES)
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SEDIMENTARYWeathering &
erosion of rocksexposed atsurface
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METAMORPHICRocks Under HighTemperatures &
Pressures in
Deep Crust &Upper Mantle
SOLID STAGE
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IGNEOUSCrystallization
(Differentiation &Solidification ofMagma)
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Deposition, burial& lihtification
SEDIMENTARY
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Recrystallization insolid state ofnew minerals
METAMORPHIC
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Igneous (ig nee us) isthe term applied to the
rocks that form by thecrystallization of theirconstituent mineralsout of magma (molten
materials below thesurface) or from lava on the earth's surface
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BATHOLITH
PYROCLASTIC ASH
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AT LEAST PARTLY SMALL CRYSTALS AND/OR GLASS
- produced by relatively fast cooling, usually at or near the
earth’s surface
- typical of extrusive (volcanic) rocks
- sometimes in intrusive rocks (small, shallow intrusions)
glassy texture - no crystals
APHANITIC TEXTURE - very small crystalsPORPHYRITIC TEXTURE - mixed sizes
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OTHER TEXTURESBUBBLES: vesicular texture
Gas bubbles trapped in an igneous rock are called vesicles.
Examples: vesicular basalt and pumice
BROKEN FRAGMENTS: pyroclastic texture
If there is enough gas, expanding bubbles may cause lava
to explosively break into fragments.Examples: volcanic ash and pumice
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AQP CLASSIFICATION (Feldspathic Rocks)
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QAP CLASSIFICATION (Volcanic Rocks)
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AQP CLASSIFICATION (Plutonic Rocks)
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BASALTIC CLASSIFICATION
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CLASSIFICATION PYROCLASTIC ROCKS
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Sedimentary rocks arerocks that are formed
from unconsolidatedcollections of rocks,mineral grains and
organic materials that
have been moved anddeposited by the actionof water, wind, or ice.
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rock fragments collect
consolidated
coherent sediment mass
become lithified (convertedinto a truly cohesive solid)
LITHIFICATION PROCESS (LOW T)
As sedimentary rock show
signs of change
to be undergoing
DIAGENESIS
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LITHIFICATION PROCESS (LOW T)
COMPACTION AND RECRYSTALLIZATION - As sediments pile up, the ones on the
bottom are placed under pressure. The result of this pressure is a compaction of the
sediment; it is squeezed together causing a reduction in pore space and a sticking together
of the grains. Under pressure, some chemical sediments, like halite, may recrystallize into a
solid state.
CEMENTATION- Most sediments are deposited in water. This water, containing dissolved
minerals, flows through the sediment and some of these minerals precipitate on the grain
surfaces. With enough time, this intergranular material effectively glues the sediment
together into a cohesive solid- a sedimentary rock.
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CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCK
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CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCK
THE ULTIMATE SOURCE of sediment is FROM OLDER ROCKS that
are exposed to the surface and are weathered and broken intosmaller pieces. These pieces may be CARRIED AWAY A STREAM,
bulldozed by a GLACIER, or picked up by the WIND as their
SEDIMENT LOAD. Ultimately these sediments are DEPOSITED and
may CONSOLIDATE into A COHESIVE MASS that we callCLASTIC or fragmental sedimentary rock. These rocks DO NOT
HAVE THE INTERLOCKING CRYSTAL CHARACTERISTICS of
igneous rocks. Clastic rocks are COMPOSED OF BROKEN UP
PIECES OF PREEXISTING ROCKS AND MINERALS. We can
further IDENTIFY these rocks based on THE SIZE OF THE
FRAGMENTS THAT THEY ARE COMPOSED.
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MAXIMUM GRAIN SIZE: fine, medium, coarse
GRAIN SHAPE: angular, rounded
SORTING: well-sorted, poorly-sortedWell-sorted,
angular
Poorly sorted
Mixture of sand
& gravel with
Rounded fragments
MAXIMUM GRAIN SIZE fi di
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MAXIMUM GRAIN SIZE: fine, medium, coarse
MAXIMUM GRAIN SIZE fi di
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MAXIMUM GRAIN SIZE: fine, medium, coarse
GRAIN SHAPE R d d A l
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GRAIN SHAPE: Rounded, Angular
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SORTING W ll S t d P l S t d
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SORTING: Well Sorted, Poorly Sorted
SORTING W ll S t d P l S t d
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SORTING: Well Sorted, Poorly Sorted
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EXAMPLES
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EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES
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EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES
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EXAMPLES
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CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCK
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CLASSIFICATION OF CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS BY TEXTURE
TEXTURE ROCK TYPE
coarse, rounded Conglomerate
coarse, angular Breccia
medium Sandstone
fine Siltstone, Mudstone,
Claystone, or Shale
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CLASSIFICATION OF CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS BY TEXTURE
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CLASSIFICATION OF CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS BY TEXTURE
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CLASSIFICATION OF CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS BY TEXTURE
CLASSIFICATION OF CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY
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CLASSIFICATION OF CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS BY TEXTURE
Classification of Sandstones by Composition
COMPOSITION ROCK TYPE
Pure Quartz Sand quartz sandstone
Sand Which Includes at arkosic sandstone
Least 20% Feldspar
Sand Which Includes at lithic sandstone
Least 20% Rock Fragments
Sand and Fine Matrix graywacke sandstone
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CLASSIFICATION OF BIOLOGIC & CHEMICAL
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CLASSIFICATION OF BIOLOGIC & CHEMICAL
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS BY TEXTURE
COMPOSITION ROCK TYPE
calcite (may also contain some mud) limestone
plant remains coal or peat
silica chert
halite rock salt
gypsum rock gypsum
CLASSIFICATION OF BIOLOGIC & CHEMICAL
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CLASSIFICATION OF BIOLOGIC & CHEMICAL
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS BY TEXTURE
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CLASSIFICATION OF BIOLOGIC & CHEMICAL
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CLASSIFICATION OF BIOLOGIC & CHEMICAL
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS BY TEXTURE
CLASSIFICATION OF BIOLOGIC & CHEMICAL
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CLASSIFICATION OF BIOLOGIC & CHEMICAL
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS BY TEXTURE
CLASSIFICATION OF BIOLOGIC & CHEMICAL
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CLASSIFICATION OF BIOLOGIC & CHEMICAL
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS BY TEXTURE
CLASSIFICATION OF BIOLOGIC & CHEMICAL
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CLASSIFICATION OF BIOLOGIC & CHEMICAL
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS BY TEXTURE
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METAMORPHISM
• includes processes which
change the minerals and
texture of rock withoutmelting it
• caused by changes inpressure, changes in
temperature, and/or fluids
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THE TERM METAMORPHIC is derived from the Latin term
meaning, "CHANGE OF FORM". These rocks have been
ALTERED while in THEIR SOLID STATE as a response to
the environment. Extreme circumstances of PRESSUREAND TEMPERATURE, or an introduction of certain
chemicals, can cause the existing rocks minerals to
RECRYSTALLIZE, and they may even become different
minerals all together. It is important that you realize thatthe ROCK REMAINS IN ITS SOLID STATE. Once a rocks
minerals are melted, and then recrystallize, the new
material will be igneous.
CAUSES OF METAMORPHISM
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CAUSES OF METAMORPHISM
PRESSURE
- different minerals are stable at different pressures
- changing the pressure can cause the types of minerals
present in a rock to change
CONFINING PRESSURE (LITHOSTATIC PRESSURE)- equal pressure in all directions
- increased confining pressure can cause minerals with
more compact (denser) structures to form
DIRECTED PRESSURE- pressure which is greater in a specific direction
- may cause folding or cause mineral to grow with a
specific orientation
CAUSES OF METAMORPHISM
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CAUSES OF METAMORPHISM
TEMPERATURE
- different minerals are stable at different temperatures
- changing the temperature can cause the types of minerals
present in a rock to change
HYDROTHERMAL FLUIDS
(mostly water and/or carbon dioxide plus dissolved material)
- can change the overall chemical composition of a rock by
adding or removing material- many important ore deposits have been formed by this
metamorphic process
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TYPE OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS
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TYPE OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS
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CLASSIFICATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS
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A FOLIATED :This is determined by the presence of
minerals that are aligned parallel to each other. This
results in a layered appearance.
A NONFOLIATED metamorphic rock generally consists of
equaldimensional grains.
A rock can also be IDENTIFIED BY ITS METAMORPHICGRADE.
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FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCKS
- foliation refers to a preferred orientation of mineral grains
found in some metamorphic rocks
- metamorphic rocks which have a preferred orientation of mineral grains are called foliated metamorphic rocks
- the preferred orientation is the result of directed
pressure
NON-FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCKS
- lack a preferred orientation of mineral grains
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SEDIMENTARY TO METAMORPHIC
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SEDIMENTARY TO METAMORPHIC
The following is a very general progression from
sedimentary rock to metamorphic rock based primarily on
pressure
SURFACE MUD5 km DEEP SHALE (sedimentary)
10 km DEEP SLATE (low grade metamorphic)
15 km DEEP SCHIST (Garnet appears)
20 km DEEP GNEISS (high grade metamorphic)25 km DEEP HORNFELS (Cordierite appears)
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Shale Slate PhylliteSchist
Gneis
Sandstone
Quarzite
Limestone
Marble
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TYPES OF FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCKS
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TYPES OF FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCKS
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TEMPERATURE
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TEMPERATURE
MAGMA
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TYPES OF NON- FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCKS
QUARTZITE - composed primarily of quartz (REGIONAL)
MARBLE - composed mostly of calcite and/or dolomite
HORNFELS - variable composition
SKARN - contains mostly calcite and/or dolomite with garnet
TYPES OF NON FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCKS
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TYPES OF NON- FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCKS
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OTHERS METAMORPHIC ROCKS
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MYLONITE- formed in the deepest parts of fault zones
MIGMATITE
- formed when a rock begins to partially melt- represents the transition between metamorphic and
igneous rock
OTHERS METAMORPHIC ROCKS
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OTHERS METAMORPHIC ROCKS
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