PRELIMINARY CHECKLISTS FOR APPLYING SERCON (SYSTEM …

Arch. Biol. Sci., Belgrade, 64 (3), 1037-1056, 2012 DOI:10.2298/ABS1203037R

1037

PRELIMINARY CHECKLISTS FOR APPLYING SERCON (SYSTEM FOR EVALUATING RIVERS FOR CONSERVATION) TO RIVERS IN SERBIA

SNEŽANA RADULOVIĆ1, P. J BOON2, DUŠANKA LAKETIĆ1, P. SIMONOVIĆ3, S. PUZOVIĆ4, MILICA ŽIVKOVIĆ1, TAMARA JURCA5, M. OVUKA6, S. MALAGUTI7 and IVANA TEODOROVIĆ1

1 University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia 2 Scottish Natural Heritage, Policy and Advice Directorate, Silvan House, Edinburgh, EH12 7AT, United Kingdom

3 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia 4 Provincial Secretariat for Urban Planning, Construction and Environmental Protection, APV, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia

5 Freshwater Ecology Group, Zoology Department, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Dublin, Ireland 6 University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Mathematics and Informatics, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia

7 University of Ferrera, Faculty of Applied Ecology, 44121 Ferrara, Italy

Abstract - This paper describes the first steps in gathering biological data to assess the conservation value of rivers in Serbia, using SERCON (System for Evaluating Rivers for Conservation). SERCON was developed in the UK to improve consistency in assessments of river ‘quality’ by using a scoring system to evaluate habitat features and species groups, catchment charac-teristics, and the potential impacts to which river systems may be subjected. This paper provides checklists for aquatic, semi-aquatic and marginal plants, macroinvertebrates, fish and birds associated with rivers in Serbia, collated from a wide range of published and unpublished sources. These lists should be regarded as provisional because few wide-ranging biological surveys have been carried out specifically on Serbian rivers; further revisions are likely as more information becomes avail-able in future. Ultimately, the work will benefit regulators and decision-makers with responsibility for river management under the new Water Law, and contribute to river protection and conservation in Serbia.

Key words: SERCON, river quality, checklists, plants, macroinvertebrates, fish, birds, Serbia

INTRODUCTION

There are many reasons for assessing the nature conservation value of rivers, such as assisting with the production of catchment management plans, contributing to the process of environmental im-pact assessment, targeting appropriate rivers for rehabilitation, or selecting important areas for pro-tection. One of the fundamental problems with this approach is the inherent subjectivity of many of the criteria. While it is recognized that subjectivity will always be an element of conservation evaluation,

such a process becomes effectively unworkable if values are left undefined. Unless an evaluation pro-cedure can be used that is rigorous and repeatable, it is also extremely difficult both to describe the value of rivers in anything other than vague terms, and to compare the relative merits of different riv-ers (Boon et al., 1997).

The broad concept of ‘conservation value’ may be understood in a variety of ways. Even though these are not mutually exclusive, the factors which contribute to ‘value’ in each case are often not close-

1038 SNEŽANA RADULOVIĆ ET AL.

ly related, so it is inappropriate to attempt to pro-duce some total assessment of ‘conservation quality’. SERCON (System for Evaluating Rivers for Con-servation, Boon et al., 1997) is concerned only with nature conservation value and its assessment. This paper marks the start of a process for gathering data to apply SERCON to rivers in Serbia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Background to SERCON

The prime motivation for developing a new tech-nique for river conservation assessment was two-fold: a perceived need to increase the breadth, rigor and repeatability of evaluations, and shifting the fo-cus from merely seeking ways of protecting the best to managing, improving and restoring river resourc-es across the full spectrum of conservation value (Boon et al., 2009). Moreover, with the demands of the Water Framework Directive, the need for new river monitoring programs, and a growing interest in river restoration, relevant tools for evaluating river ‘quality’ are very much in demand.

Work on SERCON (System for Evaluating Riv-ers for Conservation) began in the early 1990s, led by SNH in partnership with the statutory conserva-tion and environment agencies in the UK (Boon et al., 1997). A re-design of the system to create SER-CON 2 (Boon et al., 2002) introduced several sig-nificant changes, although the general principles and structure remain the same – essentially a tech-nique for scoring a wide range of habitat features and species groups, catchment characteristics, and the potential impacts to which river systems may be subjected. Information on each attribute is used to create a picture of a river in terms of accepted con-servation criteria such as Naturalness, Representa-tiveness, and Rarity. A separate part of the system records other background data (altitude, catchment land-use, phosphorus levels) helping to place each nature conservation assessment in a geographical, geological and water quality context. The list of the attributes and criteria evaluated in SERCON 2 is given in Boon et al. (2002).

The geographical focus in SERCON is the river channel, river banks, riparian zone, and the flood-plain, but with the evaluation also taking account of broader catchment characteristics. The primary out-put from SERCON is a suite of conservation indices (from 0-100), one for each of the six main criteria, and an impact index, derived from information on each attribute. A seventh unscored category (Ad-ditional Features of Importance) allows the user to draw attention to unique or unusual features of the river. Each evaluation is restricted to a river reach known as an ‘ECS’ – an abbreviation in SERCON 2 for ‘Evaluated Corridor Section’.

Further background on the rationale, develop-ment, and revision of SERCON can be found in Boon (2000, 2004), Boon and Howell (1997), and Boon et al. (1997, 1998, 2002) and Wilkinson et al. (1998).

Practical applications

One of the principal objectives of SERCON was to widen the scope of river conservation evaluation from a narrow focus (on aquatic plants or rare species, for example) to the full spectrum of conservation value. However, there are occasions where scientific data are limited when it may not be possible, or even de-sirable, to allocate resources for a full SERCON eval-uation In response to the need for a ‘slimmer’ version of SERCON, a series of ‘SERCON Applications’ was developed, each allowing flexibility to ‘pick and mix’ SERCON attributes for specific purposes.

Seven applications have been designed:

• Scoping/ContextSetting

• RiverRehabilitation

• EnvironmentalImpactAssessment

• ‘Site’Assessment(ShortRiverStretches)

• ReportingSpecialNaturalCharacteristics

• AssessmentofAspectsoftheFloraorFauna

PRELIMINARY CHECKLISTS FOR APPLYING SERCON TO RIVERS IN SERBIA 1039

• Monitoring

This helps to make SERCON more relevant to particular user groups, such as conservation agencies or environmental consultants.

To operate SERCON, the user needs to obtain and collate a range of physical, chemical and bio-logical data. Standard checklists of plants and ani-mals associated with rivers are an essential part of SERCON in order to ensure consistency. However, because SERCON was originally developed for use in the UK, those carrying out evaluations elsewhere need to refer to checklists specific to their own countries, or preferably to individual ecoregions. Hence, the aim of this study was to provide check-lists for aquatic, semi-aquatic and marginal plants, aquatic macroinvertebrates, fish and birds, associ-ated with rivers in Serbia that can be used in the recently developed SERCON software at the Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad. These checklists should be regarded as provisional and subject to further refinement. In general, few surveys have been carried out on the biota of Serbian rivers, apart from those that collect data on freshwater invertebrates for routine water quality monitoring. It is intended that future work, specific to running waters, will help in revising the lists – for example, by adding species that were hitherto unrecorded, or by removing species subsequently found to be as-sociated mainly with other types of habitat rather than rivers.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Aquatic and marginal plant checklist

There is a growing need to catalogue riverine, ditch, lake and pond organisms, to assess their wildlife value and to understand the impact of management on their conservation in the face of advancing threats such as water pollution and river engineering. For rivers, this usually involves recording plants along transects, while for standing waters it is usually combined with walkover and grapnel sampling (Rodwell, 1995), where aquatic, emergent and bankside plants may be sampled

for different purposes. As aquatic plants are generally considered to be sensitive to physical alteration in streams, being in close contact with the environmen-tal conditions of rivers through the root-system, they are frequently used to establish the ecological quality of aquatic ecosystems (O’Hare et al., 2010; Radulović et al., 2010).

However, one of the main problems when record-ing freshwater plants is how to define them. Preston and Croft (1997) pointed out that the boundaries of fresh waters are blurred and that many plant species are well adapted to boundary zones liable to fluctuation in water level. They recognized as freshwater aquatic plants those species they regarded as characteristically growing with at least their basal parts permanently in water throughout the year. This criterion, however, still leaves space for misinterpretation. As such, the difficulties in defining aquatic and semi-aquatic plants have led to different recorders adopting differing views on what constitutes ‘aquatic plants’. This emphasizes the need to use a standard, published checklist, the absence of which has been a major drawback of most freshwater vegetation surveys in the past.

The list of aquatic and marginal plants given in this study (Table 1) comprises 237 taxa, derived from published data (Slavnić, 1940, 1956; Janković, 1953; Danon and Blaženčić, 1965; Horvat et al., 1974; Butorac and Crnčević, 1987; Ranđelović, 1988, 2002; Stojanović et al., 1994; Vučković et al., 1997, 1999; Stevanović et al., 1995, 2003, 2004; Radulović, 2000, 2005; Radulović et al., 2004, 2010, 2011; Vučković and Panjković 1999; Lazić, 2006; Vukov, 2003, 2008; Panjković, 2005; Blaženčić et al., 2006; Šinžar-Sekulić et al., 2006; Veljić, 2006; Topuzović et al., 2009).

The list corresponds with the National EUNIS classification (Lakušić et al., 2005), containing all aquatic macrophytes as well as all semi-aquatic and marginal species, including their conservation status according to Stevanović (1999), IUCN (2011) and SGRS (2010a).

The commonest aquatic species occur in meso-eutrophic waters, typical for the Danube catchment,


especially for habitats where sediments have accu-mulated: Lemna minor, Spirodela polyrhiza, Salvinia natans, Lemna trisulca, Nymphoides peltata, Hydro-charis morsus-ranae, Nymphaea alba, Nuphar lutea, Ceratophyllum demersum, Myriophyllum spicatum, Rorippa amphibia, Phragmites australis, Typha latifo-lia, Typha angustifolia, Limosella aquatica, Polygon-um mite, Agrostis stolonifera, Riccia crystallina, Eleo-charis acicularis, Polygonum lapathifolium and Cype-rus michelianus, comprising all four of the principal community types: surface and subsurface duckweed, free-floating or rooted submerged pondweed, rooted water-lily vegetation with floating leaves, and emer-gent reed vegetation (Radulović et al., 2010, 2011)

The invertebrate checklist

The list of macroinvertebrates for potentially assess-ing the conservation status of rivers and streams in the Republic of Serbia is based on the results of the following studies: Živić et al., 2002; 2005; Paunović et al., 2006, 2007; Djikanović et al., 2008; Djuknić et al., 2010; Atanacković et al., 2011; Marković et al., 2011. The list contains 106 families classified into Orders and higher taxonomic groups (Table 2). An addition-al list of endangered freshwater invertebrate species, based on SGRS(2010a), is given in Table 3.

The list of the non-native species in Table 4 is de-rived from studies by Tomović et al. (2010), Jakovčev-Todorović et al. (2010) and Zorić et al. (2011).

The wide diversity of the freshwater macroinver-tebrate fauna poses a serious challenge in establish-ing standard lists of species, especially if there are no national checklists or they need to be updated. Owing to the scarcity of information on the ben-thic macroinvertebrate fauna in Serbia, family level rather than species level has been used in environ-mental assessment, despite the potential limitations of taxonomic resolution. In SERCON, both family- and species-level data may be used in conservation assessment. Moreover, Wright et al. (1998a) demon-strated that both family richness and BMWP family richness are good surrogates for macroinvertebrate species richness.

It is important to recognize that the lists in Tables 2-4 represent merely the first attempt to collate most of the families in the Serbian freshwater invertebrate fauna for the purposes of assessing the conservation status of rivers and streams. Assessments of inver-tebrate naturalness in SERCON are made using the River Invertebrate Prediction System (RIVPACS) (Armitage et al., 1983; Clarke et al., 1994). RIVPACS provides site-specific predictions of the macroinver-tebrate fauna expected based on environmental fea-tures in the absence of major environmental stress (Wright et al., 1997; Wright et al., 1998b). In the ab-sence of a RIVPACS-type system in Serbia, it would be necessary to define the composition of the mac-roinvertebrate community at reference condition for each river or river type.

The Fish checklist

The list of species (Table 5) of finned fish and lampreys was compiled for rivers in Serbia, within the catch-ment areas of the Black, Adriatic and Aegean seas. The list was created using data given in Simonović and Nikolić (1996) and Simonović (2001), supple-mented with records on new discoveries of lamprey and fish species reported for the territory of the Re-public of Serbia (Hegediš et al. 1991; Sekulić et al. 1998, 1999; Simonović and Nikolić 1996; Simonović 1999; Simonović and Marić 2006; Simonović et al. 1998, 2006a, 2006b, 2007, 2010a and 2010b; Cakić et al. 2000, 2004; Cvijanović et al. 2005; Šipoš et al. 2004; Lenhardt et al. 2006, 2011; Marić et al. 2004, 2006, 2011 ). The nomenclature of fish and lamprey species relies on the phylogenetic species concept (Kottelat and Freihof, 2007) supplanting the previ-ous nomenclature which followed the biological spe-cies concept, with sub-species specific for particular river drainages. The largest rate of sub-endemism occurs in the Adriatic Sea catchment (Beli Drim and Plav Rivers) in the southwestern part of Serbia, followed by those in the Aegean Sea (Lepenac and Dragovištica Rivers) and the Black Sea catchments (the Danube River).

The list encompasses both native and non-native species, with translocations of native species occur-


Table 1. The aquatic, semi-aquatic and marginal plant species check-list

Species Conservation status

Acorus calamus L.* IUCN-LC, NCS-P

Agrostis canina L.

Agrostis stolonifera L.

Alisma gramineum Lej. NCS-SP

Alisma plantago-aquatica L. IUCN-LC

Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertner

Alnus incana (L.) Moench subsp. incana

Amorpha fruticosa L. *

Angelica sylvestris L.

Apium nodiflorium (L.) Lag.

Azolla filiculoides Lam. *

Beckmannia eruciformis (L.) Host subsp. eruciformis NCS-P

Berula erecta (Hudson) Coville

Bidens cernua L.

Bidens tripartita L.

Butomus umbellatus L.

Calamagrostis pseudophragmites (Haller fil.) Koeler

Calliergon cordifolium (Hedw.) Kindb

Callitriche palustris L. NCS-SP

Callitriche stagnalis Scop.

Caltha palustris L.

Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. subsp. sepium

Cardamine amara L. subsp. amara

Cardamine pratensis L. subsp. pratensis

Carex acuta L.

Carex acutiformis Ehrh.

Carex distans L.

Carex divisa Hudson

Carex echinata Murray

Carex elata All. subsp. elata

Carex elongata L.

Carex flava L.

Carex hirta L.

Carex lepidocarpa Tausch

Carex melanostachya Bieb. ex Willd.

Carex nigra (L.) Reichard

Carex ovalis Good.

Carex pallescens L.

Carex paniculata L.

Carex pendula Hudson



Carex pseudocyperus L.

Carex riparia Curtis

Carex rostrata Stokes

Carex spicata Hudson

Carex vesicaria L.

Carex vulpina L.

Catabrosa aquatica (L.) Beauv.

Ceratophyllum demersum L. subsp. demersum IUCN-LC

Ceratophyllum submersum L. subsp. submersum

Chara sp(p)

Chenopodium rubrum L.

Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.

Cirsium palustre (L.) Scop.

Cladium mariscus (L.) Pohl

Climacium dendroides (Hedw.) F. Weber & D. Mohr

Crepis paludosa (L.) Moench

Crypsis alopecuroides (Piller & Mitterp.) Schrader

Crypsis schoenoides (L.) Lam.

Cyperus flavescens L.

Cyperus fuscus L.

Cyperus glaber L.

Cyperus glomeratus L. NCS-P

Cyperus longus L. IUCN-LC

Cyperus michelianus (L.) Link subsp. michelianus

Cyperus serotinus Rottb.

Cyperus strigosus L.*

Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) Beauv. subsp. cespitosa

Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. *

Echinochloa oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch*

Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) Torr. & A. Gray *

Elatine alsinastrum L.

Elatine triandra Schkuhr NCS-P

Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roemer & Schultes

Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roemer & Schultes subsp. palustris NCS-P

Eleocharis parvula (Roemer & Schultes) Link ex Bluff, Nees & Scha

Elodea canadensis Michx*

Elodea nuttallii (Planchon) St John*

Epilobium hirsutum L. NCS-P

Epilobium palustre L.

Equisetum fluviatile L. NCS-SP

Equisetum palustre L.

Table 1. Continued



Equisetum telmateia Ehrh.

Eupatorium cannabinum L. subsp. cannabinum

Filaginella uliginosa (L.) Opiz subsp. uliginosa

Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. subsp. ulmaria

Fontinalis antipyretica Hedw.

Galium elongatum C. Presl

Glyceria declinata Breb.

Glyceria fluitans (L.) R. Br.

Glyceria maxima (Hartman) Holmberg

Glyceria plicata (Fries) Fries

Glycyrrhiza echinata L.

Gratiola officinalis L.

Herniaria glabra L.

Hippuris vulgaris L. NCS-SP

Hottonia palustris L. NCS-SP

Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L.

Impatiens glandulifera Royle*

Impatiens parviflora DC. *

Inula britannica L.

Iris pseudacorus L. NCS-P

Juncus articulatus L. IUCN-LC

Juncus atratus Krocker

Juncus buffonius L.

Juncus compressus Jacq.

Juncus conglomeratus L.

Juncus effusus L. IUCN-LC

Juncus gerardi Loisel. subsp. gerardi

Juncus inflexus L. IUCN-LC

Juncus ranarius Song. & Perr.

Lemna gibba L. IUCN-LC

Lemna minor L. IUCN-LC

Lemna trisulca L. IUCN-LC

Limosella aquatica L. NCS-P

Lindernia procumbens (Krocker) Philcox IUCN-LC

Lycopus europaeus L.

Lycopus exaltatus L. fil.

Lysimachia nummularia L.

Lysimachia vulgaris L.

Lythrum hyssopifolia L.

Lythrum portula (L.) D. A. Webb

Lythrum salicaria L.

Table 1. Continued



Lythrum tribracteatum Salzm. ex Sprengel NCS-P

Lythrum virgatum L.

Marsilea quadrifolia L. NCS-SP

Mentha aquatica L.

Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson

Mentha pulegium L.

Menyanthes trifoliata L.

Montia fontana L.

Myosotis scorpioides L.

Myosurus minimus L.

Myriophyllum spicatum L.

Myriophyllum verticillatum L.

Najas marina L. IUCN-LC

Najas minor All. IUCN-LC

Nasturtium officinale R. Br.

Nitella sp(p)

Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. NCS-SP

Nymphaea alba L. NCS-SP

Nymphoides peltata (S. G. Gmelin) O. Kuntze

Oenanthe aquatica (L.) Poiret

Oenanthe fistulosa L.

Oenanthe silaifolia Bieb.

Oenanthe stenoloba Schur

Paspalum paspaloides (Michx) Scribner *

Phalaris arundinacea L. subsp. arundinacea

Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel

Plantago altissima L.

Poa palustris L.

Poa trivialis L. subsp. trivialis

Polygonum amphibium L.

Polygonum bistorta L.

Polygonum hydropiper L.

Polygonum lapathifolium L.

Polygonum mite Schrank

Polygonum persicaria L.

Potamogeton acutifolius Link NCS-SP

Potamogeton crispus L. IUCN-LC

Potamogeton gramineus L.

Potamogeton lucens L. IUCN-LC

Potamogeton natans L. IUCN-LC

Table 1. Continued



Potamogeton nodosus Poiret IUCN-LC, NCS-SP

Potamogeton obtusifolius Mert. & Koch IUCN-LC, NCS-SP

Potamogeton pectinatus L.

Potamogeton perfoliatus L.

Potamogeton pusillus L. IUCN-LC, NCS-SP

Potamogeton trichoides Cham. & Schlecht. IUCN-LC, NCS-SP

Potamogeton x zizzi Koch ex Roth NCS-SP

Potentilla anserina L. subsp. anserina

Potentilla erecta (L.) Rauschel

Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop.

Potentilla reptans L.

Potentilla supina L.

Quercus robur L. subsp. robur

Ranunculus aquatilis L.

Ranunculus circinatus Sibth.

Ranunculus flammula L. subsp. flammula

Ranunculus lateriflorus DC.

Ranunculus lingua L.

Ranunculus repens L.

Ranunculus sceleratus L. subsp. sceleratus

Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix subsp. trichophyllus

Reynoutria japonica Houtt. *

Riccia fluitans L.

Ricciocarpus natans (L.) Corda

Robinia pseudacacia L. *

Rorippa amphibia (L.) Besser

Rorippa austriaca (Crantz) Besser

Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Besser

Rubus caesius L.

Rumex conglomeratus Murray

Rumex hydrolapathum Hudson

Sagittaria sagittifolia L. IUCN-LC

Salix alba L. subsp. alba

Salix aurita L.

Salix cinerea L.

Salix fragilis L.

Salvinia natans (L.) All. NCS-SP

Scirpus holoschoenus L.

Scirpus lacustris L.

Scirpus maritimus L. subsp. maritimus

Scirpus mucronatus L.

Table 1. Continued



Scrophularia umbrosa Dumort.

Scutellaria galericulata L.

Sium latifolium L.

Solanum dulcamara L.

Solidago canadensis L. *

Solidago gigantea (L.) Vill. subsp. serotina (O. Kuntze) McNeill*

Sonchus palustris L. NCS-P

Sparganium emersum Rehmann

Sparganium erectum L. subsp. erectum

Sparganium erectum L. subsp. microcarpum (Neuman) Domin

Sparganium minimum Wallr.

Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleiden IUCN-LC

Stachys palustris L.

Stratiotes aloides L.

Symphytum officinale L. subsp. officinale NCS-P

Tolypella glomerata (Deonhsv) v. Le

Tolypella intricata (Trent) v. Leonh NCS-SP

Tolypella prolifera (Ziz) v. Leonh. NCS-SP

Trapa agg. IUCN-LC

Typha angustifolia L. IUCN-LC

Typha latifolia L.

Typha laxmannii Lepechin*

Typha minima Funck NCS-SP

Utricularia australis R. Br. IUCN-LC, NCS-P

Utricularia vulgaris L. NCS-P

Vallisneria spiralis L. *

Veronica anagallis-aquatica L.

Veronica anagalloides Guss.

Veronica beccabunga L.

Veronica scardica Griseb.

Veronica scutellata L.

Wolffia arrhiza (L.) Horkel ex Wimmer IUCN-LC

Xanthium strumarium L. subsp. strumarium

Zannichellia palustris L. NCS-P

** Non-native species; NCS – National Conservation Status, P - Protected, SP - Strictly Protected, LC - Least Concern

Table 1. Continued


ring between catchment areas, including the intro-duction of Salmo letnica and Pachychilon pictum into the Vlasina reservoir. The main change from the ‘original’ fish diversity comes from long-distance non-native fish introduction (25 species) through the southern invasive corridor of the Danube River. At the same time, human impact further deteriorates

the conservational status of native species such as Huso huso, Acipenser nudiventris, Acipenser stellatus, Alosa immaculate, Alosa caspia, Umbra krameri and Thymallus thymallus (Simonović et al., 2010b).

In addition to the number of fish species, their abundance indicates that the Sava River is the Ser-

TRICLADIDADugesiidaePlanariidae

EPHEMEROPTERABaetidaeCaenidae

EphemerellidaeEphemeridae

HeptageniidaeOligoneuriidaePotamanthidaeLeptophlebiidae

PLECOPTERACapniidaeLeuctridae

NemouridaePerlidae

PerlodidaeTaeniopterygidae

HEMIPTERAAphelocheiridae

CorixidaeGerridaeHebridae

HydrometridaeMesovelidae

NepidaeVelidae

NEUROPTERASialidae

TRICHOPTERABeraeidae

BrachycentridaeGlossosomatidae

GoeridaeHelicopsychidaeHydropsychidae

HydroptilidaeLepidostomatidae

Leptoceridae

LimnephilidaeOdontoceridaePhilopotamidaePhryganeidae

PolycentropodidaePsychomyiidaeRhyacophilidae

SericostomatidaeUenoidae

DIPTERAAthericidae

BlephariceridaeCeratopogonidae

ChironomidaeEmpididaeLimoniidaeMuscidaePediciidae

PsychodidaeSimuliidae

StratiomyidaeTabanidaeTipulidae

ODONATAAeshnidae

CalopterygidaeCoenagriidae

CordulegasteridaeCorduliidaeGomphidae

LestidaeLibellulidae

Platycnemididae

COLEOPTERADryopidaeDytiscidae

ElminthidaeGyrinidaeHaliplidaeHelodidae

HelophoridaeHydraenidae

Scirtidae

OLIGOCHAETACriodrilidaeHaplotaxidaeEnchytraeidae

NaididaeLumbricidaeLumriculidae

PristinidaePropappidaeTubificidae

HIRUDINEAErpobdellidae

GlossiphoniidaeHaemopidae

HirudidaePiscicolidae

MOLLUSCAAcroloxidaeAncylidae

BithyniidaeHydrobiidaeLymnaeidae

MelanopsidaeNeritidaePhysidae

PlanorbidaeSphaeriidaeUnionidaeValvatidae

Viviparidae

CRUSTACEAAsellidaeAstacidae

CorophiidaeGammaridae

Talitridae

Table 2 Checklist of freshwater macroinvertebrate families, grouped in accordance with the original list of BMWP families given in SERCON Manual (Boon et al., unpublished) and added families of Oligochaeta.


bian inland water most threatened by the impact of non-native fish species. Many reservoirs also suffer from invasions, whose extent is related to the age and accessibility of the water body, as shown by the Vlasi-na reservoir (Simonović and Nikolić 1996, 1997).

In some cases the occurrence of particular list-ed fish species is uncertain (regardless of whether they are indigenous or not). This may result from unreliable records (as for Pungitius platygaster and Coregonus peled), acknowledged misidentifications (Ictalurus nebulosus), lack of data about their status in both inaccessible areas (for Salmo marmoratus in southwestern Serbia) and in large catchment sys-tems (Acipenser gueldenstaedti and Salmo labrax), the current status of feral species, or discrepancy

between the recent classification and former taxo-nomic assignment (Salmo labrax). Nevertheless, re-cent records of Acipenser nudiventris and Acipenser gueldenstaedti suggest that the available data on fish and lamprey diversity should be maintained until records can eventually be verified.

The Bird checklist

In total, 351 species of birds have been recorded in Serbia (Supplement 1, Table 6 and Table 7) (Puzović and Grubač 2000; Puzović (Ed.) 2000; Puzović, 2008; Puzović et al., 2009, Tucakov et al., 2009), of which 45.2% (159) occur in wetlands or open waters and 38 are particularly associated with rivers. Some of these waterfowl are present in high density: 9800-

Table 3. Riverine species protected by the SGRS (2010a).

Invertebrate group Species name

DECAPODA Astacus astacus (Linnaeus 1758) Austropotamobius torrentium (Schrank, 1803)

EPHEMEROPTERA Palingenia longicauda (Olivier, 1791)

TRICHOPTERA Allogamus auricollis Pictet, 1834Beraeodes minutus Linnaeus, 1761

Drusus discolor Rambur, 1834Drusus serbicus Marinkovic, 1971

Helicopsyche bacescui Orghidan et Botosaneanu, 1957Lithax nigra Hagen, 1859

Rhyacophila obtusa Klapalek, 1894 (R. obtusidens) Thremma anomalum Mac Lachlan, 1877

Table 4. Non-native aquatic invertebrates.

Invertebrate group Species name

COELENTERATA Craspedacusta sowerbyi Lankester, 1880

MOLLUSCA

Corbicula fluminea (O. F. Muller, 1774)Corbicula fluminalis (O. F. Muller, 1774)

Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771)Dreissena bugensis (Andrusov, 1897)Physella acuta (Draparnaud, 1805)Sinanodonta woodiana (Lea, 1834)

OLIGOCHAETA Branchiura sowerbyi Beddard, 1892

POLYCHAETA Hypania invalida (Grube, 1860)

MALACOSTRACA Eriocheir sinensis (Milne-Edwards, 1853)


Table 5. The Fish check-list

Species Conservation status,, IUCN, Red List Category Europe ver3.1

Abramis ballerus (L.) LC

Abramis brama Pavlov LC

Abramis sapa (Pallas) LC

Acipenser gueldenstaedti Brandt CR

Acipenser nudiventris Lovetzky CR

Acipenser ruthenus L. VU

Acipenser stellatus Pallas CR

Acipenser sturio L. CR

Alburnoides bipunctatus (Bloch) LC

Alburnus alburnus (L.) LC

Alburnus scoranza (de Filippi) I, LC

Alosa caspia (Eichwald) LC

Alosa immaculata Bennet VU

Anguilla anguilla (L.) CR

Aristichthys nobilis (Richardson) I, NE

Aspius aspius (L.) LC

Barbatula barbatula (L.) LC

Barbus balcanicus Kotlik, Tsigenopoulos, Rab & Berrebi LC

Barbus barbus (L.) LC

Barbus strumicae Kotlik, Tsigenopoulos, Rab & Berrebi LC

Blennius fluviatilis Asso SE, LC

Blicca bjoerkna (L.) LC

Carassius carassius L. LC

Carassius gibelio (Bloch) I, NE

Chalcalburnus chalcoides (Gueldenstadt) LC

Chondrostoma nasus (L.) LC

Cobitis elongata Heckel et Kner D, LC

Cobitis elongatoides Nalbant D, LC

Cobitis ohridana Karaman SE, LC

Cobitis taenia L. LC

Coregonus peled (Gmelin) I, LC

Cottus gobio L. LC

Ctenopharyngodon idella Valenciennes I, NE

Cyprinus carpio L. VU

Esox lucius L. LC

Eudontomyzon danfordi (Regan) D, LC

Eudontomyzon mariae (Berg) LC Eudontomyzon stankokaramani (Karaman) SE, LC



Gasterosteus aculeatus L. *, LC

Gobio gobio Valenciennes LC

Gobio obtusirostris Valenciennes D, LC

Gymnocephalus baloni Holcik et Hensel D, LC

Gymnocephalus cernuus (L.) LC

Gymnocephalus schraetser (L.) D, LC

Hucho hucho (L.) D, EN

Huso huso (L.) CR

Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes) I, NT

Ictalurus melas (Rafinesque) I, NE

Ictalurus nebulosus (Le Sueur) I, NE

Lepomis gibbosus (L.) I, NE

Leucaspius delineatus (Heckel) LC

Leuciscus idus (L.) LC

Leuciscus leuciscus (L.) LC

Leuciscus souffia Risso LC

Lota lota (L.) LC

Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede) I, NE

Misgurnus fossilis (L.) LC

Neogobius fluviatilis (Pallas) LC

Neogobius gymnotrachelus (Kessler) I, LC

Neogobius kessleri Günther LC

Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas) I, LC

Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) I, NE

Pachychilon pictum (Heckel & Kner) SE, I, LC

Pelecus cultratus (L.) LC

Perca fluviatilis L. LC

Perccottus glenii Dybowski I, NE

Phoxinus phoxinus (L.) LC

Polyodon spathula (Walbaum) CR

Proterorhinus semilunaris Heckel LC

Pseudorasbora parva (Schelegel) I, NE

Pterygoplichthys pardalis (Castellnnau) I, NE

Pungitius platygaster (Kessler) *, LC

Rhodeus amarus (Pallas) LC

Romanogobio kessleri (Dybowski) D, LC

Romanogobio uranoscopus (Agassiz) D, LC Romanogobio vladykovi (Lukasch) D, LC

Table 5. Continued


12950 pairs of herons, 1700-2500 pairs of cormo-rants, 3140-3490 pairs of gulls and 2390-2680 pairs of terns. The highest diversity is found on the Pan-nonian plain, due to two large rivers and a number of fluvial lakes and ponds.

SERCON in Serbian water policy

A new Water Law (SGRS, 2010b) in Serbia was

adopted in May 2010. However, the crucial pieces of secondary legislation were largely missing until the end of 2011, so the full implementation of the Water Law is expected only from 2012 onwards. As far as protected areas (Water Law, Article 110) are concerned, the regulators distinguished six different categories, including areas designated for the protec-tion of habitats or species, where the maintenance or improvement of the ecological status of water bodies


Rutilus ohridanus (Karaman) I, LC

Rutilus rutilus (L.) LC

Rutilus virgo (Lacepede) D, LC

Sabanejewia balcanica (Karaman) D, LC

Sabanejewia bulgarica (Drensky) D, LC

Salmo farioides Karaman SE, I, NE

Salmo labrax Pallas D, LC

Salmo letnica Karaman I, DD

Salmo macedonicus Karaman SE, I, DD

Salmo marmoratus Cuvier SE, *, LC

Salvelinus alpinus L. I, LC

Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill) I, NE

Scardinius erythrophthalmus (L.) LC

Scardinius knezevici Vladykov & Petit 1930 SE, I, LC

Silurus glanis L. LC

Squalius cephalus (L.) LC

Squalius vardarensis (Bonaparte) SE, I

Stizostedion lucioperca (L.) LC

Stizostedion volgense (Gmelin) LC

Syngnathus abaster Risso I, LC

Thymallus thymallus (L.) LC

Tinca tinca (L.) LC

Umbra krameri Walbaum VU

Vimba vimba (Pallas) LC

Zingel streber Siebold D, LC Zingel zingel (L.) LC

Status of the species: E = endemic, SE = subendemic, I = introduced, D = endemic to the Danube (Simonović, 2001). * = uncertain, # = vague subspecies; IUCN Red List : NE = not evaluated, DD = data deficient, LC = least concern, NT = near threatened, VU = vulnerable, EN = endangered, CR = critically endangered, EW = extinct in the wild, EX = extinct

Table 5. Continued


is an important factor in their protection. Compe-tent Water Authorities, together with authorities for human health, environmental protection and nature conservation will designate protected areas. These bodies will also establish specific monitoring pro-grams (or modify regular ones), if and where neces-sary, in accordance with specific requirements and other relevant legislation. The newly adopted water status classification system, as well as the monitoring requirements under the Water Law, have yet to be im-plemented. Thus, the publication of these locally/re-gionally adjusted checklists to accompany SERCON as a holistic nature conservation tool is timely. Fur-

ther development will benefit regulators, competent authorities and all stakeholders and decision-makers in water protection and conservation. Of course, as Boon and Freeman (2009) point out, the challenge in river conservation is to find ways of moving from survey and inventory into evaluation, from evalua-tion into conservation planning, and from conserva-tion planning into practical conservation manage-ment. In Serbia, as in many other countries, there is still a long way to go.

Acknowledgments - The hydromorphology dataset was pre-pared for the project ‘Biosensing Technologies and Global

Table 6. Characteristic breeding riverine birds

Species Status

Acrocephalus palustris (Bechstein, 1789) a,*, F, I, SZV

Alcedo atthis (Linnaeus, 1758) a,*, E, S, SZV

Ardea cinerea Linnaeus, 1758 a,*, E, S, ZVL

Charadrius dubius Scopoli, 1786 a,**, E, S, SZV

Ciconia nigra (Linnaeus, 1758) a,**, C, S, SZV

Cinclus cinclus (Linnaeus, 1758) a,*, E, S, SZV

Haliaeetus albicilla (Linnaeus, 1758) a,**, C, I, SZV

Hippolais icterina (Vieillot, 1817) a,**, E, S, SZV

Locustella fluviatilis (J.Wolf, 1810) a,**, C, De, SZV

Mergus merganser Linnaeus, 1758 a,*, B, I, SZV

Milvus migrans Boddaert, 1783 a,**, B, De, SZV

Motacilla alba Linnaeus, 1758 a,*, F, S, SZV

Motacilla cinerea Tunstall, 1771 a,*, E, S, SZV

Phalacrocorax carbo (Blumenbach, 1796) a,*, E, I, ZVL

Remiz pendulinus (Linnaeus, 1758) a,**, E, S, SZV

Riparia riparia (Linnaeus, 1758) a,*, F, S, SZV

Sterna albifrons Pallas, 1764 a,**, B, S, SZV

Sterna hirundo Linnaeus, 1758 a,**, C, S, SZV

Tringa hypoleucos (Linnaeus, 1758) a,*, D, S, SZV

a –regular breeding speciesb –rare or irregular or new breeding speciesc –extinct (breeding) speciesd –extinct (breeding) species but occurs irregularly e – migratory speciesf – bird species with <10 occurrences * occupies any altitude**occupies altitude <700 m*** occupies altitude >700 m

Breeding population (2000-2011)A: 1-10 pairsB: 11-100 pairsC: 101-500 pairsD: 501-1,000 pairsE: 1,001-10,000 pairsF: 10,001-100,000 pairsG: 100,001-1,000,000 pairsH: ≥1,000,000 pairs


Table 7. Breeding riverine birds

Species StatusAcrocephalus arundinaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) a,*, F, I, SZV

Acrocephalus palustris (Bechstein, 1789) a,*, F, I, SZVAcrocephalus schoenobaenus (Linnaeus, 1758) a,*, F, S, SZV

Alcedo atthis (Linnaeus, 1758) a,*, E, S, SZVAnas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758 a,*, F, De, ZVL

Anser anser (Linnaeus, 1758) a,**, C, S, SZVArdea cinerea Linnaeus, 1758 a,*, E, S, ZVL

Charadrius dubius Scopoli, 1786 a,**, E, S, SZVCiconia nigra (Linnaeus, 1758) a,**, C, S, SZV

Cinclus cinclus (Linnaeus, 1758) a,*, E, S, SZVCygnus olor (J.F.Gmelin, 1789) a,**, B, I, ZV

Emberiza schoeniclus (Linnaeus, 1758) a,**, E, De, SZVFulica atra Linnaeus, 1758 a,*, E, S, ZVL

Gallinula chloropus (Linnaeus, 1758) a,*, E, S, ZVLHaliaeetus albicilla (Linnaeus, 1758) a,**, C, I, SZV

Hippolais icterina (Vieillot, 1817) a,**, E, S, SZVIxobrichus minutrus (Linnaeus, 1766) a, **, E, S, SZV

Larus ridibundus Linnaeus, 1766 a,**, E, S, ZVLocustella fluviatilis (J.Wolf, 1810) a,**, C, De, SZVMergus merganser Linnaeus, 1758 a,*, B, I, SZVMilvus migrans (Linnaeus, 1758) a,**, B, De, SZVMilvus milvus (Linnaeus, 1758) b,**, A, De, SZVMotacilla alba Linnaeus, 1758 a,*, F, S, SZVMotacilla cinerea Tunstall, 1771 a,*, E, S, SZV

Phalacrocorax carbo (Blumenbach, 1796) a,*, E, I, ZVLPodiceps cristatus (Linnaeus, 1758) a**, E, S, SZVRemiz pendulinus (Linnaeus, 1758) a,**, E, S, SZV

Riparia riparia (Linnaeus, 1758) a,*, F, S, SZVSterna albifrons Pallas, 1764 a,**, B, S, SZV

Sterna hirundo Linnaeus, 1758 a,**, C, S, SZVTachybaptus ruficollis (Pallas, 1764) a,**, E, S, SZVTringa hypoleucos (Linnaeus, 1758) a,*, D, S, SZVVanellus vanellus (Linnaeus, 1758) a,*, E, S, SZV

Breeding population trends (2000-2011)S - stable or fluctuation: ±20%I - increase: > 20%De - decrease: > 20%N – new breeding species

National Conservation Status (SGRS 5/2010).SZV - strictly protectedZV - protectedZVL - protected by closed season (zaštićena divlja vrsta sa lovostajem)NV - not protecte

a –regular breeding speciesb –rare or irregular or new breeding species

c –extinct speciesd –extinct species but occurs again irregularly e – migratory speciesf – bird species with <10 occurrences * occupies any altitude**occupies altitude <700 m*** occupies altitude >700 m

Breeding population (2000-2011)A: 1-10 pairsB: 11-100 pairsC: 101-500 pairsD: 501-1,000 pairsE: 1,001-10,000 pairsF: 10,001-100,000 pairsG: 100,001-1,000,000 pairs

H: ≥1,000,000 pairsBreeding population trends (2000-2011)S - stable or fluctuation: ±20%I - increase: > 20%De - decrease: > 20%N – new breeding species National Conservation Status (SGRS 5/2010).SZV - strictly protectedZV - protectedZVL - protected by closed season (zaštićena divlja vrsta sa lovostajem)NV - not protected


System for Long-Term Research and Integrated Manage-ment of Ecosystems’ (Biosensing tehnologije i globalni sistem za kontinuirana istraživanja i integrisano upravljanje ekosistema) III 043002 grant, while the biodiversity dataset was prepared the project Plant biodiversity of Serbia and the Balkans – assessment, sustainable use and protection (Bio-diverzitet biljnog sveta Srbije i Balkanskog poluostrva –pro-cena, održivo korišćenje i zaštita) 173030 Grant, supported by Ministry of Education and Science, Republic of Serbia

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