Preface - Novellanovella.mhhe.com/.../933921952x/1071237/Preface_detailed.pdfthe outcomes of the...

Introduction to the Course Given below are some phenomena and instances that form a part of our everyday lives:1. Signal jamming2. Digital cellular mobile phones3. HDTV transmissions

What is common amongst the above?—Principles of Digital Communication!!

Digital communication involves transmission of either digitized analog signals or digital data stream using baseband or bandpass communication channels. Recently, we have seen exponential growth in the usage of digital communication technologies in digital cellular mobile phones and high-definition TV transmissions to web services. The baseband transmission deals with representation of continuously varying analog data by encoded data sequences, followed by suitable voltage waveforms by means of line codes. Several baseband digital signals can be multiplexed and sent over a broadband channel. Digital data is modulated using high-frequency analog carrier signals for bandpass transmissions via wireless communication channels. Source-coding and channel-coding techniques are employed for efficient and reliable digital transmissions. For increased immunity to natural noise, interference and signal jamming, and for providing secured digital transmission, spread-spectrum methods are used in communications.

Target AudienceThis book is primarily intended as a textbook for undergraduate as well as postgraduate students of Electronics and Communication Engineering. The Digital Communication course is compulsory in the third year of BTech (ECE) and first year of MTech (ECE) as Advanced Digital Communication. The contents of the book have been selected from the related curriculum prescribed in reputed technical universities in India. This book will be useful for∑ All UG and PG engineering students of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Electrical

and Electronics Engineering, and Telecommunication Engineering∑ All students preparing for IETE and AMIE examinations∑ All aspirants of various competitive examinations including GATE∑ All candidates appearing for UPSC, Indian Engineering Services (IES), PSUs, and other technical

interviews by telecom industries∑ Practicing professionals in the field of telecommunications, as a reference guide

Objective of this BookIn order to prepare students to ace a course on Digital Communication or its examinations, many a literature has been made available. During my interactions with undergraduate and postgraduate students of Electronics and Communication Engineering for several years, I have felt the need to convert the

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words penned down in the books, articles, journals, etc., into a more interactive and industry-design oriented format. With an objective of presenting theory in a crisp and easy-to-understand manner along with rich pedagogical features, the content in this book will enable the students to∑ Learn the fundamental concepts and acquire competencies for each topic,∑ Apply theoretical concepts to solve easy as well as difficult problems, and∑ Test and analyze the technical skills acquired.

Learning ToolsIn designing this book, we have focused on the Learning Objective (LO) oriented approach. This is an educational process that emphasizes on developing engineering skill in the student, and testing the outcomes of the study of a course, as opposed to rote learning. We believe it’s not what is being taught, rather it’s what is being learnt that is the key to the student’s overall development. This approach creates an ability to acquire knowledge and apply fundamental principles to analytical problems and applications.

Each of the 6 chapters follows a common structure with a range of learning and assessment tools for instructors and students.

∑ Learning ObjectivesEach chapter begins with a set of Learning Objectives that are directly tied to the chapter content. These help students better anticipate what they will be studying and help instructors measure a student’s understanding. The sections of the chapters are structured in a modular way, which help in systematic concept development.


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∑ Arrangement of PedagogyThe pedagogy is arranged as per levels of difficulty to help students better assess their learning. This assessment of the levels of difficulty is derived from the Bloom’s Taxonomy.

indicates Level 1 and Level 2 i.e., Knowledge and Comprehension based easy-to-solve problems.

indicates Level 3 and Level 4 i.e., Application and Analysis based medium-difficulty problems.

indicates Level 5 and Level 6 i.e., Synthesis and Evaluation based high-difficulty problems.

∑ Use of TechnologyIn bringing out this edition, we have taken advantage of recent technological developments to create a wealth of useful information not present in the physical book. For students using smartphones and tablets, scanning QR codes located within the chapters gives them immediate access to more resources like Chapter 0: Preliminaries and Answers to- Self-Assessment Exercises- Mid-Chapter Checks- Objective-Type Questions - Short-Answer Type Questions - Discussion Questions - Problems

∑ Highlighting Useful Information through Special Features

Special features such as Important, Good to Know!, Attention, etc., are inserted throughout the text to draw attention to important anecdotes.


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∑ Learning Outcomes and Key Concepts

Learning Outcomes and Key Concepts at the end of each chapter help reconnect the ideas initiated, with the outcome achieved.

∑ MATLAB MATLAB exercises are provided chapter-wise through QR codes and URL.


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Problem-Solving and Critical Thinking∑ Within-The-Chapter Assessment ToolsThis is by far the best feature! Pedagogy has been arranged within the text and linked after every learning objective. Great retention-through-looping mechanism!


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∑ Chapter-End ExercisesMore than 300 carefully designed chapter-end exercises arranged as per levels of difficulty include Hands-on Projects, Objective-Type Questions, Short-Answer-Type Questions, Discussion Questions, Problems, and Critical Thinking Questions to enhance knowledge and test technical skills, with answers given through QR codes and URL.


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Roadmap of Various Target CoursesThe book may be used as a textbook for a one-semester course on ‘Digital Communications’, ‘Advanced Digital Communications’, and ‘Information Theory and Coding’ at UG and PG levels of related engineering discipline. This book will also serve as a pre-requisite to study advanced courses such as ‘Wireless and Mobile Communication’, ‘Digital Wireless Communications’, ‘Spread-Spectrum Communications’ in subsequent semesters.

Organization of the BookChapter 0 in the book covers Electronic Communications System, Electronic Signal, etc., all of which are prerequisites to a course on Digital Communication and are taught to students in detail in previous semesters. A brief introduction has been retained within the book and a thorough review has been provided through a QR code.

Chapter 1 deals with analog information-encoding techniques (waveform coding) such as pulse code modulation (PCM), differential pulse code modulation (DPCM), adaptive PCM (ADPCM), delta modulation (DM), and adaptive delta modulation (ADM). In the beginning, the statements of Nyquist sampling theorems are given which is followed by discussions on practical aspects of sampling.

Chapter 2 explains various baseband signaling formats (line coding), the issue of intersymbol interference (ISI) and their possible solutions such as Nyquist pulse shaping and equalization filtering methods. It is followed by digital multiplexing techniques that are necessary for digital transmission of several baseband data over broadband digital channels. Finally, American and European digital signal hierarchy standards are covered with data-rate calculations.

Chapter 3 discusses various digital modulation techniques such as ASK, FSK, PSK, DBPSK, DEPSK, QPSK and their derivatives, QAM, MSK, and GMSK. Methods like carrier synchronization for coherent detection and performance analysis of digital modulation schemes are also covered here.

In Chapter 4, the fundamental concepts of information theory such as probabilistic behavior of information, entropy and its properties, characteristics of discrete memoryless channels, and mutual information are described. Shannon’s channel-coding theorem and channel capacity are also discussed here.

The focus of Chapter 5 is to implement source-coding and channel-coding techniques in digital communication so as to ensure efficient and reliable transfer of data. Major topics covered include basics of source encoding, various source-coding techniques such as Shannon–Fano, Huffman, and Lempel–Ziv codes. Error-control channel coding based on linear block codes such as Hamming, cyclic, BCH, Hadamard, LDPC, as well as convolution coding and Viterbi decoding algorithms are explained thoroughly. Finally, burst error-correction techniques including interleaving, RS codes, Turbo codes are also discussed.

Chapter 6 deals with various aspects of spread-spectrum communications. These include principles of spread-spectrum modulation, frequency-hopping and direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) techniques, application of DSSS in a multiuser CDMA based cellular system, and different multiple access techniques used in wireless communications.

With an objective to review the pre-requisites and provide additional topical coverage, Appendix A presents an overview of random signal theory, Appendix B gives the Fourier transform, Appendix C describes power spectra of discrete PAM signals, and Appendix D explains Wiener optimum filters for


xx Preface

waveform estimation. Appendices E and F give important mathematical formulae, and abbreviations and acronyms respectively.

Get More on the WebThere are a number of supplementary resources which are available on the book’s website http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/933921952X .

For Instructors∑ Solutions Manual, PowerPoint Lecture Slides

For Students∑ Additional Reading Material

AcknowledgementsWriting this book in tune with mandatory requirements of Outcome-Based Education and Learning-Objective-oriented approach involved extensive research and efforts. I am grateful to all those who directly or indirectly provided me guidance and support. At the outset, I would like to express my gratitude for the encouragement and inspiration received from Dr Ashok Chitkara, Chancellor, Chitkara University; Dr Madhu Chitkara, Vice Chancellor, Chitkara University; Dr Archana Mantri, Pro-Vice Chancellor, Chitkara University, Punjab, and my colleagues of Chitkara University.

I would like to thank the editorial team at McGraw Hill Education (India) for bringing out this book in its present form.

The dream of my beloved parents, who wished me to be a mentor for aspiring young engineering students, is fulfilled through the publication of this book. Their blessings are similar to that bestowed by the Almighty. I remain indebted to my wife, Mrs Pinki, and my son, Er Pankaj, for their continuous support.

Special thanks to the reviewers mentioned here for taking out time and providing encouraging comments and valuable suggestions regarding improvement of the manuscript.

Faculty ReviewersAmber Khan Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi

Bhasker Gupta Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Himachal Pradesh

Anupama Marwaha Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Sangrur, Punjab

Arvind Kumar National Institute of Technology (NIT), Kurukshetra, Haryana

Shelej Khera BRCM College of Engineering and Technology, Bahal, Haryana

Amit Sehgal G L Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh

Mohit Kumar Srivastava Maharana Pratap Engineering College (MPEC), Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh

Puneet Srivastava Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh

Lokesh Bansal ITS Engineering College, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh

Pankaj Agarwal JP Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh

Atul Bansal, Abhay Chaturvedi GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh

Manisha Sharma Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg, Chattisgarh

Aparna Kushwah University Institute of Technology-RGPV, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh


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Vishnu Priye Indian School of Mines (ISM), Dhanbad, Jharkhand

Ajit Panda National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST), Brahmapur, Odisha

Partha Sarathi Khuntia Konark Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Jatni, Odisha

Barnali Dey Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, Gangtok, Sikkim

Makrand Kulkarni K J Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai, Maharashtra

Kalawati Patil Thakur College of Engineering and Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra

G R Patil Army Institute of Technology, Pune, Maharashtra

Bharat Chaudhari International Institute of Information Technology, Pune, Maharashtra

Shripad P Mohani, R A Patil College of Engineering (COEP), Pune, Maharashtra

Rajeshree Raut Shri Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and Management, Nagpur, Maharashtra

Vijay Ghanwat Shri Guru Gobind Singhji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Nanded, Maharashtra

Mehul G Thakkar, Mikita Gandhi A D Patel Institute of Technology, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat

Namrata V Langhnoja Government Engineering College, Rajkot, Gujarat

Smith S Thavalapill Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad, Gujarat

R. Vinod Kumar Sona College of Technology, Salem, Tamil Nadu

T Lakshmi Kandhan Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu

Ravi Shankar Sapthagiri College of Engineering, Bengaluru, Karnataka

Shashi Kumar Acharya Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka

K L Sudha Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bengaluru, Karnataka

Sridhar Iyer Christ University, Bengaluru, Karnataka

Faculty Reviewers’ CommentsSome of the comments offered by the peer reviewers on the typescript (which provided immense motivation and encouragement) are reproduced below:

“The additional features used in-between are excellent and are very helpful for the students to understand the topics.”

Arvind KumarNational Institute of Technology (NIT), Kurukshetra, Haryana

“The Recall, Important, and Attention features are given nicely and will help students in better understanding and retention of the concepts.”

R A PatilCollege of Engineering, Pune, Maharashtra

“I found that the clarity is good. The flow is nicely maintained. The key terms are presented at right places. The content is a good mix of principle and its use or application.”

Vijay Ghanwat Shri Guru Gobind Singhji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Nanded, Maharashtra


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“Good collection of questions at the end of the chapter. Sufficient content has been included to map various LOs. The collection of topics in this chapter may be of more interest for the readers of that level.”

Amit SehgalG L Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh

“The writing has a beautiful flow as if the book is actually speaking to the reader.”Barnali Dey

Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, Gangtok, Sikkim

“Discussion on baseband transmission and multiplexing is presented with sufficient details. It will be useful for students who will be taking a course on data communication and computer networking.”

G R PatilArmy Institute of Technology, Pune, Maharashtra

“For the first-time reader, explanation for all questions that may arise while reading is answered.”K L Sudha

Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bengaluru, Karnataka

Students Who Were HelpfulSome of the comments offered by the student reviewers on the typescript are reproduced below. For more comments, visit https://www.facebook.com/pages/Digital-Communication/655459447899660

Soumyadeep DasJalpaiguri Government Engineering College, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal

The first intriguing thing in this book is that every chapter has LEARNING OBJECTIVES at the beginning. The LO column mainly states the concepts discussed in the chapter, which comes in very handy for first-time readers, especially when you don’t know what to assimilate while going through the chapter.

I personally prefer books with an extensive set of problems because trying to solve them really helps you implement the concepts you have just learnt.

Some unique features like ATTENTION, RECALL, etc., unlike other books is very helpful in retaining the important concepts of the book.


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Before providing any statement regarding the review, let us recall what we exactly look for in a technical book in the engineering domain. The simple rule is the following: The ease with which the knowledge and the information is passed on. That way, even critical things get into the head easily. McGraw Hill well accomplishes the requirement by following the golden step in the book.

The LOs are stated before the chapter commences to allow students get the notion about the motion of the chapter. Following this brief, the concepts provided, rightly justify the objectives mentioned at the beginning.The link between the topics are well connected by the RECALL tab where one gets the feed required from the earlier chapter.

The writing style, as I mentioned, demand appreciation. Usage of block diagrams, tables, subheadings, key points, borders, technical yet simple statements make it easier for us to grab even the difficult aspects conveniently.

Subhechcha Roy ChoudhuryJalpaiguri Government Engineering College, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal

Recapitulation of the previous chapter is very good for quick revision. Even if one hasn’t studied the previous chapter then too one can make out the important things of the previous chapter.

Prashant Rana

Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad, Gujarat

The writing style of the author is quite impressive. All the key terms and concepts are explained in an easy, understandable manner. And it follows a nice sequential flow.

The classification of the questions on the basis of difficulty levels is an important feature; it helps the reader for self-assessment. And solving these questions also comes in handy for improving skills.

Pooja Patil



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Features like RECALL, etc., serve an important role in the book. These topics force oneself to ask questions and to pay more attention to the important concepts present in the book.

The Questions feature will be a great help as it starts from simple questions and draws the attention of each and every student. It then takes you to the harder parts, forcing you to read the book—a good activity!

Nikhil Ramtri


All the topics are well covered with a good link between them, which maintains a flow for easy understanding of the concepts. Also, I liked the Self-Assessment Exercises after the end of each LO. This would clear the basics and firm our foundation.

Example is the thing that a reader needs to understand a concept very clearly, and the text is well covered with examples and flow diagrams, so there is no ambiguity in readers’ minds.

All types of questions are covered, from easy to difficult, which offers variety to the reader.

Phalguni Shukla

GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh

Other students who also helped us with their feedback:

Nidhi Agrawal GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh

Vaibhav Bohra, Aastha Srivastava, Abhimit Ghosh, Rupal Jain

Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg, Chattisgarh

Rushin Patel, Niket Thakkar Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad, Gujarat

Saikat Das, Sanket Mishra Jalpaiguri Government Engineering College, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal


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Feedback Request from AuthorI am sure every student will find this book rich in content along with unique pedagogical features which fully justifies the learning-objective-oriented text. This will certainly give a clear-cut advantage over other books on a similar course. The academic community as a whole will enjoy simplified yet an extensive and elaborate approach to every topic covered in the book. All efforts have been made to make this book error-free, but I believe there is always ample scope of improvement in all our efforts. Your valuable suggestions/feedback are most welcome at [email protected].

T L SingaL

Publisher’s NoteAll our books are developed with a lot of love and sincere hard work. If you would like to make a suggestion or share your views, write in to us at [email protected], mentioning the title and author’s name in the subject line.


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