PRAGMATICS Reference,

Sense and Their Relations

Deictic(deixis) expressions

Structural Ambiguity

REFERENCE

SENSE

Vs.

The Relationship between Reference and

Sense• Reference Concrete

It can be proved by the thing in the real world and only one step to prove it.

• Sense AbstractIt does not have a real object and we have to imagine and compare to our experience.

The world

X1 x2

language

The world y

X

language

Sense and Reference are both parts of meaning but,

what relation is there between them?

THE RELATION BETWEEN

SENSE AND REFERENCE

Sense many references

“Our president is flying to London.”

→

Vladimir Putin

Barack Obama

Michael Higgins ( The president of Ireland)

Reference many senses

1 →2 →3 →

The legend of GALATASARAY

Turkey striker,who is the fastest World Cup scorer of all time

The Member of Parliament for the Justice and Development Party

SENSE

REFERENCE

SENSE

C- Sense no reference

But Unicorns Don’t Exist!!!

DEIXIS (DEICTIC EXPRESSIONS)Deixis is reference by means of an expression whose interpretation is relative to the context of the utterance, such as

• who is speaking

• the time of speaking

• the place of the speaking

TYPES OF DEIXIS(DEICTIC EXPRESSIONS)

1. Personal deixis (deictics):· First person (Speaker: I, we, they)· Second person (hearer: you, he, she, it)

Eg : • I am going to the movies.• Would you like to have dinner?• She wants to get the best score in the final

exam.

2. Place (spatial) deixis:– Determiners: this/that– Adverbs (intransitive prepositions):

here/there“You should bring warm clothes, the weather is cold there”

“You should bring warm clothes, the weather is cold there”

“I took many beautiful places

there.”

“I took many beautiful places

there.”

Deictic Word

3. Temporal /Time deixis (deictics):– Adverbs: now/then; this year/that year; at

this/that point; yesterday; two days ago; last week.

– Tomorrow, Then...

• Eg:

“Tomorrow is Sunday”"I saw him last week"

Annie bumped into a man with an umbrella.

• Small boys and girls are playing hide and seek.

Ambiguity of sense in context"I saw him at the bank."