George Yule

When a piece of language is written or utter we look not only to what it means but also what the writer or speaker of those words intended to convey.

INVISIBLE MEANING

CONTEXTLINGUISTIC CONTEXT = CO-TEXT

A word or set of words used in the same phrase or sentence.

THE THIRD-GRADE PUPIL.HIS PUPILS ARE DILATED.

DEIXIS There are words that cannot be interpreted unless the context is known.

Deictic expressionsPerson deixis (I, you, he, she, it)Place deixis (here, there, this, that, Time deixis (now, then, yesterday, tonight)

Free beer tomorrow!Free beer tomorrow!

REFERENCE

Is an act by which a speaker or writer uses language to enable a listener or reader to identify something

We can use names associated with things to refer to people and names of people to refer to things e.g. we can say Where’s the fresh salad sitting? She is sitting behind the door. Can I have a look at your Vince?

ANAPHORA

Subsequent reference to an already introduced entity.e.g:1)A: Can I borrow your book?B: Yeah, it’s on the table

2)I was waiting for the bus, but he just drove by without stopping.

PRESUPPOSITION

What a speaker assumes is true or is known by the hearer.

e.g:1) Your brother is wating for you.

2) When did you stop smoking cigars?

Constancy under negation test:My car is a wreck.My car is not a wreck.Presupposition: I have a car.

SPEECH ACTS

We can usually recognized the type of "act" performed by the speaker in uttering a sentence.   

•requesting•comanding•questioning•informing

•DIRECT SPEECH ACT :   Did he....?.  Are they....? or Can you....?•INDIRECT SPEECH ACT:  you left the door open. (and it's pretty cold outside).

POLITENESSYour face in pragmatics is your public

self-image.• FACE- THREATENING ACT:  Give me that

paper!

• FACE SAVING ACT: Could you pass me that paper, please?

•NEGATIVE FACE: the need to be independent and to have freedom.•POSITIVE FACE: the need to be conected, to belong, to be a member of the group.

George Yule

INTERPRETING DISCOURSEForms and Structure are important elements when we analyse a speech or a text.

But if the form and structure are incorrect, as language-users, we can understand what the speaker or writer intended to convey.

COHESIONThe tides and connnections which exist within texts.

The president is undergoing a serious crisis. She is not giving any conferences. Her hole cabinet is split. This has put the country under alert.

COHERENCECOHERENCE

It is people who make sense of what they hear and read by creating meaningful connections which are not actually expressed by the words and sentences. A lot of what is meant is not actually present in what is read or heard.

A:Hey! Didn’t you hear the telephone?

B: I’m studying now.

SPEECH EVENTSSPEECH EVENTSWhere language is used for example a

debate, interview, discussion.

CONVERSATIONAL INTERACTION

• Turns at speaking.

• Marking a turn as complete (completion point) by:

-Asking a question-Pausing at the end of a sentence or phrase.

• Indicating speaking turn by: -Making short and repeated sounds-Using facial expressions

Conversational styles and strategies of participation:

*Rudeness (cutting in on another speaker)*Shyness( waiting to take a turn)*“long-winded” speakers (avoiding normal

completion points):

A: That’s their favorite restaurant because they…enjoy French food and when they were…in France they coudn’t believe it that….you know that they had…that they had had better meals back home.

THE CO-OPERATIVE THE CO-OPERATIVE PRINCIPLEPRINCIPLE• QUANTITY: Make your contribution as

informative as is required, but not more or less than is required.

•QUALITY: do not say that which you believe to be false.•RELATION: Be relevant•MANNER: be clear, brief and orderly.

by Ferrufino, DanielaMartinez, Maria InesMartinez, CarlosSiares, Alejandra

Linguistics – 2013Instituto Franklin