Practical Applications of Immunology
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Transcript of Practical Applications of Immunology
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case
M I C R O B I O L O G Ya n i n t r o d u c t i o n
ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE
Part A18Practical
Applications of Immunology
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Vaccine History
Variolation: Inoculation of smallpox into skin
(18th century).
Vaccination: Inoculation of cowpox into skin.
Herd immunity results when most of a population
is immune to a disease.
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Principal Vaccines Used in the United States to Prevent Bacterial Diseases in Humans DtaP
Diphtheria: Purified diphtheria toxoid
Pertussis: Acellular fragments of B. pertussis
Tetanus: Purified tetanus toxoid
Meningococcal meningitis: Purified polysaccharide from
N. meningitidis
Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis:
Polysaccharides conjugated with protein
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: S. pneumoniae
antigens conjugated with protein
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Principal Vaccines Used in the United States to Prevent Viral Diseases in Humans Smallpox: Live vaccinia virus
Poliomyelitis: Inactivated virus
Rabies: Inactivated virus
Hepatitis A: Inactivated virus
Influenza: Inactivated or attenuated virus
Measles: Attenuated virus
Mumps: Attenuated virus
Rubella: Attenuated virus
Chickenpox: Attenuated virus
Hepatitis B: Antigenic fragments (recombinant vaccine)
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Monoclonal Antibodies (Mabs)
Alemtuzumab: For leukemia
Infliximab: For Crohn’s disease
Rituximab: For non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Trastuzumab: Herceptin for breast cancer
Basiliximab and daclizumab: Block IL–2,
immunosuppresives for transplants
Palivizumab: Treatment of RSV
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Monoclonal Antibodies
Figure 18.2
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Monoclonal Antibodies
Immunotoxins: Mabs conjugated with a toxin to target
cancer cells.
Chimeric mabs: Genetically modified mice that produce
Ab with a human constant region.
Humanized mabs: Mabs that are mostly human, except
for mouse antigen-binding.
Fully human antibodies: Mabs produced from a human
gene on a mouse.
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Precipitation Reactions
Involve soluble
antigens with
antibodies.
Figure 18.4
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Agglutination Reactions
Involve particulate
antigens and
antibodies.
Antigens may be
On a cell (direct
agglutination).
Attached to latex
spheres (indirect or
passive
agglutination).Figure 18.5
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Antibody Titer
Is the concentration of
antibodies against a
particular antigen.
Figure 18.6
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Viral Hemagglutination
Hemagglutination involves agglutination of RBCs.
Some viruses agglutinate RBCs in vitro.
Figure 18.8
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Viral Hemagglutination-Inhibition
Hemagglutination involves agglutination of RBCs.
Some viruses agglutinate RBCs in vitro.
Antibodies prevent hemagglutination.
Figure 18.9b
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Neutralization Reactions
Eliminate the harmful effect of a virus or exotoxin.
Figure 18.9b
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Complement Fixation Test
Figure 18.10 (1 of 2)
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Complement Fixation Test
Figure 18.10 (2 of 2)
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Fluorescent Antibody Techniques (Direct)
Figure 18.11a
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Fluorescent Antibody Techniques (Indirect)
Figures 18.11b, 3.6b
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Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay(Direct ELISA)
Figure 18.14a
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (Indirect ELISA)
Figure 18.14b
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Serological Tests
Figure 18.13
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Serological Tests
Direct tests detect antigens (from patient sample).
Indirect tests detect antibodies (in patient′s serum).
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Serological Tests
Agglutination: Particulate antigens
Hemagglutination: Agglutination of RBCs
Precipitation: Soluble antigens
Fluorescent-antibody technique: Antibodies linked
to fluorescent dye.
Complement fixation: RBCs are indicator.
Neutralization: Inactivates toxin or virus.
ELISA: Peroxidase enzyme is the indicator.
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Question 1
Patient’s serum, influenza virus, sheep RBCs, and
anti-sheep RBCs are mixed in a tube.
Influenza virus agglutinates RBCs.
What happens if the patient has antibodies against
influenza virus?
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Question 2
Patient’s serum, Chlamydia, guinea pig complement,
sheep RBCs, and anti-sheep RBCs are mixed in a
tube.
What happens if the patient has antibodies against
Chlamydia?
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Harmful immune responses
Allergies
Transplant rejection
Autoimmunity
Superantigens cause release of cytokines that cause
adverse host responses.
Immunodeficiencies
Disorders Associated with the Immune System
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case
M I C R O B I O L O G Ya n i n t r o d u c t i o n
ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE
Part A19Disorders Associated
with the Immune System
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Hypersensitivity Reactions
Response to antigens (allergens) leading to damage.
Require sensitizing dose(s).
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Type I (Anaphylactic) Reactions
Involve IgE
antibodies.
Localized: Hives or
asthma from contact
or inhaled antigens.
Systemic: Shock
from ingested or
injected antigens.
Figure 19.1a
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Type I (Anaphylactic) Reactions
Skin testing
Desensitization
Figure 19.3
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Type II (Cytotoxic) Reactions
Involve IgG or IgM antibodies and complement.
Complement activation causes cell lysis or damage by
macrophages.
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ABO Blood Group System
Table 19.2
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Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
Figure 19.4
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Drug-induced Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Figure 19.5
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Type III (Immune Complex) Reactions
IgG antibodies and antigens form complexes that lodge
in basement membranes.
Figure 19.6
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Type IV (Cell-Mediated) Reactions
Delayed-type
hypersensitivities due
to TD cells.
Cytokines attract
macrophages and
initiate tissue damage.
Figure 19.8
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Autoimmune Diseases
Clonal deletion during fetal development ensures
self-tolerance.
Autoimmunity is loss of self-tolerance.
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Autoimmune Diseases
Type I — Due to antibodies against pathogens.
Type II — Antibodies react with cell-surface antigens.
Type III (Immune Complex) — IgM, IgG, complement
immune complexes deposit in tissues.
Type IV — Mediated by T cells.
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Reactions Related to the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Complex
Histocompatibility antigens: Self antigens on cell
surfaces.
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC): Genes
encoding histocompatibility antigens
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex: MHC genes
in humans
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Diseases Related to Specific HLAs
Table 19.3
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HLA Typing
Figure 19.9
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Reactions to Transplantation
Transplants may be attacked by T cells, macrophages,
and complement-fixing antibodies.
Transplants to privileged sites do not cause an immune
response.
Stem cells may allow therapeutic cloning to avoid
rejection.
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Grafts
Autograft: Use of one's own tissue.
Isograft: Use of identical twin's tissue.
Allograft: Use of tissue from another person.
Xenotransplantation product: Use of non-human tissue.
Graft-versus-host disease can result from transplanted
bone marrow that contains immunocompetent cells.
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Immunosuppression Prevents an Immune Response to Transplanted Tissues
Cyclosporine suppresses IL-2.
Mycophenolate mofetil inhibits T cell and B cell
reproduction.
Sirolimus blocks IL-2.
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The Immune System and Cancer
Cancer cells possess tumor-specific antigens.
TC cells recognize and lyse cancer cells.
Cancer cells may lack tumor antigens or kill TC cells.
Figure 19.10
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Immunotherapy
Treatment of cancer using immunologic methods.
Tumor necrosis factor, IL-2, and interferons may kill
cancer cells.
Immunotoxins link poisons with an monoclonal antibody
directed at a tumor antigen.
Vaccines contain tumor-specific antigens.
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Immune Deficiencies
Congenital: Due to defective or missing genes
Selective IgA immunodeficiency
Severe combined immunodeficiency
Acquired: Develop during an individual's life, due to
drugs, cancers, and infections.
Artificial: Immunosuppression drugs.
Natural: HIV infections.