Powerpoint Templates Page 1 Powerpoint Templates Unit 5, Ch 9,10,11.

Powerpoint Templates Powerpoint Templates

Unit 5, Ch 9,10,11

Powerpoint Templates

Ch 9- test answers are highlighted in yellow!!!

• Core case study- passenger pigeon• 1.Became extinct because of commercial

over hunting and loss of habitat

• 2.“Stool Pigeon”- hunters would tie a pigeon to a stool with it’s eyes sewn shut to lure other pigeons to be killed easier.


• 3. The current mass extinction is caused by human activities.

• 4. The millennium ecosystem assessment says that 50-83% of ecosystems have been disturbed by human activities.

• 5. The background extinction rate before humans came on the scene was 1.0 X 10-4% or 0.0001%


• 6. Three types of extinction:– 1. Local extinction- no longer found in an area– 2. ecological extinction- so few members of the

species that it can no longer play it’s ecological role

– 3. biological extinction- no longer found anywhere on Earth

7. Current estimates of extinction rates= .01-.1%

8. This is conservative because


• 8. This is conservative because• 1. rates should accelerate because of

increased human population

• 2. some parts of the world are experiencing much higher extinction rates that the rest

• 3. we are eliminating habitats hat could serve as incubators for new species (speciation crisis)


• 9. Endangered species are species that have so few individuals that the species could become extinct over most or all of it’s range

• 10. Threatened or vulnerable species are still abundant in their natural range, but declining numbers mean they could become endangered


• 11. The IUCN is the world conservation union- publishes the redlist of species

• 12. characteristics of species that make them vulnerable to premature extinction– 1. Low reproductive rate(K-strategist)– 2. specialized niche– 3. Narrow distribution range– 4. feed at high trophic levels– 5. fixed migratory patterns– 6. rare– 7. commercially valuable– 8. large territories


• 13. It will take nature 5-10 million years for nature to rebuild the biodiversity that is being lost

• 14. instrumental value- usefulness in providing many ecological and economic services

• 15. two forms- a. use values (i.e. genetic information) b. non-use values

• 16. examples of non-use values existence value, aesthetic value, bequest value

• 17. ecological value- component of key ecosystem functions


• 18. Intrinsic or existence value- wild species have an intrinsic right to exist.

• 19. E.O. Wilson- says that because of millions of years of evolution we have an inherent genetic kinship with species

• Biophilia- love of species

• Biophobia- fear of forms of wildlife

• 20. HIPPCO- summarizes the most important causes of premature extinction


• 21. Habitat destruction(#1 cause)

• Invasive species

• Population growth

• Pollution

• Climate change

• Overexploitation


• 22. habitat island- any habitat surrounded by another one

• 23. Birds live in every climate and biome so they are excellent biological indicators

• 24. The African land snail eats everything and carries diseases. ( invasive species can be a problem because they have no predators)

• 25. Kudzu- use for paper, makes medicine to reduce binge drinking

• 26. a chemical in DDT makes egg shells fragile (biomagnification of DDT makes it poisonous to birds of prey)


• 27. Honey bees pollinate 95% of commercially grown crops.

• 28. poaching is illegal hunting

• 29. Local hunting of bush meat has lead to local extinction of many species.

• 30. Solutions include- introducing alternative souces of food, like fish and cane rates

• 31. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species- treaty bans hunting, capturing, and selling of threatened or endangered species


• 32. Problems with CITES- difficulty enforcing the treaty in certain countries.

• 33. CBD- Convention on biodiversity- focuses on preserving ecosystems and has been slowed by lack of enforcement

• 34. Main provisions of the ESA-– 1. Agencies must make a list of endangered and

threatened species– 2. Restricts the government from harming

endangered species and their habitats– 3. Makes it illegal to hunt, collect, kill, or injure

endangered species


• 35. we can take the pressure off of endangered species by– 1. creating wildlife refuges– 2. gene banks– 3. wildlife farms– 4. bontanical gardens– 5. zoos


• 36. Captive breeding- some or all individuals are captured and bred

• Egg pulling gather eggs to hatch in zoos

• 37. Precautionary principle- take measures to prevent harm to the environment and human health even if the science has not been fully established.


• Ch 10 sustaining biodiversity• 1. The grey wolf keeps down #’s of elk, bison,

and mule deer. It provides food for scavengers.

• 2. The restoration was a success because the grey wolf was taken off the endangered species list.

• 3. An old growth forest has not been cut or destroyed for 200 years

• 4. Second- growth forests result from secondary succession and account for about 60% of the world’s forests


• 5. Tree plantation is a manage tract with uniformly aged trees- other names are tree farms commercial forests

• 6. forests services- influence local and regional climate, absorb carbon, reduce erosion, provide habitat, purify air and water, provide lumber and recreation

• 7. selective cutting- loggers cut only medium sized or mature trees in a forest

• 8. clear cutting- loggers remove all trees• 9. strip-cutting- clear cut a strip along the contour of

the land to allow regeneration in a few years.


• 10. two types of fire– 1. surface fires- burn only undergrowth and leaf

litter– 2. crown fire- extremely hot, burns treetops

11. Ban imported timber, clear infected trees, develop genetically resistant trees, biological controls

12. Deforestation is the temporary or permanent removal of large expanses of forests for agriculture, settlements or other uses.


• 13. These are the world’s largest terrestrial storehouse of carbon, 1/4th of the forested area of the world, climate regulation, 2 times more forest lost than in Brazil

• 14. many old growth forests have grown back through secondary succession.

• 15. Forests are less diverse and have become biologically simplified tree plantations

• 16. not valuing ecological services, crop and timber exports, space to graze, poverty, subsistence farmers


• 17. nine solutions to sustainable forestry– Protect forests with high biodiversity– Rely more on selective cutting and strip cutting– No clear cutting on slopes– No logging of old-growth forests– Reduce road building into uncut forests– Leave most standing dead trees– Certify sustainably grown timber– Plant tree plantations on deforested land


• 18. four proposals for reducing fire related harm to forests and people– Set small contained surface fires(prescribed)– Allow some fires to burn– Protect property by having a zone of 60m around

them– Clear away small fire prone trees


• 19. 60% of wood used in the U.S. is wasted unnecessarily.

• 20. Kenaf- rapidly growing woody annual plant used for paper- uses few pesticides and yeilds more pulp per hectare than trees

• 21. Haiti has become and ecological disaster because only 2% of forests remain due to clearing forests for fuel wood.

• 22. We can reduce the severity of the fuelwood crisis by planting fuelwood plantations, burning renewable sundried roots, and finding charcoal alternatives.


• 23. ecological services of grasslands include soil formation, erosion control, nutrient cycling, carbon storage

• 24. rangelands are unfenced grasslands in tropical and temperate climates that supply forage for grazing animals

• 25. pastures are managed grasslands or enclosed meadows planted with domestic grasses

• 26. Overgrazing is when too many animals graze for too long and exceed carrying capacity of the range


• 27. rotational grazing- confine cattle with a portable fence for a short time them then move them.

• 28. Riparian zone- thin strips of lush vegetation along streams or rivers.

• 29. Conservation easments- deed restrictions that prevent future owners from developing land

• 30. Threats to national parks- too many visitors, traffic

• 31. land trust groups- members pool finances and buy protected ecosystems


• 32. Buffer zones- protect n inner core of a reserve by establishing buffer zones

• 33. habitat corridors- protected areas linking isolated reserves

• 34. Costa Rica- “superpower of biodiversity” home to 500,000 plant species

• 35. Wilderness area- large areas of undeveloped land- not seriously disturbed by humans

• 36. Biodiversity hotspots- areas especially rich in plant species that are found nowhere else


• 37. ecological restoration- process of repairing damage caused by humans

• 38. measures to speed up repair operations- restoration, rehabilitation, replacement, and artificial ecosystems

• 39. reconciliation or applied ecology- focuses on inventing, establishing and maintaining new habitats to conserve biodiversity (share the Earth with other species)


• Ch 11• 1. Lake Victoria- nile perch, loss of native fish that eat

algae, deforestation increases runoff, algal blooms due to nutrient runoff.

• 2. Three general patterns of marine diversity- coral reefs(greatest diversity), estuaries and deep ocean (higher biodiversity near coast) higher near the bottom

• 3. coral reefs, mangrove swamps, rivers, estuaries• 4. 80%• 5. Eutrophication of marine ecosystems, algal blooms,

fish die off


• 6. rising sea levels

• 7. the area of ocean needed to sustain the consumption of an average person, nation or the world

• 8. no longer profitable to fish because of overfishing.

• 9. trawler, purse-seine, long-line fishing, drift net----the most damaging is trawler


• 10. four reasons to protect marine biodiversity– 1. damage to ocean is not visible to most– 2. people view the ocean as inexhaustible– 3. no understanding of what to do– 4. most of the ocean lies outside of any country

11. Baleen=blue, minke, gray, right, humpback

Toothed=sperm, killer, narwhal, dolphin

12. Cetaceans are whales and porpoises

13. Japan has a significant whaling industry


• 14. threats to leatherback sea turtles– 1. bottom trawlers– 2. hunted for meat, leather, and eggs– 3. fish nets– 4. long-line fishing– 5. pollution (plastic bags)– 6. climate change


• 15. 370km

• 16. California

• 17. Areas of the ocean partially protected from human activities

• 18. maximum# of fish that can be harvested annually from a fish stock without causing the stock to drop

• 19. takes into account interactions among species to allow more room for error


• 20. market based systems to help control access to fisheries

• 21. Goals of the everglades restoration plan– 1. restore curving flow of the Kissimmee river– 2. remove 400km of canals and levees south of

Lake Okeechobee– 3. Buy 240km2 of farmland and flood it– 4. create 18 large reservoirs


• 22. threat to great lakes- Invasive species- including zebra mussels, sea lamprey, quagga mussels, asian carp

• 23. Benefits of the dam on the Columbia River- hydroelectric power, drinking water, irrigation, flood control

Powerpoint Templates Page 1 Powerpoint Templates Unit 5, Ch 9,10,11.

Documents

Transcript of Powerpoint Templates Page 1 Powerpoint Templates Unit 5, Ch 9,10,11.