PowerPoint Presentation - Slide 1 - WordPress.com...Jun 24, 2015 · Ubee Confidential 11 WiFi...

Ubee Confidential 1

Dan Hill – Applications Engineering

Ubee Interactive

06-24-2015

Ubee Confidential 2

Agenda

Provisioning and Configuration Wireless Overview Factors Affecting Performance Wireless Settings – What/Why? Wireless TOOLS and Tips WiFi and Non-WiFi Interference Q&A

Ubee Confidential 3

Wireless LAN Trends

2-4 Wireless devices per person, 4-25 per household & growing! Tablets, PCs, Laptops, SmartPhones, Smart TVs, Media Streamers, Home and Environment control, Appliances, Home Security Devices, Equip. Monitors, Baby Monitor, Home Audio, Robotics, 2D/3D Printers, Wearables, IoT, etc

>3 Billion Wireless devices today.

Wireless traffic > Wired traffic by 2016.

WLAN AP Shipments 2014 - 802.11n peaked

2015 - 802.11ac tops 11n

802.11ad looming (wiGig)

Sources: Gartner Group and Infonetics

Ubee Confidential 4

Headaches to Subscribers (and Technicians)

Non-WiFi Interference Poor Signal

Bandwidth Contention

with nearby

wireless routers

We’ll discuss these issues and more in detail.

Ubee Confidential 5

Provisioning &

CONFIGURATION

Ubee Confidential 6

Automated DHCP SNMP CM config via TFTP

Generic or Specific Make/Model/Vendor configuration info

TR069 (or proprietary XML) Wireless, DHCP, Home Security configuration, etc.

Manual

Telnet / CLI Web UI (local and remote)

Be SURE the account has the correct WiFi Billing Code!!

Gateway Configuration Methods

Ubee Confidential 7

TR069 = CPE WAN Management Protocol (ACS <-> CPE)

TR181 = Device Data Model (Wireless, MoCA, Firewall, IP, …)

http://www.broadband-forum.org/cwmp.php

http://www.broadband-forum.org/cwmp/tr-181-2-9-0.html

TR069 and TR181

Source: Broadband Forum
















Ubee Confidential 8

Subscriber account Web Page instead of Gateway Web Page.

Common View Help Desk, Technician, and Subscriber, regardless of CPE vendor.

Manage Gateway Settings: Wireless, Firewall, Parental Control, DHCP, Port Forwarding, etc.

Subscribers can save their settings “in the cloud”.

Subscriber Portal Enabled by TR069

Source: Broadband Forum

Ubee Confidential 9

WIRELESS Overview

.

Ubee Confidential 10

A reminder about Speeds…

Internet

CMTS

Provisioning DHCP TR069 TFTP etc

MSO Network

100Gbps

10Gbps

300x20 Mbps

3x3 11ac Gateway MoCA 2.0 3x3 11ac

Client

1300Mbps

Be aware of Bottlenecks

1x1 11n Client

72Mbps

MoCA 1.1 Extender 2x2 11n

275Mbps 144Mbps

144Mbps/2

144Mbps/2

3x3 11ac Client

3x3 11ac Client

2x2 11n WLAN Extender


WiFi Spectrum

Wi-Fi Technology Frequency Band TX x Rx, Bandwidth, Maximum PHY Link Data Rate

802.11a 5 GHz 1x1, 20MHz, 54 Mbps

802.11b 2.4 GHz 1x1, 20MHz, 11 Mbps

802.11g (ERP) 2.4 GHz 54 Mbps

802.11n (HT)

2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, 2.4 or 5 GHz selectable 2.4 and 5 GHz concurrent

2x2, 20/40MHz, 144/300 Mbps 3x3, 20/40MHz, 216/450 Mbps 4x4, 20/40MHz, 288/600 Mbps

802.11ac (VHT) SU-MIMO

5 GHz

1x1, 80MHz, 433 Mbps 2x2, 80MHz, 867 Mbps 1x1, 160MHz, 867 Mbps 2x2, 160MHz, 1.69 Gbps

802.11ac (VHT) MU-MIMO

5 GHz 4x4 AP, 160MHz, 867 Mbps per 1x1 STA, 4ea 8x8 AP, 160MHz, 1.69 Gbps per 2x2 STA, 4ea 8x8 AP, 160MHz, 3.39 Gbps per 4x4 STA, 2ea

Source: WiFi Alliance


2.4GHz Wireless Spectrum

Selecting Wireless Channels

802.11b/g/n

Channels available in the Americas = 1-11, 20MHz wide, 5MHz spacing (Channels overlap).

Wireless network performance issues, if signal from overlapping gateway channel is too strong (<20dB difference between Gwys).

Best to choose channels with least overlap (typically 1, 6, and 11) NOTE: Auto Channel Selection Daemon (ACSD) selects only 1, 6 or 11.

Source: IEEE


2.4GHz Channels

Channel spacing 5MHz intervals => Excessive OVERLAP !

Choosing 1, 6 or 11 helps avoid OVERLAP.

But dense population of APs still leads to co-channel interference.

Try to avoid 40MHz wide channels in 2.4GHz to avoid overlap.


2.4GHz – Upper vs Lower for 40MHz CBW Use it correctly to avoid interference

http://www.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php/Wireless-N_Configuration

Source: dd-wrt.com








5GHz Wireless Spectrum

Selecting Wireless Channels 802.11a/n/ac Channels 36-165 shown in diagram (20MHz wide)

802.11n 5GHz allows 20MHz or 40MHz wide channels More non-overlapping channels, but reduced range in 802.11n

802.11ac 5GHz allows 20/40/80/160 MHz wide

Source: WiSA


5GHz Channels

http://forums.inssider.com/showthread.php?7571-WiFi-Channel-Usage-on-the-5-GHz-band-in-the-USA

http://www.revolutionwifi.net/revolutionwifi/2014/04/impact-of-fcc-5-ghz-u-nii-report-order.html

www.fcc.gov

!! Wider Channels consume spectrum quickly !! New UNII-3

Sources: Metageek, Revolution WiFi, FCC.gov

NOTE:

Older WiFi Clients may not support DFS channels or CH165 !!

DFS currently disabled. CH165 is never default channel.











































http://www.fcc.gov/


Terms

MCS: Modulation Coding Scheme. The QAM modulation used by the OFDM subcarriers to send a symbol.

Spatial Steams: Data Transmission spread over multiple antennas

RSSI: Receive Signal Strength Indicator in dBm.

Fade Margin: Amount of RSSI fade and still maintain MCS.

Coding Rate: Coded bits vs sent bits. 1/2 – high redundancy for error correction, noise resistant, lowest thruput

2/3, 3/4 – Medium redundancy for error correction, medium throughput

5/6 – low redundancy for error correction , requires excellent SNR and low noise, best throughput

Guard Interval Cyclic prefixing to prevent symbol errors; Enable proper multipath operation

Auto-selected by Access Point.

Normal = 400ns. High = 800ns (co-channel interference, long path reflections)

Higher GI reduces throughput by ~10%, but protects against symbol errors.

Source: IEEE, WiFi.org


Modulation Coding Schemes, Data Rates & RSSI Example: AWG1.0 802.11n, Normal Power

MCS Index

Spatial Streams

Modulation Type

Coding Rate

PHY Data Rate (Mbps) 20 MHz Channel Width 40 MHz Channel Width

800ns Guard Interval


Min. RSSI Sensitivity (dBm)



Min RSSI Sensitivity (dBm)

0 1 BPSK 1/2 6.50 7.20 -82 13.50 15.00 -79 1 1 QPSK 1/2 13.00 14.40 -79 27.00 30.00 -76 2 1 QPSK 3/4 19.50 21.70 -77 40.50 45.00 -74 3 1 16-QAM 1/2 26.00 28.90 -74 54.00 60.00 -71 4 1 16-QAM 3/4 39.00 43.30 -70 81.00 90.00 -67 5 1 64-QAM 2/3 52.00 57.80 -66 108.00 120.00 -63 6 1 64-QAM 3/4 58.50 65.00 -65 121.50 135.00 -62 7 1 64-QAM 5/6 65.00 72.20 -64 135.00 150.00 -61

8 2 BPSK 1/2 13.00 14.40 -82 27.00 30.00 -79 9 2 QPSK 1/2 26.00 28.90 -79 54.00 60.00 -76

10 2 QPSK 3/4 39.00 43.30 -77 81.00 90.00 -74 11 2 16-QAM 1/2 52.00 57.80 -74 108.00 120.00 -71 12 2 16-QAM 3/4 78.00 86.70 -70 162.00 180.00 -67 13 2 64-QAM 2/3 104.00 115.60 -66 216.00 240.00 -63 14 2 64-QAM 3/4 117.00 130.00 -65 243.00 270.00 -62 15 2 64-QAM 5/6 130.00 144.40 -64 270.00 300.00 -61

2 streams shown. 3 streams = 450M max 4 streams = 600M max


Modulation Coding Schemes, Data Rates & RSSI Example: Ubee 802.11ac, 5GHz, Hi-Power, Efficient Antenna

MCS Index

Modulation Type

Coding Rate

PHY Data Rate (Mbps)

20 MHz Channel Width 40 MHz Channel Width 80 MHz Channel Width

800ns GI 400ns GI Min. RSSI (dBm)

800ns GI 400ns GI Min RSSI (dBm)

800ns GI 400ns GI Min RSSI (dBm)

0 BPSK 1/2 6.5 7.2 -91 13.5 15.0 -88 29.3 32.5 -85 1 QPSK 1/2 13.0 14.4 -88 27.0 30.0 -85 58.5 65 -82 2 QPSK 3/4 19.5 21.7 -86 40.5 45.0 -83 87.8 97.5 -80 3 16-QAM 1/2 26.0 28.9 -83 54.0 60.0 -80 117 130 -77 4 16-QAM 3/4 39.0 43.3 -79 81.0 90.0 -76 175.5 195 -73 5 64-QAM 2/3 52.0 57.8 -75 108.0 120.0 -72 234 260 -69 6 64-QAM 3/4 58.5 65.0 -74 121.5 135.0 -71 263.3 292.5 -68 7 64-QAM 5/6 65.0 72.2 -73 135.0 150.0 -70 292.5 325 -67 8 256-QAM 1/2 78.0 86.7 -68 162.0 180.0 -65 351 390 -62 9 256-QAM 1/2 n/a n/a -66 180.0 200.0 -63 390 433.3 -60

1 stream shown above, max 433.3 Mbps PHY Data Rate

-- 2 streams = 2 x 433.3 = 866.6 Mbps max

-- 3 streams = 3 x 433.3 = 1300 Mbps max (AWG2.0 = 3x3 antennas)

http://mcsindex.com

Source: IEEE, WiFi.org, mcsindex.com, Ubee

http://mcsindex.com/


Factors Affecting WiFi Performance


Factors Affecting Wireless Throughput, Range and Connectivity

Internet Speed Tier, mix of old/new LAN and WLAN technologies.

Signal Level (Rx sensitivity is more important that Tx power)

Channel contention and Channel Capacity (WiFi overlap, Usage)

Physical environment, obstructions, etc

Distance between AP and STA (free space loss)

Number of Tx vs Rx antennas (spatial streams) per AP and STA

Channel Bandwidth (and Coexistence settings)

RF Interference – non-WiFi

AirTime Fairness (recommend a balance to prevent AT hogging)

WiFi Analysis Tools running during Speed Test

AP (Gateway) and STA (Client) – Adapter implementations

Security / Encryption (WPA2-PSK/AES recommended)

WMM (ON is recommended)

Interop issues: (LDPC, PMF, etc)


PHY Link Rate vs Actual Throughput

I bought 100Mbps service, but am I am not getting it! Dual Band Concurrent Gateway

$1200 Laptop PC

Gets only 78Mbps DS

$200 SmartPhone

Gets over 118Mbps DS (due to burst)

Something’s wrong with my Cable Service ??!!

Sources: HP, HTC, Ubee, Ookla

2.4GHz 11n

5GHz 11n/11ac


2.4GHz 802.11n, Channel 11, 20MHz channel bandwidth


2.4GHz 802.11n PHY Link Rate for 2x2 Client with 20MHz bandwidth

DS to Client

US to Gateway Actual throughput

~50% of PHY Speed

144 / 2 = 72 Mbps

(Nothing is wrong with your cable service.)


5GHz 802.11ac, Channel 153, 80MHz channel bandwidth


5GHz 802.11ac PHY Link Rate for 1x1 Client with 80MHz bandwidth

DS to Client

US to Gateway

Actual throughput

~50% of PHY Speed

263 / 2 = 131.5 Mbps

Indicates 800ns GI,

-- Co-Ch contention and/or

-- Reflections, long path delays, symbol errors


PHY Link Rate vs Actual Throughput

REASON: Laptop PC = 2.4GHz/11n only, and 2.4GHz setting is 20MHz wide channel.

Connects to 2.4GHz SSID, 20MHz chan b/w, so 72.2Mbps max per antenna.

Max Link rate for 802.11n with 2 antennas = 2x72.2 = 144.4Mbps, so

normal actual thruput is ~30-70% of PHY rate, so 78Mbps makes sense

(78/144 = 54%). Nothing is wrong with your cable service.

NOTE: You could change the channel width manually to 40MHz wide, but the potential for more co-channel interference/contention, coexistence rate adaption, packet loss and retransmission, may not help you.

SmartPhone = 2.4GHz 11n or 5GHz 11n / 11ac, with 1x1 antenna (1 Tx, 1 Rx)

Connects to the 5GHz SSID, 20/40/80MHz auto bandwidth setting.

PHY Link Rate for 1x1 antenna = 433Mbps with 80MHz channel b/w

SmartPhone shows 263Mbps DS from Gateway.

Thruput is 30-70% of PHY rate. Our thruput is 118Mbps (118/263 = 45%)

http://mcsindex.com shows 802.11n and 11ac link rates.

http://mcsindex.com/


Wireless Signal Attenuation

ALSO SEE: Signal Reflection, Refraction, Diffraction

Sources: Furr, Oak Ridge National Labs 2008, IEEE


ElectroMagnetic Wave Behavior

Reflection – Signal bends or folds back Causes: Walls, Metal Surfaces, UV Windows/Doors

Refraction – Signal bends as it passes through an object or medium.

Causes: Walls, glass, block, etc.

Diffraction – Signal bends as it passes around and object, or through a hole.

Causes: Sharp edges, small holes, etc.

found in Building columns, Metal

Door Jambs, Duct edges, Lattices, etc

scatter

Source: http://weelookang.blogspot.com/2011/10/ejs-open-source-double-slit-diffraction.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Doubleslit.gif

http://weelookang.blogspot.com/2011/10/ejs-open-source-double-slit-diffraction.html













Attenuation Reflection Refraction Diffraction

http://jasmcole.com/2014/08/25/helmhurts/ EM wave propagation

http://jasmcole.com/2014/08/25/helmhurts/



Wireless Coverage Pattern Based on Gateway Placement


• WiFi coverage simulation in the home.

• Refraction index for every material is calculated.

• Coverage pattern changes as WiFi Gateway is moved • See also: $0.99 WiFiSolver app for Android on Google Store.

( Visualizing “Dead Spots” )




Antenna Gain

Antenna Gain is radiation intensity in a given direction

Gain is ALWAYS directional Antenna gain expresses how much better it transmits and receives from a particular direction

Different antenna designs just re-distribute the RF power in different ways.

Affects both transmit power and receive sensitivity The strength of the signal transmitted and received in each direction is multiplied by the antenna gain

The signal strength directly affects the throughput and packet loss

Source: Airgain


Speed Testing DISABLE WiFi Analysis Tools !

WiFi analysis tools cause LOWER speed tests.

They compete for adapter and CPU resources.

Always disable them when running speed tests. Examples: inSSIDER, NetSpot, WireShark, Channalyzer, etc.

100M x 20M Service: WITH NetSpot Running

Without NetSpot Running


WiFi Settings What and Why?


WLAN Driver Queueing A-MPDU

802.11n & 802.11ac enable Aggregated MAC Protocol Data Unit

More efficient throughput, fewer Acks needed.

Can be enabled or disabled as needed.

Source:

Broadcom

Source: Broadcom


Air Time Fairness OFF vs ON

ATF OFF: 802.11ac suffers.

802.11n thruput increases at the expense of 11ac.

ATF ON: 802.11ac thruput increases at the expense of 11n.

802.11n suffers.

Source:

Broadcom

Source: Broadcom


WMM

Wireless Multi-Media – WiFi QoS

Required to be compliant with 802.11n and 802.11ac PHY Speed goes to 54Mbps if WMM is disabled !

4 Access Categories – Voice, Video, Best Effort, Background

http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com – 802.11ac: A Survival Guide Source: chimera.labs.oreilly.com

http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/

http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/


Security and Encryption

Most Efficient: WPA2-PSK / AES Encryption

PHY Speed goes to 54Mbps if WEP, or WPA-PSK/TKIP is used !

Source: Ubee

Recommended for best performance

and Security

WPA2-PSK

/ AES

WPA-PSK / TKIP

54Mbps max

Link Speed


Wireless Printer Connectivity

Sleep mode interop issues may cause some Wireless printers to lose connectivity.

Mostly fixed with newer client drivers and newer gateway FW.

Workarounds for older implementations: Change sleep mode setting on Printer, continual pings

Increase DHCP lease time

PMF interoperability issues result in connectivity problems. Disable PMF (Protected Management Frames)

Encrypted

PMF ??

PMF enabled

Blocked

Connections

-

Constant

Disconnects


Dual Gaming Consoles

“Xbox optimization” (Disable LDPC on Gateway)

Some gaming consoles and other devices may not support LDPC.

LDPC is optional for 11ac. Enhanced error correction which can up to 2dB of coding gain to enhance the fade margin.

If Gateway LDPC is enabled, but Client does not support it, slow speeds and high latency may result.

LDPC ?? LDPC enabled

Packet Loss

&

Very Low Throughput


WiFi Tools and Tips


Troubleshooting – Wireless RSSI

RSSI – Receive Signal Strength Indicator

optimal between 0dBm to -64dBm (5 bars)

0 to -68 RSSI

= 5 bars

Connection speeds (link rates) seen by Client App and AWG Web UI.


AWG Web UI Scan for Wireless Access Points

Larger negative numbers for RSSI indicate Access Points that are farther away and will Interfere less with your Ubee Wireless Gateway.


WiFi Analyzer on Gateway


Visualization Tools

Source: MetaGeek, NetSpot


Wi-Fi Analyzer – SmartPhone

Source: Matt Bibbo & Wifi Analyzer

Source: WiFi Analyzer


Example Heat Maps

Sources: Greenlee/NetScount, VisiWave, MetaGeek and NetSpot

Utilities like AirScout, NetSpot and upgraded InSSIDer enable you to produce coverage Heat Maps

Source: Greenlee/NetScount, VisiWave, MetaGeek, NetSpot


WiFi and Non-WiFi Interference


Example Sources of WiFi Interference Affecting Connectivity and Throughput

Co-channel interference (contention) from other WiFi Gateways on the same or overlapping channel

Each channel =20MHz wide; 40MHz “channel” = 2channels; 80MHz = 4chan

Some Microwave ovens (2.4GHz)

Bluetooth devices (2.4 – 2.48GHz)

2.4GHz cordless phones

2.4GHz baby monitors

2.4GHz or 5GHz Security Cameras

2.4GHz or 5GHz Home Theater Wireless Audio

Some Electric Motors

Florescent lights.

LTE interference


WiFi Design to Avoid Co-Channel Contention

Excessive Co-Channel Contention

Ch1

Ch6

Ch11

Such channel overlap can be seen in apartments, and

In homes with WLAN Extenders.


WiFi Design to Avoid Co-Channel Contention

Much Better – No co-channel contention.

Unless you have complete control of all APs,

this “clean configuration” won’t ever occur!

Ch11

Ch6

Ch1


Co-Channel Contention (Co-Channel Interference)

Source:

Broadcom

Source: Broadcom

Contention increases with Wider Channels w/ multiple gateways.


WiFi Co-Channel Contention – Ch 6

Client has great RSSI level: -39 dBm

(Link Rate is low for 2x2

Client, indicates 800ns GI.)

50x10 Service impact due to contention.

Source: Metageek & Ubee


WiFi Co-Channel Contention – Fixed SSIDs now on CH1 and CH6

Source: Metageek & Ubee

Client RSSI is great. Link rate moves back to normal for 2x2 Client after moving one SSID to CH1.

Speed Test now bursts above 50x10.


Non-WiFi Interference

https://support.metageek.com/hc/en-us/articles/200628894-Wi-Fi-and-non-Wi-Fi-Interference-Examples

Analog Audio System

Baby Monitor Audio/Video Transmitter

Audio Headset Source: Metageek






















Normal 50x10Mbps Service 2.4GHz WiFi -- Microwave OFF

Source: Metageek – Ubee Interactive


Source: Metageek – Ubee Interactive

Impaired 50x10Mbps Service 2.4GHz WiFi -- Microwave ON


Non-WiFi Interference Impact on WiFi speeds

Minor or major speed impact, depending upon proximity of Client or AWG to Microwave.

Run comparative Speed Tests (Microwave ON vs Microwave OFF)

WiFi analyzers offer the best picture of performance impact.


Conclusion

WiFi growth & evolution continues.

By 2016, majority of Internet traffic = Wireless.

More WiFi understanding = reduced truck roll times, improved Customer Satisfaction.

Understand key settings that can improve interoperability and stability.

WiFi contention/interference, and Non-WiFi interference can impact WiFi performance.

Analysis tools help you to visualize the problem and save time.


[email protected]

Question and Answer Session

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