MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

SUBMITTED BY-JAYATI CHOPRASOUNAK MAJUMDERJUGAL KISHORE

At the Millennium Summit in September 2000 the largest gathering of world leaders in history adopted the UN Millennium Declaration, committing their nations to a new global partnership to reduce extreme poverty and setting out a series of time-bound targets, with a deadline of 2015, that have become known as the Millennium Development Goals.The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are the world's time-bound and quantified targets for addressing extreme poverty in its many dimensions-income poverty, hunger, disease, lack of adequate shelter, and exclusion-while promoting gender equality, education, and environmental sustainability. They are also basic human rights-the rights of each person on the planet to health, education, shelter, and security.

There are Eight Millennium Development Goals adopted by United Nation. 1.To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2.To achieve universal primary education 3.To promote gender equality and empower women 4.To reduce child mortality 5.To improve maternal health 6.To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases 7.To ensure environmental sustainability 8.To develop a global partnership for development.

INTRODUCTION

MDG 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger

•Target:Halve the proportion of people living in extreme poverty (less than one dollar a day) in between 1990 and 2015. •Present status(India): India is moderately successful in reducing poverty and likely to miss target by 3.5 percentage point. The Poverty head Count Ratio is estimated to reach 18.6 % by 2015. The malnourished and underweight children’s percentage came down from 53.5 (in 1990) to 46 % (in 2005-06) and expected to reach 40 percent by 2015 (below the target of 28.6 %) •Global Information Evidence of improvement in children nutritional status Percentage of underweight children has been estimated to decline from 25% in 1990 to 16% in 2010. Stunting in children under five years of age decreased from 40% to 27%. In Asia, the number of children stunted children halved between 1990 (190 million) and 2010 (100 million)

•Target: Ensure that by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling. •Present Status (India): On track and in some cases, ahead of target for universalizing primary education Gross enrolment rates for both girls and boys in 2006-07 crossed 100 %.

•Centrally-sponsored schemes that address this MDG include: Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) Mid Day meal Scheme Kasturba Gandhi Balkia Vidyalaya (KGBV)

MDG 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education

MDG 3 :Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women

•Target: •Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015. •Track key element of women’s social, economic and political participation and guide the building of gender-equitable societies. •All the MDGs are interdependent and gender equality is essential to the achievement of better health. •Present Status (India): India is moderately or almost nearly on track however ‘participation of women in employment and decision making remains less and disparity is not likely to eliminate by 2015’. Country’s Gender Parity Index (GPI) for Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in primary and secondary education has risen, but achieving GPI in tertiary education still remains a challenge. The labor market openness for women in industry and service has marginally increased from 13-18 % between 1990-91 and 2004-05. •Global Information Girls still account for 55% of out of school population Maternal mortality is the number one cause of death for adolescents 15-19 years old. The ratio of female-to-male earned income is well below parity in all countries. Up to one in three women world wide will experience violence at some point in her life.

MDG 4 :Reduce Child Mortality

•Target: Reduce by two-thirds the under five mortality rate by 2015. •Present Status (India): India’s under Five Mortality (U5MR) declined from 125 per 1000 live births in 1990 to 74.6 per 1000 live births in 2005-06. U5MR is expected to further decline to 70 per 1000 live births by 2015 and might fail to achieve the target that is 42 per 1000 live births by 2015 •Global Information 76 lakhs children under 5 died in 2010. During 1960-1990, child mortality in developing region was halved to one child in 10 dying before age five. The aim is to further cut child mortality by two thirds from 1990 level. Reaching the MDG on reducing the child mortality will require universal coverage with key effective, affordable interventions like care for new born and mothers, Infant and young child feeding, vaccines, prevention and case management of pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria control and prevention and care of HIV/AIDS.

MDG 5 :Improve Maternal Health

•Target: Reduce by three-quarters the maternal mortality rate between 1990 and 2015 Achieve by 2015, universal access to reproductive health •Present Status(India): The Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) of India was 437 per 100,000 live births in 1990-91 and the target of 2015 is 109 per 100,000 live births. The present MMR is 254 per 100,000 live birth as compared to 1990. Despite progress India is expected to fall short by 26 points by 2015 By 2015, India is expected to ensure only 62 percent of births in institutional facilities with trained personnel. •Global Information: Up to 358 000 women die each year in pregnancy and childbirth Since 1990, some countries in Asia and Northern Africa have more than halved maternal mortality. Some 21.5 crore women who would prefer to delay or avoid pregnancy still lack safe and effective contraception.

MDG 6 : Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases

•Target: By 2015 halt and begin to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it By 2015 halt and begin to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases. •Present Status(India): India made significant stride in reducing the prevalence of HIV/AIDS. Much of decline can be attributed to greater awareness and increasing condom use. Malaria, both in terms of prevalence and death has declined. The diagnosis of malaria has declined from 1.74 % in 2005 to 1.52 % in 2009 India account for one-fifth of the global incidence of Tuberculosis (TB), but made progress in halting the prevalence Treatment success rate of TB has remained steady at 86-87 percent over the last five years. •Global Information: At the end of 2011, 3.42 crore people were living with HIV, 25 lakh people became newly infected and 17 lakh died of AIDS which includes 2,30,000 children. Around 300.3 crore people are at risk of contracting malaria. On an average, malaria kills a child every minute. TB is one of the biggest infectious killer disease in the world with estimated 14 lakh, deaths and 88 lakh new cases of TB in 2010.

MDG 7 :Ensure Environmental Sustainability

•Target: Halve the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015 Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs and reverse the loss of environmental resources. Achieve a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers by 2015. •Present Status (India): Some progress in ensuring the environment sustainability Forest cover has increased to 21% and protected areas cover to 4.83 % of country’s total land area The overall access to improved water sources increased from 68.2% in 1992-93 to 84.4% in 2007-08 The proportion of households without toilet facilities declined from 70% to 51% in between 1991-92 to 2007-08. India is on track of achieving the MDG target of sustainable access to safe drinking water. India being one of the most densely populated country and at current progress country is unlikely to achieve the target of reducing the proportion of household having no access to sanitation to 38 percent by 2015 •Global Information: The percentage of world population using improved drinking water sources increased from 77% to 87% between 1990 and 2008 and on track of meeting global MDG drinking water target. In sanitation target, world is falling short and in 2008, 200.6 crore people still had no access to a hygienic toilet or safe latrine.

MDG 8 : Develop a Global Partnership for Development

•Target: In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications. Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable non-discriminatory trading and financial system •Present Status(India): India has emerged one of the major development partner for fostering techno-economic and intellectual assistance to countries across the world The IT software, service and Information Technology Enabled Services (ITES) sector have managed to catch up with global leaders. •Global Information: Availability of essential medicine at public health facilities is still poor In private sector, generic medicines cost average six times than their international reference High price leads to unaffordable treatment

Sources-India and the mdgs by UNESCAP

Ministry of statistics and programme implementation

Www.In.Undp.Org

ANALYSIS