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Hydroelectric Biomass Natural Gas Petroleum Coal Wind Geothermal Nuclear Solar FOSSIL FUELS AND RENEWABLE ENERGY
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Hydroelectric
Biomass
Natural
Gas
Petroleum
Coal
Wind Geothermal
Nuclear
Solar
FOSSIL FUELS
AND
RENEWABLE ENERGY
OUTLINE
The Geology of Fossil Fuels
Energy Statistics
Non-renewable Energies
Renewable Energies
Energy Storage and Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Energy Conservation
The Energy Debate
Recent Developments
The Geology of Fossil Fuels
- 58 % of petroleum was formed in the Cenozoic era (past 65 million years), 27 % In the Mesozoic era (250 to 65 million years ago) and 15 % in the Paleozoic era (550 to 250 million years ago).
- Coal was produced in swamps. They formed during the Devonian and Permian periods (400 to 250 million years ago). Continents were close to the equator and full of shallow seas.
INTRODUCTION
-World economies depend on the availability of energy resources.
- For transportation, communications, food supply, comfortable living…
- Fossil fuels and renewable resources.
- Coal fueled the industrial revolution and is still in heavy use.
- Liquefied natural gas.
- Petroleum is used for transportation while coal is used to produce electricity.
- Nuclear energy is expensive to produce and remains small fraction of total.
- Renewable resources such as hydroelectric and biomass. Also biofuels,
wind, geothermal and solar power are on the rise.
- Biofuels are obtained from corn and sugarcane.
Figure 14-1: A plug-in electric car. It takes a few
hours to recharge the batteries and can drive for 200
kilometers
TRANSPORTATION
Figure 14-2: The GM hydrogen fuel car Figure 14-3: A hydrogen filling pump station
TRANSPORTATION
ENERGY UNITS
- Standard unit of power is the watt
- Standard unit of work is the joule with 1 joule = 1 watt.sec
- 1 kilowatt.hour = 3,600*103 joules
- 1 quad = 1018 joules = 0.3*1012 kilowatt.hours
- 1 barrel of oil = 42 US gallons = 159 liters
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Energy Type
US Energy
Consumption in
quads (% of total)
World Energy
Consumption in
quads (% of total)
Petroleum 36 (37 %) 176 (35 %)
Natural Gas 23 (24 %) 119 (23 %)
Coal 22 (23 %) 141 (28 %)
Nuclear 9 (9 %) 28 (5.5 %)
Renewables 7 (7 %) 44 (8.5 %)
Total 97 (100 %) 508 (100 %)
Table 15-1: Total energy consumption for year 2010.
Close to 90 % of the US and world energy consumptions are from fossil fuels.
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Renewables
US Energy
Consumption %
of total
World Energy
Consumption % of
total
Hydroelectric 34 % 36 %
Wood 28 % 41 %
Biofuels 19 % 10 %
Wind 7 % 3 %
Waste 6 % 5 %
Geothermal 5 % 4 %
Solar 1 % 1 %
Table 15-2: Breakdown of the various renewable energies for year 2010
Table 15-3: Energy consumption per capita for year 2010
United States World
Population 300 million 6.9 billion
Consumption per
Capita
(kilowatt.hour)
12,000 5 to 15,000
US ENERGY NEEDS
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1850 1900 1950 2000
petroleumnatural gascoalnuclearhydroelectricwood
US
En
erg
y C
on
su
mp
tio
n (
Qu
ad
)
Years
Figure 15-1: Development of the various forms of
energy in the US.
ENERGY NEEDS
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
petroleum natural gas coal nuclearrenewables
US
En
erg
y C
on
su
mp
tio
n (
Qu
ad
)
Years
Figure 15-2: US energy consumption over the
recent past and projections into the future.
0
50
100
150
200
250
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
petroleum natural gascoalnuclearrenewables
Wo
rld
En
erg
y C
on
su
mp
tio
n (
Qu
ad
) Years
Figure 15-3: World energy needs up to the
present and predictions into the future.
WORLD ENERGY NEEDS
Figure 15-4: Annual electrical energy generation in the world. Fossil
fuels are still dominant, nuclear is keeping steady and renewables are
barely increasing.
0
5000
1 104
1.5 104
2 104
1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008
Fossil FuelsPlus NuclearPlus Renewables
Re
lati
ve
Un
its
Year
fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, petroleum)
nuclear
renewables
WORLD ENERGY NEEDS
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
World Energy Consumption
World Population
Wo
rld
En
erg
y C
on
su
mp
tio
n (
Qu
ad
) Wo
rld P
op
ula
tion
(billio
n p
eo
ple
)
Years
Figure 15-5: Comparison of the projected increase of the world
energy needs with the increase in the world population.
WORLD ENERGY NEEDS BY REGION
Table 15-5: Breakdown of the world consumption by
energy source and by region
Regions Petroleum Natural
Gas
Coal Nuclear Hydroelectric
North
America
38 % 27 % 22 % 8 % 5 %
Europe and
Eurasia
32 % 35 % 18 % 9 % 6 %
Asia Pacific 29 % 11 % 52 % 4 % 4 %
South and
Central
America
46 % 22 % 5 % 1 % 26 %
Middle East 50 % 48 % 1 % 0 % 1 %
Africa 38 % 23 % 32 % 1 % 6 %
- The Middle East is heavily
dependent on petroleum and natural
gas.
- South and Central America use
lots of hydroelectric energy.
- Industrialized nations use nuclear
energy.
- The US consumes 21 million barrels of petroleum per day.
- The world consumes 84 million barrels of petroleum per day.
- 2/3 of the petroleum consumed in the US is imported. This ratio is
getting lower with fracking.
LIGHTING UP THE WORLD
Figure 15-6: Satellite photo of the lighted world at night taken in
2004. Industrialized nations show up brighter. Taken by the
space shuttle.
ELECTRICAL CAPACITY IN THE US
- Cost to install 1 kilowatt hour of electricity
$2,200 for coal
$1,100 for natural gas
$4,000 for nuclear
- In the US, average household consumes 1,000 kilowatt hours per month.
- In the US, average cost is 12 cents per kilowatt hour.
- US electric grid consists of eastern grid, western grid and Texas grid.
- In the US, there are 3,000 electric utility companies operating 10,000
electricity-producing plants.
- Petroleum accounts for 54 % of the US electricity production. It accounts for
33 % in the world.
NON-RENEWABLE ENERGIES
PETROLEUM IN RECENT HISTORY
- Petroleum was discovered by Edwin Drake in 1859 in Pennsylvania.
- Natural gas was liquefied in 1925. Started being transported in pipelines.
- Oil crisis of 1973 whereby the price of petroleum quadrupled. By 1978, the
price was $16 per barrel. By 1980, the price was $37 per barrel.
- The price of petroleum kept on increasing till it reached some $140 per barrel in
2007. Then it decreased down to some $50 per barrel in 2015 due to fracking and
increased supply. This decrease was detrimental to the economies of oil-
producing countries like Russia and Venezuela.
PETROLEUM PRODUCTION IN THE
WORLD
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0
20
40
60
80
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Wo
rld
Pe
tro
leu
m P
rod
uc
tio
n
(Billio
ns
of
Ba
rre
ls p
er
Ye
ar)
Wo
rld P
etro
leu
m P
rod
uc
tion
(Millio
ns
of B
arre
ls p
er D
ay
)
Years
Figure 16-1: Petroleum production in the world. The
arrow marks the sharp break of the 1973 oil crisis.
- The world petroleum
consumption is expected to grow
from 84 million barrels per day in
2010 to some 120 million barrels
per day in 2020.
TOP PETROLEUM PRODUCERS
Table 16-1: Top petroleum producers and consumers as
of 2006
Producers
Total Daily
Production
(millions of
barrels )
Saudi Arabia 10.72
Russia 9.67
United States 8.37
Iran 4.12
Mexico 3.71
China 3.84
Canada 3.23
United Arab
Emirates
2.94
Venezuela 2.81
Norway 2.79
Kuwait 2.67
Nigeria 2.44
Brazil 2.16
Iraq 2.01
Consumers
Total Daily
Consumption
(millions of
barrels )
United States 20.59
China 7.27
Japan 5.22
Russia 3.10
Germany 2.68
India 2.53
Canada 2.22
Brazil 2.12
South Korea 2.12
Saudi Arabia 2.07
Mexico 2.03
France 1.97
United Kingdom 1.82
Italy 1.71
TOP PETROLEUM PRODUCERS
Table 16-2: Top petroleum producing US states
as of 2007
State Daily Production
(thousands of barrels)
Louisiana 1,417
Texas 1,251
California 666
Alaska 663
Oklahoma 166
New Mexico 159
Wyoming 142
North Dakota 121
Kansas 102
PRICE OF PETROLEUM
0
20
40
60
80
100
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Price of Petroleum in the US
Pri
ce
pe
r B
arr
el (i
n U
S D
oll
ars
)
Years
Figure 16-2: Price of petroleum in the US
TOP PETROLEUM RESERVES
Table 16-3: Top petroleum reserves and daily production in the world. The estimated time left before petroleum runs out has also been included.
Country Reserves (billions
of barrels)
Production (millions
of barrels per day)
Estimated
Production Time
Left (years)
Saudi Arabia 267 10.2 72
Canada 179 3.3 149
Iran 138 4 95
Iraq 115 2.1 150
Kuwait 104 2.6 110
Venezuela 99 2.7 88
United Arab
Emirates
98 2.9 93
Russia 60 9.9 17
Libya 41 1.7 66
Nigeria 36 2.4 41
Kazakhstan 30 1.4 59
United States 21 7.5 8
China 16 3.9 11
Qatar 15 0.9 46
Algeria 12 2.2 15
Brazil 12 2.3 14
Mexico 12 3.5 9
NATURAL GAS
Figure 16-5: A natural gas plant
- Natural gas is a non-
renewable fossil fuel.
- It consists mainly of
methane. Is found in fossil
fuel wells and in coal mines.
- Natural gas liquefies when
cooled down to -162 oC.
PROVED RESERVES OF NATURAL GAS
Table 16-4: Proved reserves of natural gas in the world
Regions of the world Reserves in trillion cubic feet Reserves in quad
Middle East 2,592 2,660
Eurasia 1,994 2,050
Africa 494 510
North America 309 320
Central and South America 267 270
Europe 169 170
Table 16-5: Estimated time left till natural gas reserves
run out
United States World
Natural gas consumption
per year (in quads)23 119
Proved reserves (in quads) 200 6,000
Proved time left (in years) 7 50
NATURAL GAS
Table 16-6: Natural gas imports to the US in 2009
Volume (billions of
cubic feet)
Equivalent
Energy (quad)
Price per million btus (in
US dollars)
Canada 3,271 3.363 $4.14
Mexico 28 0.029 $3.91
Trinidad 236 0.243 $5.12
Egypt 160 0.164 $3.94
Norway 29 0.030 $4.45
Nigeria 13 0.013 $3.56
Qatar 13 0.013 $4.47
Total
Imports
3,750 3.855
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
US
Natu
ral G
as P
rod
uc
tio
n
(tri
llio
n c
ub
ic f
eet
pe
r y
ea
r)
Years
coalbed methane
offshore
onshore conventional
tight gas
shale gas
past projections
Figure 16-7: Natural gas production in the US.
NATURAL GAS
COAL
Figure 16-8: Cooling towers as part of a coal plant
Figure 16-9: Coal transportation to a coal plant by rail
COAL
NUCLEAR ENERGY
Figure 16-11: Nuclear power plant and its cooling towers
Figure 16-14: Nuclear power plant
NUCLEAR ENERGY
Figure 16-15: Nuclear power plants in the US
NUCLEAR ENERGY
- There are 104 nuclear
power plants in the US.
- All US plants are at least 30
years old.
- There are 439 nuclear
power plants in the world.
- Most use uranium-235 fuel
which must be enriched from
0.7 % to 4 %.
Table 16-7: Percentage of electricity produced by nuclear plants in
various countries as of 2004
Country Percent
France 78
Lithuania 72
Slovakia 55
Belgium 52
Sweden 51
Ukraine 41
Bulgaria 40
Switzerland 39
Armenia 39
Slovenia 37
Country Percent
Rep. of Korea 34
Hungary 32
Germany 31
Czech Republic 29
Japan 29
Finland 27
Spain 23
United States 20
United Kingdom 19
Russia 16
Country Percent
Canada 15
Romania 10
Argentina 8
South Africa 7
Mexico 5
Netherlands 4
Brazil 3
India 3
Pakistan 3
China 2
NUCLEAR ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGIES
HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY
Table 17-1: Important dams on the world
Name of the Dam Power River Country Construction
Three Gorges 22.5 GW Yangtze River China 2006
Itaipu 14 GW Panama River Brazil and Paraguay 1984
Guri Dam 10.2 GW Caroni River Venezuela 1986
Grand Coulee 7.6 GW Columbia River Washington State-US 1942
- Dams do not produce waste or pollution.
- They are expensive to construct and have to be maintained.
WOOD
- Wood is the original source of energy for mankind.
- In developing nations, wood (biomass) provides up to 1/3 of the energy available.
- Wood is used at an industrial scale in wood-burning power plants.
- Wood contains 8,000 btus of energy per pound. This is to be compared to
19,000 btus per pound for petroleum and 13,000 btus per pound for coal.
BIOFUELS AND TRANSPORTATION
- Ethanol biofuel is produced either from corn (US) or from sugarcane (Brazil).
- Ethanol is produced through the fermentation of sugars.
- Ethanol is blended with gasoline from petroleum.
- In the US, E10 fuel contains 10 % ethanol.
- US produced 11 billion gallons of ethanol in 2010. World production
was 20 billion gallons.
- US and Brazil produce 90 % of the world total.
- Brazil has a fleet of nine million cars running on E100 (pure ethanol) fuel.
- Ethanol produced from corn costs $2 per gallon. That from sugarcane costs $1
per gallon.
ETHANOL FROM CORN
- One quarter of the corn produced in the US is used for ethanol production.
- US produced 15 billion gallons of ethanol per year in 2015.
ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANE
- Brazilian government invested heavily in ethanol production from sugarcane.
- Brazilian motorists can use flex-fuel cars that can use gasoline, or only ethanol.
- Brazil produces 13 billion gallons of ethanol per year.
ETHANOL FROM CELLULOSE- Cellulosic ethanol is obtained from lignocellulose in plants, i.e. from switchgrass…
Still very small amount.
WIND ENERGY
- Wind energy uses wind to spin
turbine blades. This drives a
dynamo which produces
electricity.
- There are more than 90,000 wind
turbines in the world generating
160 gigawatts of electricity per
year.
- 2/3 of all wind turbines are
located in Europe (Germany,
Spain, Denmark, etc).
- The height of wind turbines
varies between 30 and 200 feet.
Figure 15-8: A wind turbine farm
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
- Geothermal energy uses steam from
deep underground.
- Geothermal wells are 3 to 6 km deep to
reach geothermal aquifer (150 oC).
- Geothermal energy is abundant close
to tectonics plate boundaries (geysers).
- Turbine is driven by pressurized steam.
- Electric generator produces electricity.
- Cooling tower condenses unused
steam.
- Remaining steam is re-injected back.
- In the US, some 5,000 megawatts are
produced in 100 geothermal plants in
Nevada, Utah, California, etc.
- In the world, 18,000 megawatts are
produced in 24 countries.
turbine
water
water
water
generator
cooling tower
condenser
production well injection well
air
water vapor
transmission lines
steam
ground level
air
Figure 17-1. Representation of a geothermal plant.
SOLAR ENERGY
Figure 17-1: Focusing solar
rays is used to heat water in
pipes
Figure 17-2: Solar cells on a roof top
- Sun shines 1400 watts per
square meter on earth’s surface.
- 30 % of the sun’s energy gets
reflected back.
- Sunlight is used to heat water or
to charge batteries (photoelectric
effect).
- It costs $2,500 to install 1
kilowatt of electricity from solar.
Recall $2,200 for coal.
SUMMARY
Energy TypeUS Energy Consumption in
quads (% of total)
World Energy Consumption in
quads (% of total)
Petroleum 36 (37 %) 176 (35 %)
Natural Gas 23 (24 %) 119 (23 %)
Coal 22 (23 %) 141 (28 %)
Nuclear 9 (9 %) 28 (5.5 %)
Renewables 7 (7 %) 44 (8.5 %)
Total 97 (100 %) 508 (100 %)
1 quad = 1015 btus = 1.055*1018 joules = 0.293*1012 kilowatt.hours.
Total energy consumption for year 2010.
RenewablesUS Energy Consumption %
of total
World Energy Consumption %
of total
Hydroelectric 34 % 36 %
Wood 28 % 41 %
Biofuels 19 % 10 %
Wind 7 % 3 %
Waste 6 % 5 %
Geothermal 5 % 4 %
Solar 1 % 1 %
Daily consumption of petroleum in the US = 21 million barrelsin the world = 84 million barrels
The US produces some 20 trillion cubic feet (equivalent to 20.5 quads) of natural gas domestically per year.
The coal production in the US was 1.07 billion short tons (equivalent to 20 quads) per year
The world consumption of coal is around 7 billion short tons per year (equivalent to 141 quads) per year.
Cost to install 1 kilowatt of electricity from coal = $2,200, from natural gas = $1,100, from nuclear = $4,000
- US produced 11 billion gallons of ethanol in 2010. World production
was 20 billion gallons.
MORE SUMMARY
Energy Storage: thermal storage using salts that melt.
chemical storage using energy to initiate chemical reactions.
Batteries: convert chemical energy into electricity. carbon-zinc, nickel-
cadmium, lithium, lead acid…
Rechargeable capacitors can recharge faster than batteries but also do not last
as long.
Hydrogen Fuel Cells: hydrogen is produced from water through the
electrolysis chemical reaction. Use hydrogen fuel and oxygen from the air.
Uses Nafion membrane. Hydrogen storage, transportation and distribution
infrastructure to be built.
ENERGY STORAGE
ENERGY CONSERVATION
Government subsidies help promote some energy sources over others.
Curb down carbon emissions and pay for pollution. Global warming issues.
Raise the average fuel economy in vehicles. US congress passed a bill to raise
fuel efficiency to 35 miles per gallon by 2020.
Recycling efforts help.
THE ENERGY DEBATE
Modern societies are energy hungry and wasteful. Change in lifestyle is called
for.
US electrical grid is aging. A new “smart” grid is needed.
Energy production and conservation go hand-in-hand.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking): extract oil from deeply buried rock
formations (3 to 6 kilometers deep). High pressure and fluid injection are
needed.
Bituminous Sand Oil: extract oil from tar sands (oil mixed with sand). Use hot
water to separate oil. Extensively exploited in Alberta. Keystone XL pipeline
supposed to bring oil from tar sands across the US to the Gulf Coast.
