Power Electronics Application in Small Fans for Energy

8/13/2019 Power Electronics Application in Small Fans for Energy

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POWER ELECTRONICSAPPLICATION IN SMALLFANS FOR ENERGY

CONSERVATION- UNDERSTANDING THE POTENTIAL OF POWERELECTRONICS IN THE AREA OF E NERGY CONSERVATION


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INTRODUCTION:

Energy conservation has been widely accepted by most engineeand building professionals.

The world today is moving towards the situation of energy crisisenergy crisis is giving birth to a situation called energy security, every country nowadays is fighting towards getting the maximuenergy from any part of the world.

It has been estimated by thinkers and analysts that if THIRD WOWAR happens in future then this war will be fought over the issuEnergy security.


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SOME INTERESTING FACTS REGARDINGENERGY DEMAND OF THE WORLD

Global energy consumption has increased 5.6% in 2013, the higrate since 1973.

Power consumption in countries which do not belong to Organizfor Economic Cooperation and Development (non-OECD countgrew 7.5% in 2010.

Chinas 11.2% energy consumption growth made it the worlds lenergy consumer, pushing the U.S. from the top spot. Chinaaccounted for just over 20% of all the energy consumed in the wduring 2010.


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INTERESTING FACTS CONTD.

39% of global energy is used to heat, light and cool buildings. 29% of global energy is used in transportation.

Colombia experienced the largest percentage of oil productionexpansion in 2010 at 16.9 percent, just nudging out Nigerias 16percent output. Meanwhile, Uzbekistan had the largest decline productivity fell by 17.8 percent.

Consumption of renewable energy has skyrocketed 209 percentthe past 10 years, far outpacing coals 48 percent jump. Nearly oquarter of the total renewable energy usage comes from the U.Swhich uses 121 percent more renewable energy than it did a decago.


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WHAT IS THE ANSWER TO ALL THESEPROBLEMS?

According to various think tanks and technological experts, it isbelieved that emergence of renewable power will be one of thealternatives to energy crisis that the world is facing today.

As per to the second analysis it is believed that the electrical andelectronics equipment which are in use today need to replaced wequipment which consume less energy.

And if we take the technological viewpoint, then research in theof POWER ELECTRONICS will give better equipment which willonly be reliable and safe but at the same time less expensive too


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APPLICATION OF POWER ELECTRONICSENERGY CONSERVATION

Around 40 percent of the worlds power needs are currently met byelectrical energy and that proportion is expected to rise as countries ccarbon emissions and shift to renewable energy sources.

Power electronics is an umbrella term that encompasses the systems products involved in converting and controlling the flow of electrical e

The traditional application area of power electronics is variable speedfor electrical motors. Power-electronics technologies are able to vary speed of motor drives, making processes more efficient and reducing amount of energy consumed. An obvious example is heating, ventilatand air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Without power-electronics invethe motors running these systems would continually be running at fulthrottle, consuming vast amounts of unnecessary energy.


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Variable speed drives slow down or speed up motors, dependinthe load of work that must be performed. They also control theprocess to ensure a consistent level of quality. Applied to HVACsystems, machinery in factories, and on planes, trains and ships

motors deliver precisely the right amount of power needed at agiven time, conserving energy and also permitting critical equipto run gently.


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POWER ELECTRONICS APPLICATION IN SMAFANS FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION

INTRODUCTION:

- As the cost of power electronic switches has dropped in ryears, the opportunities to produce brushless motors with simpleelectronic control have increased dramatically. In low-powerapplications, particularly small fans, single-phase ac induction moand single-phase brushless dc motors predominate.

- The simplest and lowest cost single-phase inverter for thmotors would be to employ bifilar phase windings and two grounreference power switches with associated freewheel diodes.


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WHAT IS A BIFILAR WINDING?

A bifilar coilis an electromagnetic coil that contains two closelyspaced, parallel windings. In engineering, theword bifilardescribes wire which is made of two filaments or strIt is commonly used to denote special types of windingwire for transformers.


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The connection diagram for a bifilar winding is as shown below:


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Bifilar windings are very desirable and have even been proposedused in three-phase induction motors because the power switchused are referenced to ground and, therefore, would only requisimpler and cheaper low-side gate drivers. However, unlike a clo

coupled power supply transformer, the bifilar windings in an elemotor will inevitably have higher leakage inductance and, if thiscost circuit is to operate at powers in excess of 100 W, the energassociated with the leakage inductance must be controlled durievery switching transition so that it does not create over-voltagacross the power switches.

An RCD turn-off snubber can be applied to the bifilar windings wtwo diodes feeding a common resistor and capacitor, as shown in the previous slide.


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The circuit diagram presented in the previous slide is a conventioRCD Snubber which is though cheap, has high power dissipation

To overcome this problem, a new RCD snubber system is developThe circuit diagram for this is shown below:


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BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THECONVENTIONAL RCD SNUBBER

The leakage inductance associated with a bifilar phase windingcreates a voltage overshoot seen by the switching devices whenare switched off.

The energy EL associated with the leakage inductance is given bequation:

EL= (1/2) L i2

where L is the leakage inductance of the bifiwinding, i is the current in the winding at switch off.

The operating circuit diagram is as shown in the next slide:


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Here IGBT is used as a switching device. IGBTs cannot tolerate a voltaovershoot in excess of their rated voltage. The excess energy musttherefore be absorbed in a snubber capacitor C, which is given by:

C (Vmax2Vmin2) = (1/2) L i2

where Vmax = max voltage across the snubber capacitor

Vmin = min voltage across the snubber capacitor

The choice of circuit components must ensure that the snubber voltagdoes not drop below the dc link voltage VDCsince this causes a needlerecharging of the snubber capacitor through the coupled bifilar windiHence Vmin should be at least equal to VDC.

In the figure provided in the previous slide, S1 is turned on and coil A obifilar winding conducts in path (1) and the phase winding flux linkageincreases.

The voltage in Loop (1) is given by:

VDC= VA+ VLA


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At the same time any residual voltage on the snubber capacitordischarges into resistor, dissipating energy in the process:

vc(t) = i2R

vc(t) = Vmax 1/C i2dt where the integration is carried ou

the interval of t1 to t and t1 is the time when the capacitor voltagemaximum.

The capacitor voltage decays during this mode.

Since the coils A and B are coupled, the voltage VB= VA which isapprox. equal to the dc-link voltage. The capacitor voltage in thmode is thus prevented from decaying below V

DC

by the coupledvoltage in coil B.

The voltage at P2, the voltage seen by S2, is clamped by the dc-voltage and the voltage across coil B, thereby giving a total voltno less than 2 VDC.


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S1 is turned off and current in coil A freewheels into the snubber capaThe voltage at P1 will rise as the snubber capacitor charges while thevoltage at P2 falls due to the voltage reflected across the bifilar windi

When the voltage at P2 has reached zero, the antiparallel diode of S2forward biased and the energy associated with coilA can transfer to c

The winding energy is returned to the dc link, reducing the phase currzero.

At the same time, current in coilA continues to flow into the snubber,charging the capacitor to Vmax. The voltage at P1, the voltage seen bthe dc-link voltage and the voltage across coilA, giving a total voltageVDC+ Vmax. The voltages seen by the switches S1 and S2 are, therefomaximum of VDC+ Vmax during turn-off but clamped to a voltage no l

than 2 VDC during a positive voltage loop. The governing equations duthis period are given by:

VC = -VAVLA

VDC= -VB+ VLB


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Leakage energy associated with coilA has been reset, current stflowing in coilA, and the snubber capacitor starts to discharge ithe resistor. The bulk of the winding energy that couples across bifilar windings continues to force current through coil B back todc link.

The figure below shows experimental plot at the S1 turn-off poishows the rise and fall of voltages at P1 and P2 followed by thecurrent transfer across the bifilar windings from coilA to coil B.


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The RCD snubber is designed to operate at the maximum motocommutation frequency where, in a fan-loaded system, maximupower is delivered.

Running the motor at lower speed means that the snubber capahas a longer time to discharge and could, therefore, reach VDC,resulting in additional losses as the bifilar windings would rechathe snubber voltage to VDC. The problem is further compoundedmotor is running at lower torque and speed, the lower current alower output power would result in less leakage energy to becaptured in the snubber, which would, therefore, charge to a low

Vmax and have a longer time to discharge.

It is therefore, difficult to extend the design of this circuit for a wrange of motor speeds.


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BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE NEW RCDSNUBBER

S1 is switched on, thereby applying positive voltage to the motothe same time, any remaining charge on capacitor Cc1 will dischthrough S1, D1, and Rc1.

The magnetization of coilA can be described by VDC= VA+ VLA, wthe discharge of Cc1 is controlled by the resistor Rc1.


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During the turn-off of S1 there are four current paths as shown ifigure below.


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In path (1), current in coilA continues to flow into capacitor Cc1,charging it up.

Path (2) involves the winding energy in coilA circulating througRc1, Rc2, Cc2, and coil B.

In path (3), the voltage across capacitor Cc2 will forward bias dioD1, discharging Cc2 charged by previous turn-off of S2 throughRc2. and coil B and partially returning the snubber energy to themotor and dc link.

In path (4), as voltage at P2 approaches zero, the antiparallel dio

S2 will be forward biased and the bulk of the phase winding enecoupled across the bifilar windings and current is established in coupled winding and the antiparallel diode of S2 to continue to in the coupled winding. The winding energy is then returned to tlink, reducing the phase current to zero.


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Paths (1) and (4) can be described by the following equations:

VC = -VAVLA

VDC= -VB+ VLB

Paths (2) and (3) can be described by the following equations:

VA+ VLA+ VCC1+ VRC1= VRC2+ VCC2+ VLBVB

VDC= VRC2+ VCC2+ VLBVB

Leakage energy associated with coilA has been reset and currestops to flow in coilA. The bulk of the winding energy that coupacross the bifilar windings continues to force current through coback to the dc link.


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EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS OF NEW RCD CIRCUIT


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The values of the resistor Rc1 are chosen such that the capacitois fully discharged before the operating mode in the fig shown inno. 24.

This is to avoid the capacitor from discharging dissipatively in th

resistance of the switches as shown in path (2) of the mode in Fishown in slide no. 23.

Since the capacitors are fully discharged, Vmin = 0, (2) reduces t

(1/2) Cc (Vmax2) = (1/2) L i2

which is the basis on which the values of the capacitors, Ccdetermined. The peak switch voltage is still Vmax + VDC.


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EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OFCONVENTIONAL RCD SNUBBER CIRCUIT


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EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF NEW RCDSNUBBER CIRCUIT


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CONCLUSION

The new RCD snubber circuit is applicable to and brushless dc mup to several kilowatts in power.

The new snubber can be extended to the bifilar-wound three-phinduction motor to achieve further reduction in drive cost.

The overall circuit is also more cost effective than a full-bridge s

phase inverter.


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REFERENCES:

Energy Savings Techniques in Ventilation Processes with FansOperating at Variable Load - V. Groza, Senior Member IEEE, V.Giurgiu, Member IEEE, C. D. Pitis, Member IEEE, and J. S. ThongMember IEEE.

A new improved structure of small axial flow fan - Hong Li1,2, YJin1, Bao-Ling Cui1, Li Zhang1, Jian-Guo Sun1

Application specific IPM for Low Power-end Motor Drives -G.Majumdar, S.Hatae, M.Fukunaga, T.Oota

Design and construction of a small ducted fan engine - HENRY PETER STURDZA, AND RICHARD M. MURRAY


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Energy conservation through improved design of induction motMOHAMMAD AYYUB Electrical Engg. Dept., A.M.U. Aligarh UttPradesh, INDIA, S. S. Murthy, B.P. Singh Electrical Engg. Dept. IInstitute of Technology New Delhi, INDIA

Energy Efficient CMOS microprocessor design - Thomas D. BudRobert W. Brodersen University of California, Berkeley

Energy efficient cooling fan for PC chassis - Rodney H.G. Tan,Member, IEEE , Y. H. Goh, Y. Q. Wong and V. H. Mok, Member, IEE

Energy efficient induction motors - Paul S. Hamer Chevron Reseand Technology Company I00 Chevron Way Richmond, CA 94800627, Debra M. Lowe Occidental Chemical Corporation P.O. BoxTacoma, WA 98401-2157, Stanley Wallace Reliance Electric ComP.O. Box 809 Athens, CA 30613-1299


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Energy efficient single stage axial fan (ENEF) - C. D. Pitis, MembIEEE.

The analysis and summary about Energy saving technologies ofwireless sensor network - Yingchao Han, Hongmei Li and Jinghu

Microwave and Antenna Research Center Harbin Institute ofTechnology Harbin, [email protected]

Energy saving with pump's ac adjustable speed drives - SlobodaMircevski', Zvonimir A. Kostic', 2. Lj. Andonov 'Faculty of ElectrEngineering Skopje 'Faculty of Mechanical Engineering SkopKarpos 11 bb, POB 574 (FEE), POB 464 (FME), 9 1000 Skopje, R.

Macedonia Factors to consider in the application of energy efficient motors

Pillay University of New Orleans Electrical Engineering Dept. NOrleans, LA 71048
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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High temperature BLDC fan for forced air cooling - BenjaminWrzecionko, Andreas Looser and Johann W. Kolar Power ElectroSystems Laboratory ETH Zurich Zurich, Switzerland Email:[email protected], Michael Casey Institute of Therma

Turbomachinery and Machinery Laboratory University of StuttgStuttgart, Germany

Improvement of energy efficiency through power quality by thecompensation of harmonics with shunt active power filter - R.Rajalakshmi Department of Electrical and Electronics EngineeriPSNA College of Engineering and Technology Dindigul, Tamil NIndia 624622, Dr. V. Rajasekaran Department of Electrical andElectronics Engineering PSNA College of Engineering and TechnDindigul, Tamil Nadu, India 624622
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Industrial energy management - the role of distributed controlsystems - A. Soni Subir Ghosh J.K. Pal El Bhavan El Bhavan ElBhavan 1, Bhikaiji Cama Place New Delhi - 110 066 EngineersLtd. Engineers India Ltd. Engineers India Limite 1, Bhikaiji CaPlace New Delhi - 110 0661, Bhikaiji Cama Place New Delhi-1

066

Low voltage motor starting on limited capacity electrical systemStephen H. Kerr Member, IEEE Exxon Co., USA P.O. Box 1600Midland. TX 79702-1600

Medium voltage fan save: Energy Efficient Fan Systems in Powe

Engineering, Part 1 - Martin Sirovy, Zdenek Peroutka, Jan MichaMiroslav Byrtus University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],[email protected]


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Motors, drives and energy conservation Lewis Holmes

An optimized MPPT Circuit for thermoelectric energy harvesterlow power applications - Ko Ko Win, Souvik Dasgupta and PandS.K.*Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Nati

University of Singapore *Email: [email protected]

Power electronics, a key technology for energy efficiency andrenewables - Peter K. Steimer ABB Ltd., Power Electronics and Drives, CH-5300 Turgi, Switzerland E-mail:[email protected]

Ultracapacitors application for energy saving in subwaytransportation system - M. Brenna*, F. Foiadelli*, E. Tironi*, anZaninelli* * Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32,Milano (Italy)
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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A novel low-cost RCD snubber for Bifilar-wound Motors - Weng Thong, Student Member, IEEE, and Charles Pollock, Member, IEE

Energy saving techniques in ventilation process - V. Groza, Senio

Member IEEE, V. Giurgiu, Member IEEE, C. D. Pitis, Member IEEJ. S. Thongam, Member IEEE

An investigation on electrical performance of VFD for AirConditioning - T.W. Ching, Senior Member, IEEE

Energy Savings with Variable Speed Drives - K M Pauwels Energ

auditor, Laborelec, Industrial Applications, Belgium High Power Induction Motor VVVF Drives System with IGCTs in

Thermal Power Plant - Yuanhua Chen, Qingguang Yu, Member, IEWenhua Liu, Member, IEEE, and Gangui Yan

Power Electronics Application in Small Fans for Energy

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