North AmericanCartographic Information

Society

W E L C O M E

Welcome to the 24th meeting of the North American Cartographic Information Society. It was apleasure putting together this program because people from all reaches of NACIS volunteered topresent papers, make posters, nudge along discussion-style sessions, and organize carto-entertainments. It was tough for me to set up concurrent sessions—I myself would like to be intwo places at once each day of the conference—and you may feel the same as you look at thisprogram. Luckily most every discussion overflows from the sessions into the casual moments ofthe conference. If you are new to NACIS, be assured, you will be swept into conversation aboutmaps and mapping at the social events and in the hallways.

I hope you are reading this before Wednesday’s opening session, when we will have the pleasureof Joseph S. Wood speaking on the New England Village. Joe is Provost and Vice President forAcademic Affairs, University of Southern Maine. Yolanda Theunissen, Curator at the OsherLibrary, will talk Thursday about the library’s map collection in anticipation of the evening’ssocial event at the library. Friday night, Robert Nannay will send us off dazzled by his world-ranging slide show. I am deeply appreciative of the attention these busy local people are givingto NACIS.

It is a beautiful time to be in Portland, ME and Mike Hermann, local arrangements coordinator,has been working all year to make the Portland experience a good one in and out of the sessionrooms. Susan Peschel kept track of myriad details and made cheerful accommodation toregistrants’ special situations. Lou Cross, the Executive Director, handled the negotiations andcommitment to the conference location and Jim Anderson prepared conference materials,including this printed program prepared in Florida the month of soon-to-be-legendaryhurricanes. I appreciate help and collaboration in decision-making from John Krygier (President)and the rest of the NACIS board.

It is a challenge to our all-volunteer organization to plan Practical Cartography Day annually.Erik Steiner took the active lead in PCD over the summer months, and Glen Pawelski and DanVan Dorn contributed important early PCD strategizing.

Fritz Kessler willingly reprised his role as poster-session organizer. The poster session in someyears has been a bit of a free-for-all. If Fritz’s calm organizing makes the poster submissionprocess seem tame, the map gallery has room for your more impulsive map map sharing. DennisMcClendon provided that opportunity for all by getting the map gallery set up.

Enjoy the next few days in Portland. While you are freshly enthused by this conference, why notvolunteer to help with next year’s? We will have a spectacular 25th anniversary conference in SaltLake City, Utah, October 5-8, 2005.

I so enjoy the intimate scale of the NACIS conference and look forward to talking with each ofyou over the next few days.

Trudy Suchan

Program Chair and Vice President

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Wednesday, October 6

8:30—9:30 A.M., Practical Cartography Day RegistrationLOBBY

9:30 A.M.—4:30 P.M., Practical Cartography DayVERMONT

Organizers: Erik Steiner and Glen Pawelski

9:30 A.M.—NoonVERMONT

Exploring Natural Scene Designer 4.0 ProTom Patterson, U.S. National Park Service

Building an International Map: 2D and 3D MethodologiesNeil Allen, Allan Cartography, Inc.

Map Series Management and a GIS–Graphics CommuniquéShaun Faith, e-Education Institute, The Pennsylvania State University

Photoshop’s Inner TruthsAlex Tait, International Mapping Associates

Noon—1:15 P.M., Lunch (provided)CASCO BAY HALL

1:15 —2:15 P.M.VERMONT

Workflow Management: Juggling Time, Data, and Special InterestsErin Aigner and Laris Karklis, The Washington Post

Processing and Exporting Elevation Data for CartographersMichael Hermann and Matt Cote, University of Maine; Jim Sloan, The Pennsylvania StateUniversity

2:15—2:30 P.M., Break (on your own)

2:30 —4:30 P.M.VERMONT

Rapid-fire review and critique of attendee’s mapsModerator: Steve Spindler

2:00—7:00 P.M., NACIS Conference RegistrationLOBBY

WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 6

S C H E D U L E

WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 6 - THURSDAY, OCTOBER 7

2:00—5:00 P.M., Poster set-upCASCO BAY HALL

Coordinator: Fritz Kessler

2:00—5:00 P.M., Map Gallery available for postingsCASCO BAY HALL

Coordinator: Dennis McClendon

3:00—5:00 P.M., NACIS Board MeetingLINCOLN

7:30—9:00 P.M., NACIS Opening SessionCASCO BAY HALL

Representing the New England Village—Places, Maps, and MindsJoseph S. Wood, Provost and Vice President for Academic Affairs, University of Southern Maine

9:00—11:00 P.M.CASCO BAY HALL

Opening Reception and Poster Session

After receptionPoster presenters move their displays to York

Thursday, October 7

8:00 A.M.—5:00 P.M., NACIS Conference RegistrationLOBBY

8:30 A.M.—11:00 P.M.YORK

Posters on displayMap Gallery available for postings

8:30—10:15 A.M.

A. Representing U.S. Places New and OldVERMONT

Chair: Gordon Kennedy

Mapping Suburbia: Tax Assessment Data Provides an Important Sense of PlaceMary L. Johnson, Remington & Vernick Engineers

National Security Sprawl: Targeting the HomelandDeborah Natsios, Natsios Young Architects

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THURSDAY, OCTOBER 7

Hawaiian Place Names: Mnemonic Symbols in a Hawaiian CartographyRenee Pualani Louis, University of Hawaii at Manoa

“The Shape of Ohio” as Seen in QuiltsKaren M. Trifonoff, Department of Geography and Geosciences, Bloomsburg University

B. CognitionCONNECTICUT/RHODE ISLAND

Chair: David Patton

The Neural Basis of Map Comprehension and Spatial AbilitiesMegan M. Lawrence, Department of Geography, University of Oregon

Defining the Map PrototypeRoberta Williams, Jeffrey Patton (presenter), Elisabeth Nelson, and Rick Bunch, University ofNorth Carolina-Greensboro

User-Defined Benchmarks for Visualizing Object Movement in a Large SpatiotemporalDatabaseBenjamin C. Sheesley (presenter), Jeff Stone, and Bill Buckingham, Department of Geography,University of Wisconsin-Madison

Seeing Clusters that Move Over Space and Time II: Comparing Small Multiples WithAnimationAmy L. Griffin (presenter), University of New South Wales at ADFA; Alan M. MacEachren andBonan Li, The Pennsylvania State University; and Frank Hardisty, University of South Carolina

10:30 A.M.—Noon

C. Libraries and Information TechnologyVERMONT

Chair: Jenny Marie Johnson

Building a Digital Gazetteer for ConnecticutPatrick McGlamery (presenter), Information Technology Services; Robert Cromley, Department ofGeography and Director, Center for Geographic Information and Analysis; Michael Paluzzi,Department of Geography; all University of Connecticut

What is the Role of Maps in Web-Services? Geo-communication Under the Influence ofan Infrastructural EnvironmentLars Brodersen, Aalborg University, Denmark

Cartographic Data on the Web: What’s Out There and How to Find ItJoanne M. Perry, Maps Library and Cartographic Information Services, The Pennsylvania StateUniversity

Librarian Roundtable (extended discussion)Moderated by Trudy Suchan and Susan Peschel. Librarians founded NACIS 24 years ago. Howcan we refresh the NACIS experience for librarian members? How can we stir up library topics atthe 25th anniversary meeting in October 2005?

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THURSDAY, OCTOBER 7

D. Cartographic Design Old and NewCONNECTICUT/RHODE ISLAND

Chair: Patricia Gilmartin

Representing Oregon’s Endangered SalmonKen Kato (presenter) and Erik Steiner, InfoGraphics Lab, Department of Geography, University ofOregon

Recreational Symbol Design: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going?David Gagner, Humboldt State University and U. S. National Park Service at Harper’s Ferry

Evaluating National Park Service 3D Trailhead MapsTom Patterson, U. S. National Park Service

The Influence of Classification Choice on Animated Choropleth MapsKirk Goldsberry (presenter), Sara Irina Fabrikant, and Phaedon Kyriakidis, Department ofGeography, University of California-Santa Barbara

Noon—1:30 P.M., Luncheon and Annual Business MeetingNEW HAMPSHIRE/MASSACHUSETTS

1:45—3:15 P.M.

E. Map and ArtVERMONT

Chair: Denis Wood

Mapping Desire: The Louisiana Purchase, Lewis & Clark, and Karl Kirchwey’sThe Geographer’s LineAdele J. Haft, Classics at Hunter College: City University of New York

Modern Map-Like Art, Images Interpreted Through a Perspective Learned fromJ. M. BlautDalia Varanka, U. S. Geological Survey

Glowlab.com Projects (extended presentation)kanarinka, Glowlab Collective

F. History: Today’s View of Geographies PastCONNECTICUT/RHODE ISLAND

Chair: Patrick Florance

“Staid in School and Worked on My Map”: 19th Century Amercian SchoolgirlCartographyJudith Tyner, Department of Geography, California State University-Long Beach

Using GIS to Make Maps of Landscapes that No Longer ExistCharlie Frye, ESRI

Remastering the 1748 Nolli Map of RomeJames Tice, Department of Architecture, University of Oregon and Erik Steiner (presenter),InfoGraphics Lab, Department of Geography, University of Oregon

Treasures in the Osher Map Library (extended presentation)Yolanda Theunissen, Curator

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THURSDAY, OCTOBER 7 - FRIDAY, OCTOBER 8

3:30—5:00 P.M.

G. The NACIS Map-OffVERMONT

Chair: Dennis McClendon

A handful of cartographers were given a map assignment to be completed in the twoweeks before the NACIS conference. A panel of experts and the audience will review andcritique the results.

5:00—7:30 P.M., Dinner on Your Own

7:30—10:00 P.M., Osher Map Library Dessert SocialOSHER MAP LIBRARY TOP FLOOR SPECIAL-EVENTS ROOM

Friday, October 8

8:00—10:00 A.M., NACIS Conference RegistrationLOBBY

8:30 A.M.—NoonYORK

Posters on displayMap Gallery available for posting

8:30—10:15 A.M.

H. GIS and the Cartographic End ResultVERMONT

Chair: Margaret Pearce

Open Source Cartographic Software: Where Does the Ethical Meet the Practical?Frank Hardisty, University of South Carolina

Canadian Century Research Infrastructure Project: Using GIS for Historical Census DataMapping and AnalysisByron Moldofsky, Cartography Office, Department of Geography, University of Toronto

Mapmaking for the Census Atlas of the United StatesAlex Tait, International Mapping Associates

From GIS to Graphics Software: When Do You Bail? (extended presentation)Cynthia A. Brewer, Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University andCharlie Frye, ESRI, Inc. (co-presenters)

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FRIDAY, OCTOBER 8

I. Plan Then MapCONNECTICUT/RHODE ISLAND

Chair: Fritz Kessler

Census Field Mapping on a Mobile Computing DeviceAndrew McIntire, Geography Division, U. S. Census Bureau

Database and Application Design Considerations in Automated Map ProductionMiguel Garriga, Geographic Systems, LLC

Cartographic Design and Production Issues of the 108th Congressional District Wall MapSeriesLinda Orsini, Geography Division, U. S. Census Bureau

Toward Historical GISs: Issues in the Design and Implementation of a GIS for Nantucket,Massachusetts 1950–2000Alberto Giordano (presenter) and Alexis Buckley, Department of Geography, Texas StateUniversity

10:30—Noon

J. Exploiting Computing Resources for CartographyCONNECTICUT/RHODE ISLAND

Chair: Frank Hardisty

Visualizing Reliability and Veracity of Historical TownplansElwin Koster, Department Humanities Computing, Groningen University, the Netherlands

Cartography Supporting Computer Simulation for AnalysisJed Marti, ARTIS LLC

Interpreting Spatial Statistics with Maps: The Case of Geographically WeightedRegressionJeremy Mennis, Department of Geography and Urban Studies, Temple University

Cloudy Day Illumination of LIDAR DataPatrick J. Kennelly, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, CW Post Campus of LongIsland University and James Stewart, School of Computing, Queen’s University

K. Technical RoundtablesVERMONT

Chair: John Krygier

Printer’s Point of View (extended presentation)Mike Fredericks, Account Manager; Shawn Anderson, Prepress Technical Support; TimCochran, Paper/Stock specialist, J. S. McCarthy Printers

Cartographic Software Roundtable (extended discussion)Discuss, dissect, and delight in details of current software used by cartographers. Bring,among other things, questions that the print experts (above) can contribute to

Noon—1:30 P.M., Lunch—on your own

Cartographic Perspectives Editorial Board MeetingMASSACHUSETTS

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1:30—3:15 P.M.

L. Map SymbolizationVERMONT

Chair: Trudy Suchan

Views of the Rivers, Representing Hydrologic Data of the Greater YellowstoneEcosystemEric Richard Strandhagen, Department of Geography, University of Oregon

Maps with no Limits: Mapping Undefined AreasDennis McClendon, Chicago Cartographics

Revising the Subway Map of New York City (extended presentation)Eddie Jabbour, Kick Design

M. Cartographic GuidesCONNECTICUT/RHODE ISLAND

Chair: R. Maxwell Baber

Lessons Learned: Reflections on Coauthoring Thematic Cartography and GeographicVisualizationFritz Kessler, Frostburg State University

Writing and Illustrating Practical Cartographic ProductionMalcom Hermann, Municipal Publications

From Direct Actor to Engaged Guide: Developing a Manual of Mapping Conventionsfor a World Wide Conservation OrganizationMark Denil, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International

Mapping by Degrees: Enhancing Liberal Arts Education with Geographic InformationSystemsR. Maxwell Baber, Samford University

3:30—5:00 P.M.

N. Modeling Cartographic Data in the ESRI EnvironmentCONNECTICUT/RHODE ISLAND

Chair: Ken Kato

Resolution and Representing Physical and Topographic Features at Different ScalesBarbara Buttenfield, Department of Geography and Meridian Research Lab, University ofColorado

Modeling GIS Data for Cartography Versus “Reality”Aileen Buckley, ESRI

Cartographic Models in GIS for Naturally Fuzzy Features (Named Marine Water Bodies,Islands, and Landforms & Physiographic Regions)Charlie Frye, ESRI

FRIDAY, OCTOBER 88

FRIDAY, OCTOBER 8 - SATURDAY, OCTOBER 9

O. Open Session on ICAVERMONT

Overview and Q&A led by Cynthia Brewer

The International Cartographic Association meets in 2005 in A Caruña, Spain, July 9-16.The U. S. National Committee to ICA encourages you to present your work on U. S.cartography or GIS in Spain next summer. Abstracts are due November 1, 2004(www.icc2005.org). Please also send a copy of your submitted abstract to Cindy Brewer(cbrewer@psu.edu), USNC Committee Chair (www.usnc-ica.org). At this informationalsession at NACIS, Cindy will tell you about the meeting, discuss presentation ideas, andtalk about travel funds.

Followed by . . .

Geo Skills GamesChair: Dale Sanderson

3:30—6:00 P.M., NACIS Board MeetingLINCOLN

6:30 P.M., Annual BanquetVERMONT

Doctor Bob’s Planet Earth ReviewBob Nannay, Department of Technology, University of Southern Maine

Saturday, October 9

Workshops

9:00 A.M.—1:00 P.M., What’s New for Cartography in ArcGIS 9.0WORKSHOP IN HOTEL

Cory Eicher, ESRI

Learn about new features and functionality for cartography in ArcMap and ArcGIS 9.0.Topics covered will include: text labeling and annotation, Maplex for ArcGIS, variabledepth masking, working with elements and the map layout, and map exporting andprinting.

9:00 A.M.—4:30 P.M., Creating Interactive Maps with SVGUNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MAINE, GORHAM CAMPUS

Brandon Plewe, Brigham Young University, Department of Geography

Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) is a web standard for interactive vector graphics that isgaining popularity as a way to put high quality, interactive maps on the Internet. Thisday-long workshop will give participants a hands-on introduction to the standard andhow to use it for cartography. Note: lunch is on your own.

Field Trips

9:00 A.M.—4:00 P.M., “Insider” Tour of DeLorme Mapping followed by Freeportshopping. Lunch on your own.

9

OPENING SESSION · BANQUET ADDRESS10

Opening Session

Representing the New EnglandVillage–Places, Maps, and MindsJoseph S. Wood, Provost andVice President for Academic Affairs,University of Southern Maine

Joe is a cultural geographer interested inhow people make places and landscapes.He has taught at the University ofNebraska at Omaha and George MasonUniversity in Northern Virginia, where hewas also Vice Provost for AcademicAffairs. He has been a visiting professor atSouth China Normal University inGuangzhou, China, and in 2001, helectured on an educational tour inCambodia and Vietnam. At the Universityof Southern Maine, he serves as VicePresident for Academic Affairs andProvost, the chief academic officer of theUniversity. Joe’s presentation to NACIScomes from his research on New Englandvillage morphology and iconography andhow understanding of the village becamean invented scholarly tradition.

Annual BanquetAddress

Doctor Bob’s Planet Earth ReviewRobert Nannay,Department of Technology,University of Southern Maine

Dr. Robert Nannay has been a professor atthe University of Southern Maine for 31years teaching in the School of AppliedSciences, Engineering and Technology. Hehas traveled extensively visiting over 90countries and every U. S. state. Dr. Nannayhas taken over 30,000 photos capturing thenatural beauty and cultural aspects of eachcountry. This incredible material has beensequenced to music in a manner thatgenerates interest and amusement. Dr. Bobboasts “I never show a slide before itstime.”

POSTER SESSION 11

Poster Session

Integrated Precision Digital Mapping ofStructural Geology in Muscongus Bay,Maine

Matthew Bampton and Dr. Mark Swanson,University of Southern Maine

Improving Landscape Interpretation byLinking Panoramic Photography to aSelf-Orienting, Visible Area RevealedMap

John Coveney

Transforming the Earth

Mark Denil, Center for Applied BiodiversityScience, Conservation International

Conservation Outcomes: Eastern ArcMountains

Mark Denil and Kellee Koeing, Center forApplied Biodiversity Science, ConservationInternational

Biodiversity Mapping in the Sierra deManantlán Biosphere Reserve, Mexico

James R. Ferguson and Janet E. Mersey,University of Guelph

Prisoners of the Census: Mapping HowPrison Populations Change the PoliticalLandscape

Rose Heyer and Peter Wagner, Prison PolicyInitiative

Outsider Maps: Some Examples ofCartographic Disobedience throughDirect-Contact, Observation & Response

Steven R Holloway, toMake Press

Innovative Physical ModelingTechnology: The Dynamic Sand Table

Charlie Kershner, U.S. Army TopographicEngineering Center

The Masters in GIS Program at theUniversity of Redlands

Mark Kumler, University of Redlands

Solving the Landscape Puzzle of theKickapoo Valley: Investigating LandTenure History with GIS

Keith Rice, University of Wisconsin-StevensPoint, Lynne Heasley, Western MichiganUniversity, Raymond Guries, University ofWisconsin-Madison, and Hawthorne Beyer,University of Alberta

Liberal Use of the FCC Database: TheNPR® Map

Martin von Wyss, vW Maps, Inc.

Collingswood, New Jersey Residential/Commercial Land Use Map

Kevin R. Zelinsky, Remington & VernickEngineers

12 NORTH AMERICAN CARTOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SOCIETY

AbstractsPaper SessionsListed alphabetically by author

R. Maxwell Baber, Department ofGeography, Samford University,Birmingham, AL

Mapping by Degrees: EnhancingLiberal Arts Education withGeographic Information SystemsLearning modules using GeographicInformation Systems (GIS) are beingintegrated into introductory courses acrossthe Samford University Arts and Sciencescurriculum. The Academic Excellence andGeographic Information Systems (AEGIS)project is teaching non-technical facultyhow to use GIS and assisting them in thedevelopment of discipline-specific GISmodules suitable for use in theirintroductory level courses. Theintroduction of GIS experiences into adiverse array of Arts and Sciences coursesenhances student research skills byproviding students with opportunities toengage in spatial data acquisition andanalysis. This project preparesundergraduate students from variousdisciplines for roles in an increasinglytechnological society by introducingspatial methodologies that have increasingapplication across a broad spectrum ofprofessional and academic fields.

Participating faculty begin with aworkshop covering basic GIS concepts andmethods, and then develop GIS modulesfor integration into their lower divisioncourses. The AEGIS project aims toincrease awareness of GIS, generategrowing undergraduate interest in GIS,and provide ongoing support formultidisciplinary GIS activities at SamfordUniversity.

Cindy Brewer, The Pennsylvania StateUniversity, University Park, PA andCharlie Frye, ESRI, Inc., Redlands,CA

From GIS to Graphics Software:When do you Bail?Remaining in the GIS environment duringmap production has many advantages butrequires that an increasing range ofcartographic effects and graphic designtools be embedded in the software. Forexample, cartographers want to positionand curve type precisely; break lines fortype over complex backgrounds; clarifyprecise overpass, underpass, and mergerelationships in complex roadinterchanges; associate multiple labelswith individual point features; and controlthe way dashes and multiple lines interactwith shape, intersection, and overlay. Wechallenged a group of graduate students atPenn State with a series of compact designproblems, with the goal of deciding“When do you bail?” The studentsreceived a project with data and stylesprepared to the point where a cartographicproblem needed to be solved. For example,the set of lines for a complex highwaycloverleaf were symbolized but did nothave correct merging or overpass/underpass relationships established. Thestudents also received a .PDF showing thefinal result that could be accomplished inArcGIS 9.0. Their challenge, with hints,was to accomplish that final result bystaying in the GIS environment as long asthey could. For this highway interchangeproblem the solution involves advancedsymbol-level drawing using an addedroad-level attribute. We will reflect on thestudents’ responses to learning about theseadvanced cartographic tools as we alsohighlight some new and hard to findcartographic options in the software.

ABSTRACTS 13

Lars Brodersen, Assoc. Prof, Dr.,Aalborg University, Denmark

What is the Role of Maps in Web-services? Geo-communication Underthe Influence of an InfrastructuralEnvironmentThe role of geoinformation and thedistribution of geoinformation havechanged dramatically since theintroduction of web-services on theInternet. In the framework of web-servicesgeo-information should be seen as anindex to further information. In thiscontext web-services perform the functionas index-portals on the basis ofgeoinformation. The introduction of web-services as index-portals based ongeoinformation has changed theconditions for both content and form ofgeocommunication. A high number ofplayers and interactions (as well as a veryhigh number of all kinds of informationand combinations of these) characterizeweb-services, where maps are only a partof the whole. These new conditionsdemand new ways of modelling the geo-communication. One new aspect is the factthat the service providers have become apart of the geocommunication processwith influence on the content. Anotheraspect is that there no longer is a givenrelation between producer and end user. Athird aspect of the new way of modellingis the distinction between active andpassive elements in the infrastructure. Thispaper is organized around a pair ofillustrations that show all components andprocesses.

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, Inc.,Redlands, CA

Modeling GIS Data for Cartographyversus “Reality”At last year’s conference, we asked theNACIS community to consider the howcartographic requirements might informthe development of GIS data models. Atthis year’s conference, we will show theconceptual and practical work we haveaccomplished in this area. Automating the

mapping process in a GIS environmentrequires that the data are well modeled notonly for typical GIS applications relating todata management and analysis but also formap compilation and production. To thatend, the map product helps to drive themodeling as much as it does theproduction process. Data modeling forgeographic inventory and analysis is beingundertaken in large mapping agenciesthroughout the world. This modelingeffort should not be undertaken withoutthe input of cartographers since one of theprimarily functions of these agencies is toprovide map products and data that can beused for mapping by users.

However, cartographers are often thoughtof and often think of themselves asperipheral players in the GIS arena. Thisneed not and indeed should not be thecase for without direction fromcartographers, GIS databases will not beable to support map productionrequirements. In fact, the map productsshould drive the data modeling process —working backwards from the product tothe data specification reduces unnecessarydetail and assures an efficient databasedesign. All too often, however, the map isonly considered after the data arecollected. This presentation demonstratesa map-based approach to GIS datamodeling to support the automation ofmap production.

Mark Denil, Director of ConservationMapping / Chief Cartographer,Center for Applied BiodiversityScience, Conservation International,Washington, DC

From Direct Actor to Engaged Guide:Developing a Manual of MappingConventions for a World wideConservation OrganizationIt is one matter to direct map makersworking in a single office or region; it isquite another kettle of fish when theorganization has persons needingdirection scattered around the world inover 30 countries. Procedures and tacticsbased on example, consultation, review

14 NORTH AMERICAN CARTOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SOCIETY

and critique that can function well in asetting of personal contact can quicklybreak down when issues of time anddistance intervene, issues that cultural,social, language, and other factors can onlyexacerbate. An obvious first step in dealingwith such a situation is to establish andpromulgate some core principles forstandard conventional mapping practiceacross the organization.

Mapping standards have traditionallybeen thought of as formulas, and inestablishing standard conventions someformulaic aspects are perhaps inevitable.However, the very wide variety of mapproducts (for the even more widelyvarying audiences) that are producedwithin an organization like ConservationInternational (CI) are not easily covered byrigid prescription; and a rigid rule, oncebroken, is easily discarded altogether.

The envisioned manual will have to beboth particular and general: some aspectsof a CI map need to be constant, whileothers, instead, require a consistentapproach. All aspects need to be informedby the rhetorical model of cartographicdesign and practice.

Any conventions manual must be a workin progress, and it is hoped that this firstversion of CI’s manual can benefit fromexamination and critique.

Charlie Frye, ESRI, Inc., Redlands, CA

Using GIS to Make Maps ofLandscapes that No Longer ExistMaking a modern map with modern toolslike GIS to depict historical events is achallenge in many ways. Even whenhistorical documentation and maps existand are rich with information they do noteasily translate into a digital analogy. Thissession will focus on using hand-drawnperiod maps to create a digital landscapeof the Boston, Massachusetts area justbefore the Battle of Bunker Hill in June of1775. The coastline and terrain of Bostonand Charlestown have changed a greatdeal since that fateful day when one of thebloodiest battles in American history took

place. A young British officer, LieutenantThomas Hyde Page, executed three mapsthat were used to create Boston in a timewhen the Back Bay was a bay. Inparticular this session will cover how tocreate a terrain model that depicts naturaland built shorelines for large scale maps.

Charlie Frye. ESRI, Inc., Redlands, CA

Cartographic Models in GIS forNaturally Fuzzy Features (NamedMarine Water Bodies, Islands, andLandforms & Physiographic Regions)A quintessential feature of manytopographic and reference maps are theplace names, but not just that they’re onthe map, but how they have been draped,slung, splayed, or settled onto the map.The ability to get this information on themap separates the amateurs from theprofessionals and for now keeps GIS onthe outside of some circles of cartographicexcellence. This session will cover the datamodeling necessities for building GIS datathat fully describes these essentialgeographic features. In particular, the ideathat a coordinate pair, as typically appearsin geographic names indexes, does notbegin to adequately describe how andwhere to put names on maps for thesekinds of places.

Miguel Garriga, Geographic Systems,LLC, Altamonte Springs, FL

Database and Application DesignConsiderations in Automated MapProductionThis paper touches on issues and trade-offs in automated map production usingGIS. The ultimate goal is to produce manyhigh-quality maps quickly, with minimummanual effort. Automated mapproduction places demands on the designsof both the Applications and the Databasesthey interact with.

A traditional approach to GIS mapproduction uses dedicated datasets tosupport production of one single, specificmap title. The map may be created using

ABSTRACTS 15

coverages, shapefiles, or other datasetsthat “belong” to that one map title, and arenot used in any other map. One drawbackto this approach is the level of manualeffort required. Map composition,including text placement, may be largelymanual. Another drawback is that a realworld change to a feature may requireedits to each separate map dataset thatfeature appears in.

Emerging map production methods aremore automated and database-driven. Thisrequires sophisticated design of bothdatabase and mapping applications. Oneor more centralized mapping datasetscontain all the features that may appear inany number of maps. Advanced mappingroutines include the required features,generalize on the fly, symbolize andannotate the map as needed for theparticular map type, scale, anddistribution media (paper or internet). Acentralized database approach mayeliminate or greatly reduce the need toduplicate real world changes indisconnected datasets.

The quality of the final map isindependent of the approach taken. Theappropriate approach depends on theneeds of the mapping organization andresources available.

Alberto Giordano and Alexis Buckley,Department of Geography, TexasState University, San Marcos

Towards Historical GISs: Issues inthe Design and Implementation of aGIS for Nantucket, Massachusetts1950-2000The island of Nantucket, Massachusettshas a rich history that includes theprosperous days of its Quaker-dominatedwhaling industry in the 18th century. Sincethe decline of whaling and for 150 years,Nantucket remained a modest fishingcommunity, frequented by a small butaffluent summer tourist set. During the1950s Walter Beinecke, Jr. (a wealthysummer resident) recognized the potentialfor economic revitalization through

strategically planned tourism developmentgeared towards the rich. Beinecke andothers purchased property, renovatedbuildings, preserved historic places, andpromoted the conservation of naturalhabitats. It was the beginning of thetransformation that propelled Nantucketinto a burgeoning high-end resort.However, this transformation also led tothe economic marginalization and often tothe disappearance of much of the localworking class, due particularly to the lackof affordable housing. The purpose of ourproject is to show the dynamics of thisprocess through the creation of anhistorical GIS (Geographical InformationSystem) specifically geared towardsvisualizing the evolution from the 1950s ofthe interrelationships between real estatemarket, historic preservation and naturalconservation, and indices of housingaffordability. In our presentation we willdiscuss the design of the GIS, introduce aprototype implementation, and discussissues related to the use and integration ofGIS and GPS for historical analysis.

Kirk Goldsberry, Sara Irina Fabrikant,and Phaedon Kyriakidis,Department of Geography,University of California SantaBarbara

The Influence of ClassificationChoice on Animated ChoroplethMapsData classification has a considerablevisual effect on choropleth maps.Different classing methods yield differentclass thresholds, thus directly influencingthe geographic pattern emerging in themap. Effects of classification choice onstatic maps are well documented (Brewer,2002; Jenks and Caspall, 1971; Monmonier,1975). It is not quite clear, however, howdifferent classing methods will affect thevisibility of space-time patterns inanimated maps.

In this paper we investigate the effects offour popular classification techniques (e.g.,equal interval, quantile, nested means, andstandard deviations) on animated

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choropleth maps. In addition, we evaluatethe applicability of an averagedCumulative Distribution Function (CDF)to classify a time-series data set foranimation. The five chosen classificationmethods result in five different sequencesof map frames. We introduce a method toquantify the magnitude of change betweenmap frames to evaluate the classificationeffects mentioned. We investigate thedifferences relating to empty classes,skewed data distributions, and themagnitude of change between adjacentkey frames in the map animation. Emptyclasses occur when an animation framedoes not include at least one geographicunit within every class on the legend.Skewed distributions can result in certainmap frames containing an overwhelmingmajority of geographic units belonging toone or two classes. The broader impacts ofthis investigation include a betterunderstanding of how classification andgeneralization affect a sequence ofthematic maps.

Amy L. Griffin, University of NewSouth Wales at ADFA; Alan M.MacEachren and Bonan Li, ThePennsylvania State University,University Park; and FrankHardisty, University of SouthCarolina, Columbia

Seeing Clusters that Move OverSpace and Time II: Comparing SmallMultiples with AnimationA long-standing question in bothcartography and cognitive psychology iswhether map animation (and animationmore generally) facilitates learning.Morrison (2000) reviewed a large numberof controlled experiments that tested theefficacy of animated graphics, andconcluded that because of experimentaldesign flaws, these studies did not provideany evidence to support a hypothesis thatanimated maps and graphics promoteeither faster or more complete learning.Notably, none of the studies Morrisonreviewed involved animated maps or thetypes of complex knowledge construction

activities that animated maps may be mostuseful in supporting.

This paper reports on the results of anexperiment that assessed the degree towhich map readers are able to detectclusters of events that move through bothspace and time while viewing a set ofstatic small multiple maps. The testinstrument used sets of static smallmultiple maps that contained the sameinformation as animated maps used in anearlier experiment (reported on at lastyear’s NACIS conference). Participantsalso viewed the visual representations(animated or static) for the same length oftime. Additionally, we compare mapreaders’ performance with both animatedmaps and static small multiple mapsunder a range of experimental conditions(varying pace and pattern coherence).

Cited Literature: Morrison, J.B. (2000).Does animation facilitate learning? Anevaluation of the congruence andequivalence hypotheses. DoctoralDissertation, Department of Psychology,Stanford University. 161 pp.

Adele J. Haft, Associate Professor ofClassics at Hunter College of theCity University of New York

Mapping Desire: The LouisianaPurchase, Lewis & Clark, and KarlKirchwey’s The Geographer’s LineIn The Geographer’s Line (1990),American poet Karl Kirchwey recalls hischildhood in London with hisdysfunctional family. But Kirchwey’syouthful alter-ego escapes his parents’despair by creating a map of his future. Asthe poem opens, the thirteen-year-old istracing a map of “the continental UnitedStates in 1803.” Imagining the year 1803 asa coming-of-age for the young republic,Kirchwey compares the boy’s imminentgrowth with the westward expansion ofthe United States after the LouisianaPurchase. Drawn to the unknown, the boyembodies the excitement of discoveryfacing the young country.

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Like William Clark and others whomapped the country’s frontiers, the boytries to “ornament...the unknown” and“get those boundaries right somehow.”His desire for freedom, control, andadventure mirror the dreams ofnineteenth-century Americans as theysought to find a northwest passage to theriches of Asia or, failing that, to create ansocial and economic Eden in the West. (“Isay that mankind progresses east to west...We go westward as into the future, with aspirit of enterprise and adventure” —Thoreau, 1863.)

Told from the perspectives of an idealisticboy and the man / poet he has become,The Geographer’s Line also hints at thedarker side of maturity, nationally as wellas individually. Inspired by the Lewis andClark bicentennial, this critique ends byexamining several maps that illuminateKirchwey’s brilliant poem. Together, thesemaps record “the gradual acquisitions,betrayals, [and] purchases” of nineteenth-century territorial expansion.

Frank Hardisty, University of SouthCarolina, Columbus

Open Source Cartographic Software:Where Does the Ethical Meet thePractical?Open Source Software (alternatively, FreeSoftware) has ethical advantages overproprietary software, especially forsoftware produced in the course ofacademic research. These advantagesinclude contributing towards the publicgood in two ways, directly and indirectly.Releasing software under an Open Sourcelicense contributes to the public gooddirectly in the form of useful softwareroutines. It contributes indirectly byenabling better peer review of the researchbeing conducted.

Both of these ethical advantages apply tosoftware produced as part of cartographicresearch. Two examples of the directbenefits are the release of the projectionroutines in the “proj4” library, and theMapTools internet mapping applications.

Indirect benefits would includecircumstances enabling better peer review,such as making a user-testing apparatusavailable, or such as an algorithm forproducing cartograms. It is unfortunate,therefore, that the majority of cartographicresearch is done on cartographic softwareremains proprietary.

A main reason for the dearth of OpenSource cartographic software is thepractical one that most Open Sourcesoftware depends on Open Sourceplatforms, such as Linux. For example, theleading Open Source GIS, GRASS, doesnot run easily on Windows, and has notdeveloped much cartographicsophistication. On the other hand, progresstowards use of Open Source cartographicsoftware is being constantly made,especially for mapping over the internet. Acultural change among cartographers toencourage the use of Open Source licenseswould help the cartographic communitybetter conduct its research, and wouldhelp those who benefit from our efforts.

Malcolm Hermann, Owner, MunicipalPublications, Home, PA

Writing and Illustrating PracticalCartographic ProductionThe need for a manual or manuals oncartography in the digital age is oftenremarked upon. Much is written about GISbut very little is published on the use ofgraphic arts software for cartography. Thisbook approaches the job with acraftsman’s attitude, with the goal ofattractive, easy-to-read maps. The look ofthe book is also intended to be attractiveand easy-to-read. The book is about 2/3rdswritten as of 5/25/04, and primarilycovers the use of Adobe Illustrator andPhotoshop. Various other softwarepackages are also briefly shown includingIn Design, Olive, Acrobat, Macadam,Flash, Bryce and ColorBrewer. The longestchapter, ‘Illustration Techniques’, iscompleted, denoting the emphasis onvector line art. The overall tone is non-academic. For example the word‘symbolization’ will not be used.

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The pages are designed as fully illustratedspreads, and are intended to impart tobeginners ‘how-to’ information withoutexcessive verbosity. The Macintoshplatform is used in of all the examples,although most of the work can be easilyfollowed in the Windows versions of thesame software. The content focuses onprint media but also briefly covers mapson the web.

The tentative table of contents and samplespreads from the book can be seen at:www.microserve.net/~malcolmh/Practical_Cartography.html

Eddie Jabbour, Creative Director, KickDesign, New York

Revising the Subway Map of NewYork CityEddie is the designer of, and tirelessadvocate for, a new map design andcommunication solution for the world’smost complex subway system. His firmoffers brand design and productconcepting for clients such as the WaltDisney Company, the Andy WarholFoundation, and General Motors. See thelatest map design at:www.kickdesign.com/mapcomparison/

Mary L. Johnson, Technical Writer,Remington & Vernick Engineers,Haddonfield, NJ

Mapping Suburbia: Tax AssessmentData Provides an Important Sense ofPlaceCollingswood is a small community insouthern New Jersey that is perhaps bestknown as the boyhood home of latetelevision actor / writer / director MichaelLandon. Small storefront businesses thriveon its main street, and houses range fromornate Victorians to modest bungalows.The careful mix of residential andcommercial properties, the intricatebalance of development and preservationneeds, and the ability to look to the futurewhile remembering the past have kept thiscommunity vital and strong even during

harsh economic times. “Collingswood: It’swhere you want to be,” proclaims theirwebsite, and the community continues todo everything possible to make peoplebelieve it.

Mapping has become an important tool forthose at the helm of Collingswood andother older communities struggling withtoday’s redevelopment needs.

For municipal mapping and GIS purposes,the local Tax Assessor’s Office is thespringboard to customized data layerssuitable for land use, planning and relatedapplications. Everything from streetaddresses to property classifications tozoning designations may be included.Since no two tax parcels ever consist ofexactly the same identification number,GIS attribute tables based on this data canbe seamlessly and accurately linked totheir corresponding property locations ona digital map.

By examining the maps created forCollingswood using tax assessment data, itis not only possible to visualize thecommunity as it is today, but also tounderstand how careful redevelopmentguidelines will continue to makeCollingswood a place people want to be inthe future.

kanarinka

Glowlab.com ProjectsThere is an emerging field of new mediaartists who are borrowing concepts fromcartography in order to createexperimental, locative artworks. Thesepractices are often collaborative,performative, and use public space as anartistic medium. These practices haveantecedents (such as thepsychogeographical practices of theSituationists of the 1960s) and influences(such as the fields of cartography,ethonography, and conceptual art), butalso approach the realm of artistic,cartographic inquiry in entirely new andvery diverse ways.

kanarinka will give an overview of severalof these artists and groups, focusing

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particularly on the glowlab collective (ofwhich she is part). Glowlab(www.glowlab.com), founded by artistChristina Ray, curates an annual festivalcalled Psy.Geo.Conflux in which artistsand theorists of this emerging areaconverge to experiment together for fivedays a year. glowlab is also engaged in anextensive project “One Block Radius” tomap a single city block in New York City(www.oneblockradius.org).

Ken Kato and Erik Steiner,InfoGraphics Lab, Department ofGeography, University of Oregon,Eugene

Representing Oregon’s EndangeredSalmonThe north coast of Oregon is presently thefocus of an important debate concerningfish listed under the Endangered SpeciesAct. The Oregon Watershed EnhancementBoard (OWEB), a key player in this debate,is currently engaged in a comprehensiveassessment of the Oregon Plan for Salmonand Watersheds to determine itseffectiveness in addressing the 1997 listingof Coho salmon as an endangered species.The Oregon Plan for Salmon andWatersheds is a statewide effort to restorethe watersheds of Oregon and recover fishand wildlife populations to productive andsustainable levels. In particular, theOregon Plan assessment entails collectingand analyzing mountains of data collectedby state and federal agencies as well aslocal watershed councils. As cartographerswe were recruited to work with OWEB inthe presentation of this assessment.

To meet OWEB’s need for an effectivedocument, the InfoGraphics Lab at theUniversity of Oregon is creating a map-driven publication that employs atlasdesign principles. Working alongside statefish biologists, we’re creating a series oftwo-page layouts that display place-basedaccomplishments, investments, restorationissues and challenges. Detailed maps anddata rich graphics are used to presents themajor factors affecting wild Coho: whatactions have been taken, the presentation

and interpretation of relevant data, and aprioritization for future action. Ourchallenge is packing a tremendous amountof information into just a few precioussquare inches of paper – a challenge wellsuited for cartographic techniques. Ourwork on this project has demonstrated astrong role for cartographers and qualitycartographic design in state governmentreporting.

Patrick Kennelly, Assistant Professor,Department of Earth andEnvironmental Science, CW PostCampus / Long Island University,Brookville, NY and James Stewart,School of Computing, Queen’sUniversity, Kingston, Ontario,Canada

Cloudy Day Illumination of LIDARData

Geographic information systems usuallyrender terrain using a point sourceillumination model. If the sky surroundingthe terrain is assumed to be a hemisphereat great distance from the terrain, thismodel assumes that light shines from onepoint on the hemisphere to the terrain.

Any pattern of light of the same or varyingintensity, however, can be defined on thehemisphere and used to illuminate theterrain. Uniform diffuse illumination usesequal intensity of light from every portionof the hemisphere. Cloudy dayillumination combines diffuse illuminationfrom clouds and localized, brighterillumination from the obscured sun.

We apply cloudy day illumination torenderings of Light Detection and Ranging(LIDAR) data from an area with tall,closely spaced buildings. Generally,rendering such data has required a choicebetween including shadows and obscuringparts of the dataset, or excluding shadowsand losing important visual clues tobuilding heights. We use cloudy dayillumination to display bothsimultaneously in a realistic-looking

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manner. Localized illumination creates softshadows that reveal detailed hillshadingbeneath. In shadowed and non-shadowedareas, uniform diffuse illuminationmodulates the brightness of hillshadingwith percentage of the sky visible fromany given point. Surface elements withmore of the sky obscured, such as streets,will be darker than those with less skyobscured, such as the tops of buildings.

Fritz Kessler, Department ofGeography, Frostburg StateUniversity, Frostburg, MD

Lessons Learned: Reflections onCoauthoring Thematic Cartographyand Geographic VisualizationAnyone who has authored a textbook forthe first time has undoubtedly reflectedupon the entire writing process and in sodoing has perhaps wished for a smootherexperience. Coauthoring ThematicCartography and Geographic Visualizationwas a new experience for me, and I gaineda considerable amount of insight into theauthoring process and writing in general.The purpose of this presentation is to sharemy experiences as a first time coauthorhoping that others who are contemplatingwriting a cartography text will ponder thefollowing issues and perhaps be betterinformed as to the labors involved. Thefirst issue centers on the fact that theamount of time needed to complete eachchapter was considerably greater than theoriginal estimate. The second issue pointsout that my approach to how I write hadto change since the textbook was gearedtoward students and not my peers. Thethird issue examines the production andcost considerations needed for preparinggraphics and illustrations. The fourthissue looks into my role as a coauthorverses the role of a sole author. The fifthissue talks about the necessity of beingcritical of my own writing abilities andbeing able to blend my writing style withthat of the other authors. While these arenot the only issues that coauthors mustface, they are the ones that I became mostcognizant of during my writing

experience. Had I been aware of theseissues, I would have been better preparedfor the coauthoring process.

Dr. Elwin Koster, InformationTechnologist / Urban Historian,Dept. Humanities Computing /Architectural History, GroningenUniversity, the Netherlands

Visualizing Reliability and Veracityof Historical TownplansMore and more historians are using GISand digital maps to present their work.While in many other cases historians aimfor reliable sources they do not seem tocare when they use maps. In the project“Paper and Virtual Cities” research is doneon the reliability of historical, mainly 17thcentury maps. (http://mani.let.rug.nl:8080/pvc/) The ultimategoal of this project is to make explicitchoices in the use of historical maps invirtual (re-) constructions for research anddesign. How can the root mean squareerror been used to better rectify historicalsources? What rubbersheeting techniquescan be used to make maps fit better, andhow can the choice of ground controlpoints be derived from historical sourceson land surveying?

The paper will present the global approachof the project, but also on the design of adigital matrix (a GIS-like application) thatvisualizes the reliability and veracity ofhistorical town plans and virtual (re-)constructions (separately or incombination) in relation to function andcontext. This matrix is a combination ofGML and SVG in combination with amarkup language that is able to describethe historical context.

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Megan M. Lawrence, Department ofGeography, University of Oregon,Eugene

The Neural Basis of MapComprehension and Spatial AbilitiesCartographic researchers have beeninvestigating how people cognitivelyprocess and use cartographicrepresentations for years. Significant gainshave been made in understanding how amap design influences a user’s ability toaccurately interpret the presentedinformation. Meanwhile, comparativelyfew gains have been made inunderstanding the broader question: howa user’s fundamental spatial abilitiesinfluence their accurate interpretation of amap, regardless of its design. The exactrelationship between spatial abilities andmap comprehension is still largelyunknown.

Previous research in spatial abilities hasinvestigated spatial knowledgeacquisition, map rotation abilities and theemergence and development of spatialabilities over time. A majority of the resultsfrom these research projects have relied onbehavioral data, such as performance andresponse time – admittedly poorsurrogates for complex cognitiveprocessing such as map comprehension.

Using fMRI (functional magneticresonance imaging), this ongoing researchproject investigates the neurological basisof two previously identified spatialabilities: spatial relations and spatialscanning. Using performance andresponse time information coupled withrich data on brain activation during taskcompletion, we hope to more rigorouslyidentify the importance of these abilities inmap comprehension.

There are two distinct components to theexperiment, one in which subjects aretested on abstract cognitive tasks (muchlike questions on an IQ exam), and asecond where they are tested on relatedreal-life map tasks. Results will bepresented comparing images of brainsperforming the cognitive versus map

tasks, and comparing the patterns of thetwo so-called spatial abilities.

Renee Pualani Louis, University ofHawaii at Manoa

Hawaiian Place Names: MnemonicSymbols in a Hawaiian CartographyHawaiians used place names as mnemonicsymbols to encode their knowledge of theenvironment. Place names performed indaily rituals (i.e., stories, chant, song, anddance) were a conscious act of re-implacing genealogical connections, re-creating cultural landscapes, and re-generating cultural mores. Thoseperforming these traditional practicesdeliberately incorporated familiarity,awareness, expertise, and fluency of thespatial relationships of their environmentsthereby communicating cartographically.

This paper proposes to investigateHawaiian ‘performance cartography’, acartographic tradition cultivated in oraltraditions still being practiced todaydespite the eroding presence of Hawaiiannames and cartographic traditions onWestern map products (i.e., U.S.G.S.topographic maps). In addition, it willalso seek to understand the nature ofHawaiian cartography, its parallelism withWestern cartography, its depiction,communication, display techniques.

The main goal of this research is to attain abetter understanding of the developmentof Hawaiian cartography, its cognitiverelationships with Hawaiian culture,livelihood, and the landscape, and offer acomparison of its scientific paradigmswith those of Western cartography. Thebroader impacts of the results of thisresearch is a cooperative effort with theU.S.G.S. to revive and preserve thisimportant Hawaiian tradition bysuggesting and replacing place namesback to the Hawaiian tradition and adoptthem into the GNIS, to educate mappingagencies as well as future Hawaiiangenerations the cognitive, cultural, spatial,cartographical implications of Hawaiianplace names. Furthermore, it will raise

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awareness of indigenous cartographyamong practitioners of Westerncartography.

Jed Marti, ARTIS LLC, Salt Lake City,UT

Cartography Supporting ComputerSimulation for AnalysisComputer Simulations are used foranalysis of diverse topics from militaryweapons and communications systems topatterns of human physical activity.Cartographic displays support bothgeneration of scenarios and visualizationof results.

Computer simulations of human activities,from exercise to warfare, are based onnumeric representations of terrain;elevation, ground cover, and discretefeatures. Areas covered range from a fewsquare kilometers usually with very highresolution, to thousands of kilometers withmedium resolution. Using this data, thesimulation programmer develops a generictool that the analyst applies in differentterrains. The analyst must first specify theterrain area and data quality - inputtypically derived from a graphical userinterface tied to a cartographic display. Theanalyst may create a “scenario” describingmovements and interactions on a specificpiece of terrain using a map display as abasis. Results of analysis of manysimulation runs might be displayed on amap background, perhaps a movie orsome visualization tool relating data to itsgeographic location.

This paper presents problems we’vesolved using cartographic visualizationtools coupled to computer simulations forvarious activities. We address terrainselection and database generation, terrainanalysis activities, scenario generation,and visualization of results.

Dennis McClendon, ChicagoCartoGraphics

Maps with No Limits: MappingUndefined AreasThe tidy-minded cartographer (andgeographic database) expects areas shownon maps to be carefully defined polygons.But the world is not so tidy. Neighbor-hoods, wildlife ranges, geologic phe-nomena, and even some nations haveedges that are vague or unknown. Whatdesign solutions have various mapmakersused to illustrate this concept?

Patrick McGlamery, InformationTechnology Services Area Head,University of Connecticut Libraries;Robert Cromley, GeographyProfessor and Director, University ofConnecticut Center for GeographicInformation and Analysis, MichaelPaluzzi, Geography PhD. student;all University of Connecticut

Building a Digital Gazetteer forConnecticutThis paper will present work done to atthe University of Connecticut on aGeoLocator for 14,000 images ofphotographs, drawings and prints in theConnecticut History Online (CHO). TheGeoLocator is an ArcIMS applicationwhich maps bibliographic records from theLibraries’ catalog. CHO II presents animproved implementation with moredigital images. This version integratesArcIMS and the digital gazetteer ofConnecticut as a geodatabase in ArcSDE.The data model of the geodatabase andmethods for populating the database willbe discussed.

Andrew McIntire, Geography Division,U.S. Census Bureau, Suitland, MD

Census Field Mapping on a HandHeld ComputerDecennial Census field staff havetraditionally used paper maps to

ABSTRACTS 23

accomplish their tasks. As part of theeffort to reduce the use of paper in the2010 Census, the Census Bureau is testingthe use of maps on hand-held computer bythe field staff. For testing in the 2006Census Test, the Census Bureau isdeveloping a system (called LAMI -Listing And Mapping Instrument)designed to provide all the functionality ofthe previous paper maps and address lists.The requirements include: the ability todisplay a map; the ability to collect anddisplay map updates; the ability to displayand update an address list; the ability toacquire a GPS coordinate for a structure;and the ability to conduct Quality Controloperations. All of the above requirementsmust be accomplished on a screen roughlythe size of a credit card. This presentsconsiderable challenges, not only for thecartographers, but also for the clients. TheCensus Test programs provide the CensusBureau with the opportunity to learn thelimitations of both hardware and software,and the opportunity to find solutions tothe design issues raised by working withsuch a small map area. Some of the issuesrevolve around the data structure (numberof layers and complexity of features insome layers), some derive fromoperational requirements (areas to bemapped range from single blocks tomultiple counties), while others relate tospecific cartographic limitations of COTSsoftware being used.

Jeremy Mennis, Department ofGeography and Urban Studies,Temple University, Philadelphia

Interpreting Spatial Statistics withMaps: The Case of GeographicallyWeighted RegressionGeographically weighted regression(GWR) is a statistical technique forexploring spatial nonstationarity – whenthe measurement of relationships amongvariables varies over space. Whereasconventional regression of spatial datagenerates a single equation to representglobal relationships among variables,GWR calibrates the regression equation

differently for each observation accordingto a bandwidth-modified, Gaussiandistance decay function away from theobservation upon which the GWR iscentered. The result is a separateparameter estimate, t-value, and goodnessof fit statistic for each individualobservation, allowing these values to bemapped. These maps reveal the form ofspatial nonstationarity and may be used todrive hypotheses as to the spatial processbeing modeled.

Because GWR is a relatively newtechnique, the utility of differentapproaches for mapping the results ofGWR has not yet been investigated. Thisresearch undertakes such an investigationby applying GWR to investigate spatialnonstationarity in the relationship betweensocioeconomic characteristics and medianhousing value using tract-level, U.S.Census 2000 data for the Philadelphia,Pennsylvania region. A variety oftechniques for mapping parameterestimates are compared, including:

• Categorical thematic maps of tractsclassified as having negatively,positively, and not significantparameter estimates

• Univariate choropleth maps of all tractparameter estimates

• Univariate choropleth maps of onlysignificant tract parameter estimates

• Bivariate choropleth maps of parameterestimates and t-values

• Bivariate choropleth maps of onlysignificant parameter estimates and t-values

Byron Moldofsky, Manager,Cartography Office, Department ofGeography, University of Toronto

Canadian Century ResearchInfrastructure Project: Using GIS forHistorical Census Data Mapping andAnalysisThe Canadian Century ResearchInfrastructure Project is a five-year multi-

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institutional interdisciplinary project tocreate a microdata sample database ofindividual census records for the 1911 to1951 censuses of Canada. Integral to theproject is the construction of a geographicframework for the historical census data,using GIS technology. Census geographylayers are being created at the censussubdivision level, to enable location,selection, aggregation and analysis ofsample data, as well as some mapping ofgeneralized census data. This is beingdesigned in a Geodatabase environment,which will allow researchers to link to themain database, and to ask questions whichare much more geographically orientedthan in past projects. Interactive mappingtools to make these geographic queriesand analysis as user-friendly as possiblewill also be developed in the latter stagesof the project.

Deborah Natsios, Natsios YoungArchitects, New York

National Security Sprawl: Targetingthe HomelandThe digital mappings in this seriesexamine the emergent national securitygeography called “homeland”. They trackthe metamorphosis of America’s civillandscapes into incipient battlespace - thevirtual, multidimensional locus ofinformation-rich databases serviced bynetworks of complex sensors andinformation devices that provide real-timeintelligence frameworks for visualizingand prosecuting warfare.

The maps explore the securityenvironment at the US homeland’sepicenter: Washington DC and its greatermetropolitan region, where in recentdecades, a new national landscape ofamorphous edge cities and chaoticexurban sprawl have been annexed to theemblematic Capital, displacing theidealism of L’Enfant’s 1791 plan for thecity.

In an earlier era of internal enemy threat,during the US Civil War, the Capital andits Monumental Core had been hardened

by a ring system of fortifications known asthe Defenses of Washington. The networkwas supported by an extensive program ofmilitary mapping informed by ongoingintelligence and reconnaissanceoperations. Cartographic informationsystems are also circumscribing the 21stcentury militarization of homeland,supporting its regime of purported TotalInformation Awareness. The new defensesof Washington are expanding beyond thecentralized apparatus of the nation state,targeting the constitutionally ambiguousterrain of suburban battlesprawl.

Linda Orsini, Geography Division,U.S. Census Bureau, Suitland, MD

Cartographic Design and ProductionIssues of the 108th CongressionalDistrict Wall Map SeriesIn 2003, the U.S. Census Bureau’sGeography Division created a new seriesof 42" by 36" maps of each district of theU.S. House of Representatives. Thesemaps, designed for attractive wall displayas well as for distribution via the web andDVD-ROM, portray in detail selectedpolitical boundaries, physical features, andthe congressional district boundaries ineffect for the 108th Congress, the first toserve under the reapportionment andredistricting following Census 2000. Tomake 440 unique large-format maps of thehighest cartographic quality within a 5month production schedule, the CensusBureau created a system combiningautomated and interactive cartographicproduction techniques. This presentationwill discuss the map requirements, thedesign issues, and the production systemthat was used to successfully complete thischallenging project.

Tom Patterson, U.S. National ParkService, Harpers Ferry, MD

Evaluating National Park Service 3DTrailhead MapsI will discuss the 3D trailhead mapprogram at the U. S. National Park Service

ABSTRACTS 25

(NPS) and preparations for a study toevaluate the effectiveness of 3D trailheadmaps compared to their traditional 2Dcounterparts. The NPS is one of the largestpublishers of outdoor maps in the world,many of which depict hiking trails inmountainous regions. The prevailingdesign philosophy for trailhead maps isone of clarity and simplicity, becausehikers must carry all information obtainedfrom the maps in their heads—assumingthat they are not using other maps on thetrail—for a hike that might last severalhours. The goal of these maps is twofold:to provide basic orientation informationabout the hike such as distance, traildifficulty, and safety concerns; and, toencourage more people to hike byinforming them about points of interestalong the trail.

To better achieve these goals, the NPSincreasingly uses 3D depiction to maptrails in parks with high relative relief.Based on the 57,100 hits yielded by aGoogle search using the keywords “3Dtrail maps,” the NPS is not alone in thistrend. However, the basis for the decisionby the NPS to use 3D maps is entirelydesign intuition. The NPS design andcartography staff believes that comparedto 2D maps, 3D maps increase trailheadreadership (both the number of readersand the time spent reading), are moreeasily understood, and are retained longeras mental maps. To test the validity ofthese assumptions, and to justify theadditional time and expense needed toproduce 3D maps, I plan to conduct acomparative user study in a national park.

The target study population is generalpark visitors setting out on a day hike ofseveral hours duration. On alternate dayseither a 2D or 3D map of comparablecomplexity and design quality will be ondisplay at a popular trailhead in amountainous park. The study will becomprised of two parts. At the trailheadpassive observation methods will measurethe percentage of hikers who take the timeto read both types of maps and theduration of time spent reading. A 2001study by a team from Virginia Polytechnic

Institute at Yosemite National Parkrevealed that only 10 percent of all hikers(n = 1,279) studied a 2D trailhead map forone minute or more before commencingtheir hike—a statistic calling out forimprovement. The second part of thestudy will consist of a survey administeredto hikers on the trail to test their retentionof geospatial information. Choosing anappropriate trail to test on, crafting thesurvey questions, designing the 2D and 3Dmaps for testing, and logistical challengesare just some of the many factors critical tothe success of the study. After presentingthe details of my proposed study, I will askthe audience to comment on themethodology and will open the floor for ageneral discussion about effectiveness of2D versus 3D for mountain tourismmapping.

Joanne M. Perry, Maps Librarian andHead of Cartographic InformationServices, The Pennsylvania StateUniversity, University Park

Cartographic Data on the Web:What’s Out There and How to Find ItIt is no secret that there is a lot ofcartography on the Web, so findingsomething is no problem. However,locating what you really need is notalways easy because there is so muchscattered among so many places.

Many federal, state, and local governmentagencies have extensive Web sites andthere area federal and state-levelclearinghouses that can be accessed fordigital data. While I cannot promise toprovide the single best site for everycartographic need, I can providesuggestions for Web searching strategiesand a list of URLs of likely sources ofcartographic information.

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Ben Sheesley, Jeff Stone, BillBuckingham, all Department ofGeography, University ofWisconsin-Madison

User-Defined Benchmarks forVisualizing Object Movement in aLarge Spatiotemporal DatabaseAnimation as a mapping technique has thepotential to directly represent process andchange over time in ways that traditionalmapping techniques cannot. However, onechallenge in extracting meaningfulinformation from animated maps involvesstoring visual information in short-termmemory and making comparisons overtime. Temporal comparison tasks not onlyinvolve change detection but alsocomprehension of how much, where, andwhen change occurs. An importantdistinction is thus made between low-levelperceptual comparison tasks and high-level cognitive comparison tasks, althoughsurely some overlap exists between them.Ideally, visualization tools should helpanimated map users with both tasks (e.g.,change detection and comprehension).This research takes a large spatiotemporaldatabase characteristic of those nowcommon in much geographical researchand examines how visualization toolscalled object benchmarks can decreasedemands on short-term memory and thushelp make meaningful comparisons withingroups and between groups of animatedobjects. A “proof of concept” mapanimation of the American Birkebeinercross-country ski marathon willdemonstrate the advantages andlimitations of this concept. Future workincludes focus-group sessions to refineinterface design and map functionality, aswell as technical development involvingdatabase structure and web deliverymechanics. A major goal of this research isthe design of flexible visualization toolsthat meet the needs of a diverse group ofpotential users. As object tracking devicesbecome more prevalent, it is not difficult toimagine numerous other areas ofapplication (e.g., species migration andtransportation).

Erik Richard Strandhagen,InfoGraphics Lab, Department ofGeography, University of Oregon,Eugene

Views of the Rivers, RepresentingHydrologic Data of the GreaterYellowstone EcosystemWater resource management represents afield where there is an opportunity toimprove geospatial visualization methodsfor collaboration and public outreach. Themajority of work in water resourcemanagement with geospatial informationinvolves decision-making carried out bygroups. The Greater YellowstoneEcosystem (GYE) provides an excellenttesting ground for research on geospatialvisualization applications in hydrology.The ecosystem contains the headwaters ofthree major river systems, the Snake /Columbia, Yellowstone / Missouri, andGreen / Colorado, which bring togethermany resource management issues andmanagers in a centralized location.

The research aim is to investigate GYEgeospatial hydrologic data domain userapplications in order to create referencetools that contribute to coordination andcollaboration in hydrological management.Interviews were conducted with 14 expertusers of hydrologic data in the GYE todefine their needs for products thatcontribute to coordination andcollaboration in management. Based onthe needs defined in the interview process,the objective for the research is to designproducts that visually communicateinformation pertaining to the hydrology ofGYE with an integration of maps andhydrographs presented in a series of atlas-style two-page layouts. Layouts arethemed based and illustrate the spatial andtemporal variability of rivers and streamflow. Page layouts provide an authoritativereference tool for collaboration amongresource managers and as a visual mediumto communicate information to the public.Clear data-rich maps and hydrographs aidin the understanding of information forpolicy making, collaboration inmanagement, and education concerningthe GYE hydrology.

ABSTRACTS 27

Alex Tait, International MappingAssociates, Ellicott City, MD

Mapmaking for the Census Atlas ofthe United StatesThe Census Atlas of the United States willcontain over 750 maps and the mapselection process involved the creation ofover 1100 maps. To produce such a largenumber of maps, most of them choroplethmaps, with a small team of cartographersrequired careful planning and effective useof ESRI ArcMAP, Adobe Illustrator, andsupporting applications.

This presentation will look at howInternational Mapping tackled the CensusAtlas mapmaking challenge and examinespecific examples of “the right tool for theright” job in the mapping process. Certainmaps stayed in full GIS mode until the lastmoment and others required extensivegraphic design work early in the process.Careful use of map prototyping anddesign samples was key to the process.

James Tice, Department of Architectureand Erik Steiner, InfoGraphics Lab,Department of Geography, bothUniversity of Oregon, Eugene

Remastering the 1748 Nolli Map ofRomeThis presentation will describe thehistorical and contemporary significanceof the 1748 Nolli map of Rome, anddemonstrate how the authors are buildingan interactive website to provide access tothis important document.

A contemporary of Piranesi, GiambattistaNolli (ca.1692-1756) was an architect andcartographer who’s most importantcontribution is his lifelong monumentalwork, La Pianta Grande di Roma (“the greatplan of Rome”) of 1748. Arguably one ofthe most revealing and beautiful urbanplans of all time, it is the first accurate mapof Rome, capturing the city at the height ofits artistic and architectural achievements.

About nine feet across and consisting oftwelve exquisitely engraved copper plates,

the Nolli map is a technical wonder andrepresents a milestone in the art ofcartography. While it has been animportant reference for Rome scholars andarchitectural specialists ever since itscreation, its full potential as amultidisciplinary educational and researchtool has not yet been realized.Unfortunately cost and other challengesrelated to 18th century engraving andprinting techniques have limited itsaccessibility, as very few high qualityprints are still in existence (one of whichwe have at the University of Oregon).

Our goal has been to create a multi-useeducational website that preserves thedelicate integrity of the original Nolli mapwhile providing an enhanced viewingexperience and revealing both modern andhistorical significance through relatedinteractive themes.

The site is projected to go live in May, 2005at the following address: http://geography.uoregon.edu/infographics/projects/rome/

Karen M. Trifonoff, Department ofGeography and Geosciences,Bloomsburg University, Bloomsburg,PA

“The Shape of Ohio” as Seen inQuiltsThe Bicentennial of Ohio provided theoccasion for the display of over 1,000quilts, both old quilts made by early Ohiosettlers, and new quilts made specificallyfor the statehood celebration. The quiltsentered in the quilt competition portion ofthe Bicentennial quilt show at the OhioState Fair in August of 2003 featured manyof the traditional symbols association withstates, such as the state flower (carnation),bird (cardinal) and tree (buckeye). Mapsof Ohio were also dominant designelements in many of the quilts. In somecases the shape of Ohio created the overallshape of the quilt and in others the Ohiooutline was used within the individualquilt blocks. The quilted mappresentations were not limited to the state

28 NORTH AMERICAN CARTOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SOCIETY

outline, but also included maps at thecounty and local level. The dominance ofmaps within these quilts suggests thatquilting may be one medium throughwhich women can exhibit geographicknowledge and spatial understanding.Richard Francaviglia’s The Shape of Texasnotes the importance of the state outline asa metaphor for Texas popular culture. Anexamination of the quilts of the OhioBicentennial suggests that the shape ofOhio is likewise ingrained in the minds ofOhioans and is an effective symbol thatevokes memories and gives meaning toOhio traditions and events.

Judith A. Tyner, Department ofGeography, California StateUniversity, Long Beach

“Staid in School and Worked on MyMap”: Nineteenth Century AmericanSchoolgirl CartographyPrior to the eighteenth century, youngwomen primarily learnedaccomplishments such as dancing,drawing, painting, playing theharpsichord, and fancy needlework. Theywould learn to read and perhaps write.Toward the end of the eighteenth century,accomplishments were less emphasizedand by the nineteenth century, educationfor women had begun to change inearnest. Science began to be taught inboarding schools and fancy needleworkwas eliminated. At most schools theearliest science to be taught wasgeography, and one of the ways oflearning geography was by making maps.Girls at Middlebury School in Vermont,Westtown School in Pennsylvania,Litchfield Academy in Connecticut, andEmma Willard’s Academy in Troy, NY areamong the schools where girls made maps.The maps they made were not fill-inoutline maps, but elegant maps of states,countries, and the world. At least oneyoung woman made an atlas of the UnitedStates. At some schools, girls learned basicsurveying and made wall-sized maps.Girls wrote letters to friends about makingtheir maps and recorded their thoughts

about geography lessons and map makingin their diaries.

This paper looks at the kinds of mapsmade by young women in the first half ofthe nineteenth century in the United Statesand how they fit into education of thetime.

Dalia Varanka, U.S. Geological Survey

Modern Map-like Art, ImagesInterpreted Through a PerspectiveLearned from J.M. BlautModern artists have been producing map-like art since about the 1960s. These workshave been mentioned only briefly in thegeographical or cartographical literature.This presentation addresses the problem ofdefining and evaluating the cartographicvalue of contemporary map-like art.

The procedures of this research wereprimarily concerned with understandingthe visual markers that compose map-likeart and understanding its context forpossible explanations about it. I studied asmany works of map-like art as possible,developing a catalogue of about 60examples. The internal elements of eachwork were compared to those of the othersand to some conventions in cartography.Each artwork was then interpreted forideas it communicates as a whole. Afterinterpreting the works, I developed aclassification system for the corpus.Background reading and research aboutthe art and the artists, and interviews withartists and curators formed the basis ofinterpreting these works, in part byformulating the historical and socialcontexts of contemporary map-like art.Peripheral literature includes histories ofthe relation between art and cartographyand the theoretical literature aboutcartography.

This presentation will discuss threeconclusions. First, the way the artists usedmaps in their work; second, someexplanation is offered of the way thatmodernism in art relates to cartographicconcepts; and third, the theoreticalfoundations of the art are placed in the

ABSTRACTS 29

context of J.M. Blaut’s theory of mappingbehavior. I conclude among other thingsthat most artists use a cartographic processthat is validly geographic.

Roberta Williams, Jeffrey Patton,Elisabeth Nelson, and Rick Bunch,University of North CarolinaGreensboro

Defining the Map PrototypeThis paper reports the results of anexperiment-based study aimed atdetermining the influence of variousgraphic elements and data representationsin shaping an individual’s assessment ofthe degree to which an illustration is or isnot a map. A series of factors that werethought to be possible influences on theindividual’s decision were developed—these included perspective, scale,generalization, presence of labeling,cartographic iconography, type of databeing represented, and familiarity with thegeographic shape. A set of illustrationswas created that varied the level of eachfactor tested. Two experiments weredeveloped. In the first test subjects wereshown a series of paired illustrations andsimply asked “which is more map like Aor B?” In the second, the subjects werepresented a single illustration and asked torate how map-like the image was on ascale from 1 to 10. Subjects for theexperiments were undergraduate studentsat the University of North CarolinaGreensboro. The data was compiled andanalyzed utilizing a simple t-test. Theauthors plan to replicate the experimentswith cartographic professionals to be ableto contrast expert and non-expert conceptsof the map prototype.

30 NORTH AMERICAN CARTOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SOCIETYMEETING ROOMS 30

NOTES

32 NORTH AMERICAN CARTOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SOCIETY

We hope to see you at

NACIS XXVSalt Lake City, UtahOctober 12–15, 2005

NOTES