Population in India 2011

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India's Population 2011

Current Population of India in 2011 1,210,193,422 (1.21 billion)

Total Male Population in India 623,700,000 (623.7 million)

Total Female Population in India 586,500,000 (586.5 million)

Sex Ratio 940 females per 1,000 males

Age structure

0 to 25 years 50% of India's current population

Currently, there are about 51 births in India in a minute.

India's Population in 2001 1.02 billion

Population of India in 1947 350 million

Current Population of India - India, with 1,210,193,422 (1.21 billion) people is the secondmost populous country in the world, while China is on the top with over 1,350,044,605 (1.35billion) people. The figures show that India represents almost 17.31% of the world's population,which means one out of six people on this planet live in India. Although, the crown of theworld's most populous country is on China's head for decades, India is all set to take the numerouno position by 2030. With the population growth rate at 1.58%, India is predicted to have morethan 1.53 billion people by the end of 2030.

More than 50% ofIndia's current population is below the age of 25 and over 65% below the

age of 35. About 72.2% of the population lives in some 638,000 villages and the rest 27.8% inabout 5,480 towns and urban agglomerations. The birth rate (child births per 1,000 people peryear) is 22.22 births/1,000 population (2009 est.) while death rate (deaths per 1000 individualsper year) is 6.4 deaths/1,000 population. Fertility rate is 2.72 children born/woman (NFHS-3,2008) and Infant mortality rate is 30.15 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 estimated). India has thelargest illiterate population in the world. The literacy rate of India as per 2001 Population Censusis 65.38%, with male literacy rate at 75.96% and female at 54.28%. Kerala has the highestliteracy rate at 90.86%, Mizoram (88.80%) is on the second position and Lakshadweep (86.66%)is on third.

Every year, India adds more people than any

other nation in the world, and in fact theindividual population of some of its states isequal to the total population of manycountries. For example, Population of UttarPradesh (state in India) almost equals to thepopulation of Brazil. It, as per 2001 PopulationCensus of India, has 190 million people andthe growth rate is 16.16%. The population of


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the second most populous state Maharashtra, which has a growth rate of 9.42%, is equal to thatof Mexico's population. Bihar, with 8.07%, is the third most populous state in India and itspopulation is more than Germany's. West Bengal with 7.79% growth rate, Andhra Pradesh(7.41%) and Tamil Nadu (6.07%) are at fourth, fifth and sixth positions respectively. The sexratio of India stands at 933. Kerala with 1058 females per 1000 males is the state with the highest

female sex ratio. Pondicherry (1001) is second, while Chhatisgarh (990) and Tamil Nadu (986)are at third and fourth places respectively. Haryana with 861 has the lowest female sex ratio.

Some of the reasons for India's rapidly growing population are poverty, illiteracy, high fertilityrate, rapid decline in death rates or mortality rates and immigration from Bangladesh and Nepal.Alarmed by its swelling population, India started taking measures to stem the growth rate quiteearly. In fact India by launching the National Family Planning programme in 1952 became thefirst country in the world to have a population policy. The family planning programme yieldedsome noticeable results, bringing down significantly the country's fertility rate. In 1965-2009, thecontraceptive usage more than tripled and the fertility rate more than halved. The efforts didproduce positive results, however, failed to achieve the ultimate goal and the population of India

since getting independence from Britain in 1947 increased almost three times. Whereas India hasmissed almost all its targets to bring the rate of population growth under control, China's 'OneChild Policy' in 1978, has brought tremendous results for the latter. The policy claims to haveprevented between 250 and 300 million births from 1978 to 2000 and 400 million births from1979 to 2010.

Current Population of India 2011

Rank State or union territoryPopulation (2011

Census)

Density (perkm)

Sexratio

01 Uttar Pradesh 199,581,477 828 908

02 Maharashtra 112,372,972 365 946

03 Bihar 103,804,637 1102 916

04 West Bengal 91,347,736 1029 947

05 Andhra Pradesh 84,665,533 308 992

06 Madhya Pradesh 72,597,565 236 930

07 Tamil Nadu 72,138,958 555 995

08 Rajasthan 68,621,012 201 926

09 Karnataka 61,130,704 319 968

10 Gujarat 60,383,628 308 918

11 Odisha 41,947,358 269 978

12 Kerala 33,387,677 859 1,084

13 Jharkhand 32,966,238 414 947
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14 Assam 31,169,272 397 954

15 Punjab 27,704,236 550 893

16 Haryana 25,353,081 573 877

17 Chhattisgarh 25,540,196 189 991

18 Jammu and Kashmir 12,548,926 56 883

19 Uttarakhand 10,116,752 189 963

20 Himachal Pradesh 6,856,509 123 974

21 Tripura 3,671,032 350 961

22 Meghalaya 2,964,007 132 986

23 Manipur 2,721,756 122 987

24 Nagaland 1,980,602 119 931

25 Goa 1,457,723 394 968

26 Arunachal Pradesh 1,382,611 17 920

27 Mizoram 1,091,014 52 975

28 Sikkim 607,688 86 889

UT1 Delhi 16,753,235 9,340 866

UT2 Puducherry 1,244,464 2,598 1,038

UT3 Chandigarh 1,054,686 9,252 818

UT4 Andaman and NicobarIslands 379,944 46 878

UT5 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 342,853 698 775

UT6 Daman and Diu 242,911 2,169 618

UT7 Lakshadweep 64,429 2,013 946

Total India 1,210,193,422 382 940

Census of India 2011

Present Population of India in 2011 is 1,210,000,000 (1.21 billion)Population Census of India 2011 - The Census of India 2011 which started on 1st of April in2010 is a historical landmark in Indian history. This will be largest census in human history tilldate ever done by any government in the world. Government of India will collect data from eachand every household in the states and union territories of India. The Census 2011 is the 15th
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National Census of India undertaken by the government after a gap of 10 years. However thisyear, the Government of India has added another task to prepare a National Population Register(NPR) along with census data. Over the years, Indian census has been a reliable source ofinformation on Demography, Economic Activity, Literacy and Education, Housing andHousehold Amenities, Urbanization, Fertility and Mortality, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled

Tribes, Language, Religion, Migration, Disability and many other socio-cultural anddemographic data in India.

How Census of India worksThe Census of India officials visit each and every household and collects data by askingquestions and filling up census forms about each and every person. The data collected about eachand every individual is kept confidential and safe. Therefore any information about a person andhis identity is kept totally confidential.

The work of Population census has been divided into two phases. The first phase will coverHouse listing and Housing Census. This will be completed in the months of April and July in

2010. The dates are adjustable according to time and situations in a particular state and Unionterritory. The second phase which will start from 9th of February in 2011 will cover PopulationEnumeration throughout the country. The second phase of Population census will finish on 28thFebruary in 2011.

Census of India 2011

Census of India 2011 in States

and UTStart Date End Date

Andaman and Nicobar Island 01-04-2010 15-05-2010

Andhra Pradesh 26-04-2010 10-06-2010

Arunachal Pradesh 15-04-2010 31-05-2010

Assam 01-04-2010 15-05-2010

Bihar 15-05-2010 30-06-2010

Chandigarh 15-04-2010 31-05-2010

Chhattisgarh 01-05-2010 15-05-2010

Dadra and Nagar Haveli 21-04-2010 04-06-2010

Daman and Diu 21-04-2010 04-06-2010

Delhi 01-05-2010 15-06-2010

Goa 01-04-2010 15-05-2010

Gujarat 21-04-2010 04-06-2010

Haryana 01-05-2010 15-06-2010


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Himachal Pradesh 07-04-2010 22-05-2010

Jammu and Kashmir 15-05-2010 30-06-2010

Jharkhand 15-06-2010 30-07-2010

Karnataka 15-04-2010 01-06-2010

Kerala 07-04-2010 22-05-2010

Lakshadweep 07-04-2010 22-05-2010

Madhya Pradesh 07-05-2010 22-06-2010

Maharashtra 01-05-2010 15-06-2010

Manipur 15-05-2010 30-06-2010

Meghalaya 01-04-2010 15-05-2010

Mizoram 15-05-2010 30-06-2010

Nagaland 01-06-2010 15-07-2010

Orissa 07-04-2010 22-05-2010

Puducherry 01-06-2010 15-07-2010

Punjab 01-05-2010 15-06-2010

Rajasthan 15-05-2010 30-06-2010

Sikkim 07-04-2010 22-05-2010

Tamil Nadu 01-06-2010 15-07-2010

Tripura 26-04-2010 10-06-2010Uttar Pradesh 16-05-2010 30-06-2010

Uttarakhand 01-05-2010 15-06-2010

West Bengal 01-04-2010 15-05-2010

ndias 2011 Census, a population turning point

with 3 comments

20110725Major updateThe Census of India has released its Paper 2 of the 2011 Census.This provides the national and state-level data for urban and rural populations and their growthrates. The summary of the update follows:
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Administrative Units: Census 2011 covered 35 States/Union Territories, 640 districts, 5,924sub-districts, 7,935 Towns and 6,40,867 Villages. In Census 2001, the corresponding figures

were 593 Districts, 5,463 sub-Districts, 5,161 Towns and 6,38,588 Villages. There is an increaseof 47 Districts, 461 Sub Districts, 2774 Towns (242 Statutory and 2532 Census Towns) and 2279Villages in Census 2011 as compared to Census 2001.

Population: As per the Provisional Population Totals of Census 2011, the total population ofIndia was 1210.2 million. Of this, the rural population stands at 833.1 million and the urbanpopulation 377.1 million. In absolute numbers, the rural population has increased by 90.47million and the urban population by 91.00 million in the last decade. Uttar Pradesh has thelargest rural population of 155.11 million (18.62% of the countrys rural population) whereasMaharashtra has the highest urban population of 50.83 million (13.48% of countrys urban

population) in the country.

Growth Rate: The growth rate of population for India in the last decade was 17.64%. Thegrowth rate of population in rural and urban areas was 12.18% and 31.80% respectively. Bihar(23.90%) exhibited the highest decadal growth rate in rural population.
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Urban population percentages for states, 2011

Proportion of Population: In percentage terms, the rural population formed 68.84% of the totalpopulation with the urban population constituting 31.16% (increase of 3.35%). HimachalPradesh (89.96%) has the largest proportion of rural population, while Delhi (97.50%) has thehighest proportion of urban population. The EAG States have a lower percentage of urbanpopulation (21.13%) in comparison to non EAG States (39.66%).

Sex Ratio: The Sex Ratio in the country which was 933 in 2001 has risen by 7 points to 940 in

2011. The increase in rural areas has been 1 point from 946 to 947. The same in urban areas hasbeen 26 points from 900 to 926. Kerala has the highest sex ratio in total (1084), rural (1077) andurban (1091). In rural, Chandigarh (691) and in urban, Daman & Diu (550) show the lowest sexratio in the country respectively. Eight states namely Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh,Uttarakhand, Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Karnataka and 1 UT Lakshadweepshow fall in the sex ratio in rural area and 2 Union Territories, Daman & Diu and Dadra & NagarHaveli, in urban areas.
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Child Population (0-6 years): Out of the child population of 158.8 million in the age group of0-6 in the country the rural child population stands at 117.6 million and urban at 41.2 million in2011. The Child population has declined by 5.0 million in the countrydecline of 8.9 million inrural areas and increase of 3.9 million in urban areas. The Country has observed a decline in thepercentage of child population in the age group 0-6 years by about 3 percentage points over the

decaderural areas show a decline of about 3 % and urban a decline of 2%. The growth rate ofChild population has been -3.08% in the last decade (Rural- (-)7.04%; Urban- (+)10.32%).

Child Sex Ratio (0-6 years): Census 2011 marks a considerable fall in child sex ratio in the agegroup of 0-6 years and has reached an all time low of 914 since 1961. The fall has been 13 points(927-914) for the country during 2001-2011. In rural areas, the fall is significant15 points(934-919) and in urban areas it has been 4 points (906-902) over the decade 2001-2011. Delhi(809) has recorded the lowest and Andaman & Nicobar Islands (975) the highest child sex ratioin rural areas. Haryana (829) has recorded the lowest and Nagaland (979) the highest child sexratio in urban areas.

Urban population percentages for states, 2001
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Number of Literates: As per the Provisional Population Totals of Census 2011, the number ofliterates in India was 778.5 million. Of this, 493.0 million literates were in rural areas and 285.4million literates in urban areas. Out of an increase of 217.8 million literates over the decade2001-2011, rural areas accounted for 131.1 million and urban areas 86.6 million. The highestnumber of rural literates has been recorded in Uttar Pradesh (88.4 million). Maharashtra (40.8

million) has recorded the highest number of literates in urban areas.

Literacy Rate: The Literacy Rate of India as per the Provisional Population Totals of Census2011 is 74.04. In rural areas the Literacy Rate is 68.91 and in urban areas it is 84.98. The decadalchange works out to 9.21 points10.17 points in rural areas and 5.06 points in urban areasrespectively. The male Literacy Rate which is 82.14 (Rural- 78.57; Urban-89.67) is higher thanthe female Literacy Rate of 65.46 (Rural- 58.75; Urban-79.92). The increase in female literacyrate is significantly higher in all areas i.e. total (11.79 points), rural (12.62 points) and urban(7.06 points) in comparison to corresponding male literacy ratestotal (6.88 points), rural (7.87)and urban (3.40 points) over the decade. It is significant to note that the gap in literacy rateamong males and females has reduced to 16.68 in the country. The gap is 19.82 points in rural

areas and 9.75 points in urban areas.

Kerala (92.92) ranks first in rural areas whereas Mizoram (98.1) ranks first in urban areas. As faras Male literacy rate is concerned, Kerala (95.29) ranks first in rural areas whereas Mizoram(98.67) ranks first in urban areas. Rajasthan (46.25) has recorded lowest female literacy rate inrural areas, whereas, Jammu & Kashmir (70.19) has the lowest female literacy rate in urbanareas. Lowest male literacy rate in rural areas has been recorded in Arunachal Pradesh (68.79)and in urban areasin Uttar Pradesh (81.75).

[The full contents of Paper 2 of the 2011 Census can be found here.] Paper 2 sections and datalinks are:

India at a Glance by Rural, Urban Distribution [pdf, 1.1 MB]Rural Urban Distribution of Total Population [pdf, 22.5 MB]Rural Urban Distribution of Child Population [pdf, 18.0 MB]Rural Urban Distribution of Literacy [pdf, 17.5 MB]Administrative Units [pdf, 1.5 MB]General Notes [pdf, 1.2 MB]Rural-Urban Data Sheets [pdf, 7.9 MB]

Rural Urban distribution of population and proportion of Rural and Urban population [xls, 15kb]Population and Sex ratio by residence [xls, 18kb]Population, decadal variation and percentage share of population by residence [xls, 16kb]Child population in the age group 0-6 years, percentage and sex ratio (0-6) by residence [xls,15kb]Number of literates and Literacy Rate by sex and residence [xls, 16kb]A presentation on Rural-Urban distribution of Population [pdf, 2.5 MB]Executive Summary [pdf, 62kb]
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20110628The India Census 2011 page has been updatedwith the full text of Chapter 8 ofthe first official paper on the census. This deals with population projections.

20110523 Major addition -Datasheets are now listed and linked for 21 of the major states.The states are: Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal

Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,Odisha/Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal

20110515

The enumerator, India's 2011 census illustration icon, representing the 2.7 million enumeratorsand supervisors, "the heroines and heroes of Census 2011".

The first set ofdetailed state-level data is almost complete as a release from the Census ofIndia, 2011 Census. In the post titledIndias 2011 Census the states and their prime numbersI am providing the data types for each state and the links to the Census documents. So far, datasheets for 12 states are listed and linked. These are Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh,Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka andKerala.

20110414

Exactly half of the twenty most populous states, each with a population of ten million or more,have added lesser persons in the decade 2001-2011 compared to the previous one. Had these tenstates added the same number of persons during 2001-2011 as they did in the previous decade,everything else remaining the same, India would have added another 9.7 million more personsduring this decade. [Text from the introductory note of Paper 1 on the Census.]
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The phenomenon of low growth have started to spread beyond the boundaries of the Southernstates during 2001-11, where in addition to Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka in theSouth, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab in the North, West Bengal and Orissa in the East, andMaharashtra in the West have registered a growth rate between eleven to sixteen percent in2001-2011 over the previous decade.

The Provisional Population Totals of Census 2001 predicted this: It is also obvious that in thecontiguous four major South Indian states fertility decline appears to have well established,stretching to neighbouring Maharashtra on the west and Orissa and West Bengal in the east,whereas in other regions it is rather scattered.

Among the smaller states and Union Territories, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diuregistered very high growth rates of more than fifty three percentage points. In contrast,Lakshadweep, Andaman & Nicobar Islands and Goa have registered single digit decadal growth.Nagaland is the only State which has registered a small negative growth during 2001-2011 aftervery high growths in all the previous decades.

It took four decades for Kerala to reach a decadal growth of less than ten percent from a highgrowth rate of 26.29 percent during 1961-71 to 9.43 during 1991-2001. Although Kerala hascontinued with this impressive show to register a growth rate of just above 4.9 percent during2001-2011, the decadal growth rates in Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradeshand Madhya Pradesh are still above 20 percent, a level where Kerala and Tamil Nadu were fortyyears ago. However, the International experience is (European Fertility Project) that once thefertility transition had been established in a linguistic or cultural area, it spread rapidly andindependently of socio-economic level achieved.

Perhaps the policy measures taken in the decade have prepared the basic ground for a similar

situation in India and, one may expect a faster rate of fall in growth rates in the remaining statesand Union Territories with increase in literacy and child care facilities and a reduction inpoverty. The road to a stationary population before 2060 is long and arduous and would requireintense efforts.

20110401


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The long-awaitedfirst set of provisional totals and demographic data have been released. This is a big moment.Indias is after all the biggest population enumeration exercise in the world yes Chinaspopulation is greater, but the evidence of census operations in the twentieth century suggests thatIndias census (not number of people) is the most complex and data-intensive in the world. It isalso the longest running seriesCensus 2011 is the fifteenth census from 1872!

In a country like India, with multiethnic, multilingual, multicultural and multilevel society, theCensus is much more than a mere head count of the population. It gives a snapshot of not onlythe demographic but also the economic, social and cultural profile of the country at a particularpoint of time. More often than not, it is the only available source of primary data at the level ofthe village and town (ward). It provides valuable information for planning and formulation ofpolicies by the Government and is also used widely by national and international agencies,scholars, and many more.

In addition, the Census provides a basic frame for conduct of other surveys in the country. Anyinformed decision making that is based on empirical data is dependent on the Census.Democratic processes like the delimitation of electoral constituencies and affirmative action likereservation are also based on the basic data sets of the Census. It has indeed come a long wayfrom what was described as the idle curiosity of an eccentric sirkar. So said J ChartresMolony, Superintendent of Census, Madras, 1911: The Village Officer, source of all Indianinformation, is the recorder of his village, and it well may be that amid the toils of keepingaccounts and collecting mamuls, he pays scant heed to what he and his friends consider the idlecuriosity of an eccentric sirkar.
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The earliestreferences of Census taking in India can be traced back to the Mauryan period in KautilayasArthashastra (321-296 BC) and later during the Mughal period in the writings of Abul Fazl(1595-96) in the Ain-e-Akbari. Records have it that in 1687, during the Governorship of ElihuYale in Madras Presidency, the King of England desired that a count of the inhabitants of Fort StGeorge be taken. This however was not followed up until 1872. A count was also taken up in1853 in the North Western Frontier, which was followed by a series of Census likeenumerations. However these were not censuses but simple head counts. Dr. W.R.Cornish,

Superintendent of Census Operations, Madras, 1871: The estimates of population of Madrasprevious to 1867 had been so various and the direct censuses of 1822 and 1863 were so

untrustworthy that it had been found utterly impossible to arrive at any satisfactory conclusion asto the actual number of people. Rev C.W.Ranson: for the period prior to 1871, we aredependent for our knowledge of the growth of population of Madras upon estimates which attheir best represent only informed guesswork and at their worst wildest conjecture.

A systematic and modern population Census, in its present scientific form was conducted nonsynchronously between 1865 and 1872 in different parts of the country. This effort culminatingin 1872 has been popularly labelled as the first population Census of India (the first synchronousCensus in India was however conducted in 1881). Christophe Guilmoto: 1871 is probably the

turning point of the statistical history of India owing to the inception of a century long traditionof decennial censuses which in turn triggered a new development in the monitoring of socio

demographic phenomena like famines, epidemiology or the natural increase of population.


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The Indian Census has a longtradition of releasing the population data on a provisional basis within a short time after thecompletion of the Population Enumeration. The population totals are built up by eachEnumerator right from the page totals of a few data items for each page of the HouseholdSchedule, which are then consolidated at the Enumerators Block level. The totals at variousAdministrative levels the Tahsil/Taluk/Community Development Block etc., the Town, theDistrict and the State are consolidated through a process of successive aggregation. The entireexercise of aggregation right from the Enumerators Block level to the State level is completed

within a short span.

Dr C Chandramouli, the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India, has cautionedthat the first flush of Census 2011 results, The Provisional Population Totals, is rather raw and

not subjected to the intensive checks and cross checks as the usual final Census data is. Further,the numbers given are somewhat tentative and the final figures are found to be a bit different.Some caution is therefore needed while interpreting the results. The intelligent data user willdefinitely keep these limitations at the back of his mind but still use the data provided here topick up some early demographic trends. The Final Population Totals will be released after the

scanning and the processing of information collected in the Household Schedule are completed.(Data sheets, tables and explanatory material can be found on the Census of India website.)

The population of India, at the turn of the twentieth century, was only around 238.4 million. Thishas increased by more than four times in a period of 110 years to reach 1210 million in 2011.Interestingly, the population of India grew by one and half times in the first half of the twentiethcentury, while in the later half it recorded a phenomenal three-fold increase.
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One of the importantfeatures of the present decade is that, 2001-2011 is the first decade (with the exception of 1911-1921) which has actually added lesser population compared to the previous decade. This impliesthat as a result of the combination of population momentum and somewhat impeded fertility,although India continues to grow in size, its pace of net addition is on the decrease.

In absolute terms, the population of India has increased by about 181 million during the decade2001-2011. Although, the net addition in population during each decade has increased

consistently, the changes in net addition has shown a steady declining trend over the decadesstarting from 1961. While 27.9 million more people were added between the decade 1981-1991than between 1971-1981, this number declined to 19.2 million for the decades between 1981-1991 and 1991-2001. The provisional results of 2011 shows that between 2001 and 2011, the netaddition is less than that of the previous decade by 0.86 million.

Population Growth RatesIt is significant that the percentage decadal growth during 2001-2011has registered the sharpest decline since independence. It declined from 23. 87 percent for 1981-1991 to 21.54 percent for the period 1991-2001, a decrease of 2.33 percentage point. For 2001-2011, this decadal growth has become 17.64 percent, a further decrease of 3.90 percentagepoints.


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The provisional population totals ofCensus 2011 brings a ray of hope with definite signs that the growth rate of population istapering off especially in areas where it had been stagnant for several decades. There is also a

marked decline in fertility as evidenced by the declining proportion of child population in the agegroup of 0-6 years. Independent India, urged by the First Census Commissioner R AGopalaswami, who referred to improvident maternity as the primary cause of the population

problem became the first country in 1952 to establish a policy for population control. For theworld as a whole, demographers are generally confident that by the second half of this centurywe will be ending one unique era in historythe population explosionand entering another, inwhich population will level out or even fall. Population pessimists have warned the congenitaloptimists, not to believe that humanity will find ways to cope and even improve its lot. Still,Malthus noted: The exertions that men find it necessary to make, in order to support themselvesor families, frequently awaken faculties that might otherwise have lain for ever dormant, and ithas been commonly remarked that new and extraordinary situations generally create minds

adequate to grapple with the difficulties in which they are involved.

A feature of both mortality and fertility transitions has been their increasingly faster tempo.Targeted programmes like those on female literacy, improving general health care, improvingfemale employment rates, minimum years of schooling, advocacy through village groups, etc. isslowly redefining motherhood from childbearing to child rearing. Census 2011 is perhaps anindication that the country has reached a point of inflexion. [Dr Chandramouli's excellentopening essay, from which these extracts have been taken, is dated Chaitra, Ekadashi,VikramSamvat 2067 (30th March 2011).]

This is the second of my entries on the 2011 Census of India (see the postsOne frozen moment

in 1911andBritish Bombays furious 1911 growth rate). These will continue to appear asmore data and analysis are released. A page will appear soon to contain all the entries, arrangedchronologically, and which will link to data sets. The first group of tables I have now posted.These are:Table_1-Distribution of population, sex ratio, density and decadal growth rate of populationTable_2.3-Literates and literacy rates by sexTable_2.2-Population aged 7 years and above by sexTable_2.1-Child population in the age group 0-6 by sex
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Table_3-Sex Ratio of Total population and child population in the age group 0-6 and 7+ years-2001 and 2011

Poverty in India

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Percent of population livingbelow the poverty line, over the final quarter of the 20th century.

Poverty is widespread inIndia, with the nation estimated to have a third of the world's poor.According to a 2005World Bankestimate, 41.6% of the total Indian population falls below theinternational poverty lineof US$ 1.25 a day (PPP, in nominal terms 21.6 a day in urban areasand 14.3 in rural areas).[1]According to a new UN Millennium Development Goals Report, asmany as 320 million people in India and China are expected to come out of extreme poverty inthe next four years, while India's poverty rate is projected to drop to 22% in 2015.[2]the reportalso indicates that in Southern Asia, however, only India, where the poverty rate is projected tofall from 51% in 1990 to about 22% in 2015, is on track to cut poverty in half by the 2015 targetdate.[3]
http://dl.dropbox.com/u/8248462/IN_2011_Cen_prov_table_3.xlshttp://dl.dropbox.com/u/8248462/IN_2011_Cen_prov_table_3.xlshttp://dl.dropbox.com/u/8248462/IN_2011_Cen_prov_table_3.xlshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Below_Poverty_Linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Below_Poverty_Linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Below_Poverty_Linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_poverty_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_poverty_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-WB_Poverty-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-WB_Poverty-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-WB_Poverty-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Percentage_population_living_on_less_than_1_dollar_day_2007-2008.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BPL_Data_GOI.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BPL_Data_GOI.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Percentage_population_living_on_less_than_1_dollar_day_2007-2008.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BPL_Data_GOI.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BPL_Data_GOI.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Percentage_population_living_on_less_than_1_dollar_day_2007-2008.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BPL_Data_GOI.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BPL_Data_GOI.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Percentage_population_living_on_less_than_1_dollar_day_2007-2008.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BPL_Data_GOI.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BPL_Data_GOI.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Percentage_population_living_on_less_than_1_dollar_day_2007-2008.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BPL_Data_GOI.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BPL_Data_GOI.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-WB_Poverty-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_poverty_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Below_Poverty_Linehttp://dl.dropbox.com/u/8248462/IN_2011_Cen_prov_table_3.xlshttp://dl.dropbox.com/u/8248462/IN_2011_Cen_prov_table_3.xls


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Percentage population living on less than 1 dollar day 2007-2008

Contents

[hide]

1 Poverty estimates 2 Impact of poverty 3 Causes of poverty in India

o 3.1 Corruptiono 3.2 Caste systemo 3.3 India's economic policieso 3.4 Liberalization policies and their effectso 3.5 Rich Indians not generous [44]

4 Reduction in Poverty 5 Efforts to alleviate poverty

o 5.1 Outlook for poverty alleviationo 5.2 Controversy over extent of poverty reductiono 5.3 Persistence of malnutrition among children

6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links

Poverty estimates

There has been no uniform measure of poverty in India.[4][5]ThePlanning Commission of Indiahas accepted theTendulkarCommittee report which says that 37% of people in India live belowthepoverty line.[6]

TheArjun SenguptaReport (from National Commission for Enterprises in the UnorganisedSector) states that 77% of Indians live on less than 20 a day (about $0.50 per day).[7]TheN.C.SaxenaCommittee report states that 50% of Indians live below the poverty line.

A study by theOxford Poverty and Human Development Initiativeusing aMulti-dimensional

Poverty Index(MPI) found that there were 645 million[8]poor living under the MPI in India, 421million of whom are concentrated in eightNorth IndianandEast Indianstates ofBihar,Chattisgarh,Jharkhand,Madhya Pradesh,Orissa,Rajasthan,Uttar PradeshandWest Bengal.This number is higher than the 410 million poor living in the 26 poorestAfricannations.[9]Thestates are listed below in increasing order of poverty based on the Multi-dimensional PovertyIndex.[10]
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orissahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orissahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orissahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-mpi_poverty-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-mpi_poverty-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-mpi_poverty-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Percentage_population_living_on_less_than_1_dollar_day_2007-2008.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Percentage_population_living_on_less_than_1_dollar_day_2007-2008.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-mpi_poverty-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orissahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattisgarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-ophi.org.uk-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-dimensional_Poverty_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-dimensional_Poverty_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Poverty_and_Human_Development_Initiativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._N._C._Saxenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._N._C._Saxenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-Goverment_of_India-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjun_Kumar_Senguptahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Below_Poverty_Linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suresh_Tendulkarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planning_Commission_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#Persistence_of_malnutrition_among_childrenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#Controversy_over_extent_of_poverty_reductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#Outlook_for_poverty_alleviationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#Efforts_to_alleviate_povertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#Reduction_in_Povertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#Rich_Indians_not_generous_.5B44.5Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#Liberalization_policies_and_their_effectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#India.27s_economic_policieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#Caste_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#Corruptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#Causes_of_poverty_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#Impact_of_povertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#Poverty_estimateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India


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MPI

Rank

States

Population (in

millions) 2007

MPI

Proportion

of Poor

Average

Intensity

Contribution to

Overall Poverty

Number of

MPI Poor (in

millions)

India 1,164.70.296 55.4% 53.5% - 645.0

1Kerala 35.00.065 15.9% 40.9% 0.6% 5.6

2Goa 1.60.094 21.7% 43.4% 0.0% 0.4

3Punjab 27.10.120 26.2% 46.0% 1.0% 7.1

4Himachal

Pradesh6.70.131 31.0% 42.3% 0.3% 2.1

5Tamil Nadu 68.00.141 32.4% 43.6% 2.6% 22.0

6Uttaranchal 9.60.189 40.3% 46.9% 0.5% 3.9

7Maharashtra 108.70.193 40.1% 48.1% 6.0% 43.6

8Haryana 24.10.199 41.6% 47.9% 1.3% 10.0

9Gujarat 57.30.205 41.5% 49.2% 3.4% 23.8

10Jammu And

Kashmir

12.20.209 43.8% 47.7% 0.7% 5.4

11Andhra

Pradesh83.90.211 44.7% 47.1% 5.1% 37.5

12Karnataka 58.60.223 46.1% 48.3% 4.2% 27.0

13Eastern Indian

States44.20.303 57.6% 52.5% 4.0% 25.5

14West Bengal 89.50.317 58.3% 54.3% 8.5% 52.2

15Orissa 40.70.345 64.0% 54.0% 4.3% 26.0

16Rajasthan 65.40.351 64.2% 54.7% 7.0% 41.9

17Uttar Pradesh 192.60.386 69.9% 55.2% 21.3% 134.7
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18Chhattisgarh 23.90.387 71.9% 53.9% 2.9% 17.2

19Madhya

Pradesh70.00.389 69.5% 56.0% 8.5% 48.6

20Jharkhand 30.50.463 77.0% 60.2% 4.2% 23.5

21Bihar 95.00.499 81.4% 61.3% 13.5% 77.3

Estimates by NCAER (National Council of Applied Economic Research) show that 48% of theIndian households earn more than 90,000 (US$2,007) annually (or more than US$ 3 PPP perperson). According to NCAER, in 2009, of the 222 million households in India, the absolutelypoor households (annual incomes below 45,000) accounted for only 15.6% of them or about 35million (about 200 million Indians). Another 80 million households are in income levels of45,00090,000 per year. These numbers also are more or less in line with the latest World Bank

estimates of the below-the-poverty-line households that may total about 100 million (or about456 million individuals)[11]

The World Bank estimates that 80% of India's population lives on less than $2 a day[12][13]whichmeans a higher proportion of its population lives on less than $2 per day as compared with sub-Saharan Africa.[13]

Impact of poverty

Since the 1950s, theIndian governmentandnon-governmental organizationshave initiatedseveral programs to alleviate poverty, includingsubsidizingfood and other necessities, increasedaccess to loans, improvingagriculturaltechniques and price supports, and promoting educationandfamily planning. These measures have helped eliminatefamines, cutabsolute povertylevelsby more than half, and reducedilliteracyandmalnutrition.[14]

Presence of a massive parallel economy in the form of black (hidden) money stashed in overseastax havens and underutilisation of foreign aid have also contributed to the slow pace of povertyalleviation in India.[15][16][17]

Although theIndian economyhas grown steadily over the last two decades, its growth has beenuneven when comparing different social groups, economic groups, geographic regions, and ruraland urban areas.[18][14]Between 1999 and 2008, the annualized growth rates forGujarat(8.8%),Haryana(8.7%), orDelhi(7.4%) were much higher than for Bihar (5.1%), Uttar Pradesh (4.4%),or Madhya Pradesh (3.5%).[19]Poverty rates in rural Orissa (43%) and rural Bihar (41%) areamong the world's most extreme.[20]

Despite significant economic progress, one quarter of the nation's population earns less than thegovernment-specifiedpoverty thresholdof 12 rupees per day (approximately US$ 0.25).
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According to a recently released World Bank report, India is on track to meet itspovertyreductiongoals. However by 2015, an estimated 53 million people will still live inextremepovertyand 23.6% of the population will still live under US$1.25 per day. This number isexpected to reduce to 20.3% or 268 million people by 2020.[21]However, at the same time, theeffects of the worldwiderecessionin2009have plunged 100 million more Indians into poverty

than there were in 2004, increasing the effective poverty rate from 27.5% to 37.2%.

[22]

As per the 2001 census, 35.5% of Indian households availed of banking services, 35.1% owned aradio or transistor, 31.6% a television, 9.1% a phone, 43.7% a bicycle, 11.7% a scooter,motorcycle or amoped, and 2.5% a car, jeep or van; 34.5% of the households had none of theseassets.[23]According to Department of Telecommunications of India the phone density hasreached 33.23% by December 2008 and has an annual growth of 40%.[24]This tallies with thefact that a family of four with an annual income of 1.37 lakh rupees could afford some of theseluxury items.

Causes of poverty in India

Corruption

This is the main cause of poverty in India.[citation needed] According to Wikileaks, crime money(corruption money) held by Indians in Swiss banks (and other banks with secrecy laws) is morethan that of rest of the world put together[

citation needed] amounting to several trillion dollars.Widespread and huge levels of corruption in most of the India ensures weak governance andbasic facilities like health and education being denied to poor.[citation needed] This makes itimpossible for poor to get out of the trap. Even though India is a democracy, the media andelection process have been corrupted which makes it hard for people to throw away the corruptpoliticians.[original research?][citation needed] Since Independence, a single party has ruled for 60 out of 65

years.[opinion]

Caste system

Further information:Caste system in India

According to S. M. Michael,Dalitsconstitute the bulk of poor and unemployed.[25]

According to William A. Haviland,casteismis widespread in rural areas, and continues tosegregate Dalits.[26]Others, however, have noted the steady rise and empowerment of the Dalitsthroughsocial reformsand the implementation ofreservationsin employment and benefits.[27][28]

Caste explanations of poverty fail to account for the urban/rural divide. Using theUNdefinitionof poverty, 65% of ruralforward castesare below the poverty line.[29]
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India's economic policies

A rural worker dryingcow dunginBihar.

In 1947, the average annual income in India was US$439, compared with US$619 for China,US$770 for South Korea, and US$936 for Taiwan. By 1999, the numbers were US$1,818;US$3,259; US$13,317; and US$15,720, respectively.[30](numbers are in 1990 internationalMaddison dollars) In other words, the average income in India was not much different fromSouth Korea in 1947, but South Korea became a developed country by 2000s. At the same time,India was left as one of the world's poorer countries.

License Rajrefers to the elaborate licenses, regulations and the accompanyingred tapethat wererequired to set up and run business inIndiabetween 1947 and 1990.[31]The License Raj was aresult of India's decision to have aplanned economy, where all aspects of the economy arecontrolled by the state and licenses were given to a select few. Corruption flourished under thissystem.[32]

The labyrinthine bureaucracy often led to absurd restrictions - up to 80 agencies had to be satisfied

before a firm could be granted a licence to produce and the state would decide what was produced,

how much, at what price and what sources of capital were used.

BBC[33]

India had started out in the 1950s with:[34]high growth rates, openness to trade and investment, apromotional state, social expenditure awareness and macro stability but ended the 1980s with:[34]low growth rates, closure to trade and investment, a license-obsessed, restrictive state (License

Raj), inability to sustain social expenditures and macro instability, indeedcrisis.

Poverty has decreased significantly since reforms were started in the 1980s.[35][36]

Also:

Over-reliance on agriculture. There is a surplus of labour in agriculture. Farmers are a large votebank and use their votes to resist reallocation of land for higher-income industrial projects.
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While services and industry have grown at double digit figures, agriculture growth rate has

dropped from 4.8% to 2%. About 60% of the population depends on agriculture whereas the

contribution of agriculture to the GDP is about 18%.[37]

High population growth rate, although demographers generally agree that this is a symptomrather than cause of poverty.

Liberalization policies and their effects

Other points of view hold that the economic reforms [clarification needed] initiated in the early 1990sare responsible for the collapse of rural economies and the agrarian crisis currently underway. Asjournalist and the Rural Affairs editor forThe Hindu,P Sainathdescribes in his reports on therural economy inIndia, the level ofinequalityhas risen to extraordinary levels, when at the sametime, hunger in India has reached its highest level in decades. He also points out that ruraleconomies across India have collapsed, or on the verge of collapse due to theneo-liberalpoliciesof the government of India since the 1990s.[38]The human cost of the "liberalisation" has beenvery high.[clarification needed] The huge wave of farm suicides in Indian rural population from 1997 to

2007 totaled close to 200,000, according to official statistics.

[39]

That number remains disputed,with some saying the true number is much higher. Commentators have faulted the policiespursued by the government which, according to Sainath, resulted in a very high portion of ruralhouseholds getting into the debt cycle, resulting in a very high number of farm suicides. Asprofessor Utsa Patnaik, Indias top economist on agriculture, has pointed out, the average poor

family in 2007 has about 100 kg less food per year than it did in 1997.[39]

Government policies encouraging farmers to switch tocash crops, in place of traditional foodcrops, has resulted in an extraordinary increase in farm input costs, while market forcesdetermined the price of the cash crop.[40]Sainath points out that a disproportionately largenumber of affected farm suicides have occurred with cash crops, because with food crops such asrice, even if the price falls, there is food left to survive on. He also points out that inequality hasreached one of the highest rates India has ever seen. In a report byChetan Ahya, ExecutiveDirector atMorgan Stanley, it is pointed out that there has been a wealth increase of close toUS$1 Trillion in the time frame of 2003-2007 in theIndian stock market, while only 4-7% of theIndian population hold anyequity.[41]During the time when Public investment in agricultureshrank to 2% of the GDP, the nation suffered the worst agrarian crisis in decades, the same timeas India became the nation of second highest number of dollar billionaires.[42]Sainath argues that

Farm incomes have collapsed. Hunger has grown very fast. Public investment in agricultureshrank to nothing a long time ago. Employment has collapsed. Non-farm employment hasstagnated. (Only the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act has brought some limited reliefin recent times.) Millions move towards towns and cities where, too, there are few jobs to befound.

In one estimate, over 85 per cent of rural households are either landless, sub-marginal, marginalor small farmers. Nothing has happened in 15 years that has changed that situation for the better.Much has happened to make it a lot worse.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P_Sainathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P_Sainathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P_Sainathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_inequalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_inequalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_inequalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-liberalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-liberalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-liberalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-counterpunch.org-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-counterpunch.org-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-counterpunch.org-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-counterpunch.org-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-counterpunch.org-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-counterpunch.org-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_crophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_crophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_crophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chetan_Ahya&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chetan_Ahya&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chetan_Ahya&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Stanleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Stanleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Stanleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_stock_markethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_stock_markethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_stock_markethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_%28finance%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_%28finance%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_%28finance%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_stock_markethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Stanleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chetan_Ahya&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_crophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-counterpunch.org-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-counterpunch.org-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-liberalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_inequalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P_Sainathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_note-36


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Those who have taken their lives were deep in debtpeasant households in debt doubled in thefirst decade of the neoliberal economic reforms, from 26 per cent of farm households to 48.6per cent. Meanwhile, all along, India kept reducing investment in agriculture (standard neoliberalprocedure). Life was being made more and more impossible for small farmers.

As of 2006, the government spends less than 0.2% of GDP on agriculture and less than 3% ofGDP on education.[43]However, some government schemes such as the mid-day meal scheme,and the NREGA have been partially successful in providing a lifeline for the rural economy andcurbing the further rise of poverty.

Rich Indians not generous[44]

There are 115,000 individuals in India with high net-worth. Since 2000, this elite group hasgrown an average of 11 per cent annually. Between 2006 and 2007, the number of wealthyindividuals in India surged by 23 per cent, which is the highest growth rate in the world.

However, the wealthiest have the lowest level of giving at 1.6% of their household income forcharitable purposes.

"While the 'high class', which is ranked one level below the 'upper class' on the income andeducation scale, donates 2.1% to charity, the middle class gives 1.9% of household income tophilanthropy," says Arpan Sheth, partner, Bain & Company.[44]

The percentage of India's GDP that is spent for charitable purposes is only 0.6 where thepercentage is 2.2 in the United States.[45]

Reduction in Poverty

Despite all the causes, India currently adds 40 million people to its middle class every year.[citationneeded] Analysts such as the founder of "Forecasting International", Marvin J. Cetron writes that anestimated 300 million Indians now belong to the middle class; one-third of them have emergedfrom poverty in the last ten years. At the current rate of growth, a majority of Indians will bemiddle-class by 2025.

Despite government initiatives,corporate social responsibility(CSR) remains low on the agendaof corporate sector. Only 10 percent of funding comes from individuals and corporates, and "alarge part of CSR initiatives are artfully masqueraded and make it back to the balancesheet". Thewidening income gap between the rich and the poor over the years, has raised fears of a social

backlash.[46]

Efforts to alleviate poverty

Since the early 1950s, govt has initiated, sustained, and refined variousplanningschemes to helpthe poor attain self sufficiency in food production. Probably the most important initiative hasbeen the supply of basic commodities, particularly food

Population in India 2011

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