Population Explosion: Current

status and Strategies of Govt.

of India to address the issue

Presenter- Dr. Jitendra

Moderator- Dr. G. S. Meena

Plan of presentation

• Introduction

• Historical background

• Demographic transition

• India : present scenario

• Predictors of rapid population growth

• Family planning- methods , Indian situation

• Govt. strategies- NPP 2000, JSK etc

• SWOT analysis

What is population ?• All organisms that both belong to the same group or

species and live in the same geographical area.

• In sociology, population refers to a collection of human beings.

Population explosion – “a pyramiding of numbers of a biological population” .

The population change is calculated by the formula:

Population change = (Births + Immigration) – (Deaths + Emigration).

• Its Boon for a developed country

• But, its Curse for developing country

Thomas Malthus

• 1798: Essay on the Principle of Population as it Affects the Future Improvement of Society .

– Population growth tends to outstrip the means of subsistence.

– Food increases arithmetically while population increases geometrically.

World Population

India pop. Density (2011) – 382/km(sq.)

1

1

111 1 1

2.4% world’s land area

17.5% population

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION

• Change from stable population with high fertility and

mortality to a new stability in population due to low fertility

and mortality.

Phase BR-DR Trend

First phase fall in death rate Population growth

Second phase fall in birth rate less steep

than fall in death rates

Population growth

Third phase death rates plateau,

replacement level Birth

rate

Population growth

Fourth phase fall in birth rate to below

replacement level

Population stabilizes

Fifth phase further fall in birth rate Population decline

Countries go through five stages of population growth

These are shown by the Demographic transition model (DTM)

Poorer, less developed countries are in the earlier stages of the DTM, whilst

richer more developed countries are in the later stages.

• Our world population is rapidly growing.

– Today: Over 7 billion people and on the rise…..

• Increased immigration / lack of migration (urbanization)

• Lack of education and contraceptive use

• Medical advancement etc.

• Impacts-

Environmental

• Deforestation

• Global Warming – Natural

disasters, sea level rising

• Lack of natural resources

• Lack of freshwater

• Pollution

Social

• Services like Healthcare and education cant

cope with the rapid increase in population , so

not everyone has access to them.

• Children have to work to help support their

large families , so they miss out on education.

Child labour

• There aren't enough houses for everyone, so

people are forced to live in makeshift houses

in Overcrowded settlements. This leads to

health problems because the houses aren't

always connected to sewers or they don’t have

access to clean water.

• There are Food shortages if the country cant

grow or import enough food for the population.

Political

• Most of the population is made up of

Young people so the government

focuses on policies that are important

to young people e.g. education and

provision of things such as childcare.

• There are fewer older people so the

government doesn’t have to focus on

policies that are important to Older

people e.g. pensions.

• The government has to make Policies

to bring population growth under

control so the social and economic

impacts of rapid population growth

don’t get any worse.

Economic

• There aren't enough jobs for the number of

people in the country so Unemployment

increases.

• There is increased Poverty because more

people are born into families that are already

poor.

India Present Situation• High proportion of its population in

agriculture (62%), and reside in rural

areas (68.84%)

• High CBR: 22.1/1000 (2010)

• Low CDR: 7.2/1000

• TFR- 2.55

• Current Population of India in 2012 -

1,220,200,000 (1.22 billion)

• Age structure 0 to 25 years - 51% of India's

current population (2010)

• 940 females per 1000 males in 2011

• With the population growth rate at 1.58%,

India is predicted to have more than 1.53

billion people by the end of 2030

POPULATION EXPLOSION

High Birth Rate Low Death Rate Migration

Predictors of rapid population growth

High Birth rate

The current rate of population growth in India is 1.58% and the total fertility rate is 2.55. (2013)

Unmet need for family planning- < 20ys (27.1%), 20-24 (21.1.%)

Around 50 % of population lie in reproductive age bracket.

Early puberty (12-14yrs)

Low female literacy rate (65.5%)

POVERTY:

“More than 300 million Indians earn less than RS.50/-everyday and about 130 million people are jobless.”

Low standards of living

High fertility

The vicious cycle

Over

Population

Unemployment

/Illiteracy

Poverty

Produce more children

High Birth rate

Religious beliefs, Traditions and Cultural Norms:

In Islam, one of the leading religions of India, children are considered to be gifts of God, and so the more children a woman has, the more she is respected in her family and society.

A lot of families prefer having a son rather than a daughter. As a result, a lot of families have more children than they actually want or can afford, resulting in increased poverty, lack of resources, and most importantly, an increased population.

India’s cultural norms is Universal Marriage and girl to get married at an early age. In most of the rural areas and in some urban areas as well, families prefer to get their girls Early married at the age of 14 or 15.

High population growth

• The current high population growth rate is due to:

(1) the large size in the Reproductive age-group (estimated contribution 60%);

(2) higher fertility due to Unmet need for contraception (estimated contribution 20%); and

(3) High wanted fertility due to prevailing high IMR (estimated contribution about 20%).

• Approximately 50 percent of the girls marry below the age of 18 years, resulting in a typical reproductive pattern of –

• “too early, too frequent, too many.”

• More children are preferred by poor parents as more workforce.

Map of countries by fertility rate:

India's fertility rate is lower than some countries in its neighborhood, but

significantly higher than CHINA, BURMA, IRAN & SRI LANKA.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India

Low Death rate

o The crude death rate in India in 1981 was approximately 12.5, and that decreased to approximately 7.4 deaths/1,000 population (2013).

o Also, the infant mortality rate in India decreased from 129 in 1981 to approximately 44.6 (2013).

o The average life expectancy of people in India has increased from 52.9 in 1975-80 to 68.7 years (2013).

o Better public health, medical advances, improved living standards etc.

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/

Migration

The migration in India currently is -0.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.), and is decreasing further.

However in large countries like- India, immigration plays a very small role in the population change.

People from neighbouring countries like Bangladesh, Pakistan and Nepal, migrate to India; at the same time Indians migrate to other countries like the U.S., Australia, and the U.K.

Internal migration : Urbanisation

Why population control ??

• A quickly regenerating population

exacerbates shortages of food and

water

• the nation’s long-term growth will be

hampered by a less healthy therefore

less productive work force,

• greater demand for natural resource

consumption,

• a higher level of environmental

degradation resulting from such

consumption.

METHODS OF FAMILY

PLANNING

CONTRACEPTIVEMETHODS

NATURAL ARTIFICIAL

PERMANENTTEMPORARY

TUBECTOMY

VASECTOMY

ABSTINENCE

WITHDRAWAL

SDM BARRIER

IUCD (copper T)

HARMONAL

Scope of family planning

services• Proper spacing and limitation of birth

• Advice on sterility

• Education for parenthood

• Sex education

• Screening for reproductive diseases

• Genetic counseling

• Premarital counseling, consultations

• Pregnancy test

• Marriage counseling

• Home economics and education

• Adoption services

Family

Planning

In India

India - Family Planning

• India tried unsuccessfully in the 70s to use compulsory

sterilization one of the causes for Mrs Gandhi's defeat at the polls in 1977.

• In the 1980’s, India began focusing on the sterilization of

women. Today, this is the most widely practiced form of family

planning.

Basic premises of the Family Welfare Programme are:

1. • Acceptance of FW services is voluntary,

2. • Integrated Maternal and Child Health (MCH) & FP services

3. • Effective IEC to improve awareness

4. • Ensure easy and convenient access to FW services free of cost

Elements of success in family

welfare programme

1. Accessible services

2. Affordable

3. Client centered care

4. Evidence based technical guidelines

5. Effective communication

6. Efficient logistics

7. Work for supportive policies

8. Coordination and integration

9. High performing staff and environment

10.Adequate budget and spending

11.Evidence based decision making

12.Strong leadership and management

• In the (1965-2009) period, contraceptive

usage has more than tripled (from 13% of married women in 1970 to 56% in 2011) and the fertility rate more than halved (from 5.7 in 1966 to 2.7 in 2011).

• Seven Indian states have TFR dipped below the 2.1 replacement rate level and are no longer contributing to Indian population growth - Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Punjab and Sikkim.

Current scenario India

http://paa2012.princeton.edu/papers/121809

• Meghalaya, at 20%, had the lowest usage of contraception among all Indian states. Bihar and Uttar Pradesh were the other two states that reported usage below 30%.

• Four Indian states have fertility rates above 3.5 - Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Meghalaya and Nagaland. Of these, Bihar has a fertility rate of 4.0, the highest of any Indian state.

Delivery system

Community

District

State

Centre Dep't. of family welfare

State family health bureau

Dist. Family welfare bureau

Urban family welfare centre

Regional office for

HFW

Urban health posts

Rural family welfare centre

WHY THERE IS A NEED FOR POPULATION

POLICY IN INDIA?

NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY-2000

DEMOGRAPHIC ACHIEVEMENTS OF INDIA BEFORE

NPP-2000

• Reduced Crude Birth Rate from 40.8 (1951) to 26.4 (1998,SRS);

• Halved the Infant Mortality Rate from 146 per 1000 live births (1951) to 72 per 1000 live births (1998, SRS);

• Quadrupled the Couple Protection Rate from 10.4 percent (1971) to 44percent (1999);

• Reduced Crude Death Rate from 25 (1951) to 9.0 (1998, SRS);

• Added 25 years to life-expectancy from 37 years to 62 years;

• Achieved nearly universal awareness of the need for and methods of family planning,

• Reduced Total Fertility Rate from 6.0 (1951) to 3.3 (1997, SRS)

MILESTONES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL

POPULATION POLICY

1940

• The Sub committee on Population , appointed by the National Planning Committee, considered ‘ Family Planning and limitation of children’ essential for the interest of social economy, family happiness and national planning

1946

• The Bhore Committee reported that control of disease and famine would cause a serious problem of population growth.

1951

• First Five Year Plan recognized ‘ population policy’as an ‘essential to planning’ and ‘family planning’ as a ‘step towards improvement in health of mothers and children’.

1952

• Launching of the first National Family Planning Programme in India.

1951

1976

• Statement of 1st National Population Policy, by Shri K. Singh, Minister of Health and Family planning, to deter population growth and events that contributed to it.

1977

• A revised Population Policy Statement was tabled on Parliament. It emphasized the voluntary nature of the family planning programme. The term ‘Family Welfare’ replaced the term ‘Family Planning’.

1983

• The National Health Policy emphasized “securing the small family norm, through voluntary efforts and moving towards the goal of population stabilization”

1992

• NDC , in 1993 proposed the formulation of a National Population Policy to take

• “a long term holistic view of development, population growth and environmental protection”,“to suggest policies and guidelines” “ a monitoring mechanism with short, medium and long term goals”

1993

• An expert group headed by Dr. M.S. Swaminathan –asked to prepare draft of aNational Population Policy to be discussed.

1994

• Report on a ‘National Population Policy’ by the expert group circulated amongmembers, and comments sought from the state and central agencies

1997• On 50th anniversary of Indian independence , Prime Minister, I K Gujral promised to

announce a National Population Policy in near future.

1999

• The GOM then finalized a draft, placed before the Cabinet, discussed on 19th November 1999.

NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY

OF INDIA- 2000

3 Objectives

4 New Structures

12 Strategic Themes

14 National Socio-demographic Goals (2010)

16 Promotional and Motivational Measures

150 Interventions

OBJECTIVES OF THE NATIONAL POPULATION

POLICY-2000

• IMMEDIATE OBJECTIVE :1. To address the unmet needs for contraception,

2. Imporove Health care infrastructure and health personnel

3. To provide integrated service delivery for basic reproductive and child health care.

• MEDIUM TERM OBJECTIVE: 1. To bring the TFR to replacement level by 2010 through

vigorous implementation of intersectoral operational strategies.

• LONG TERM OBJECTIVE:1. Achieve a stable population by 2045 at a level consistent with

requirement of sustainable economic growth, social development and environmental protection.

NATIONAL SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC GOALS

FOR 2010

Address the unmet needs for basic RCH services.

Make school education up to age 14 years free and compulsory, and reduce

drop outs rate from primary and secondary school levels to below 20 percent for

both boys and girls.

Promote delayed marriage for girls, at age not less than 18,and preferable after

20 years.

Achieve universal access to information/ counseling services for fertility

regulation and contraceptive with wide basket of choices

Promote small family norm to achieve replacement level of Total Fertility Rate

2.1.

Bring about convergence in implementation of related social sector programmes so

that family welfare become people centered programmed

Diverse health care providers, Collaboration with the commitments from private

agencies and NGOs and Involvement of Indian system of medicine in delivery of

RCH services

Contraceptive technology and research in RCH

Providing health care and support for the older population

Information, Education and Communication .

NATIONAL SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC GOALS

FOR 2010

MAJOR STRATEGIC THEMES FOR THE NPP-

2000

1. Decentralized planning and programme implementation

2. Availability of services delivery at village levels

3. Empowering women for improved health and nutrition

4. Child survival and child health

5. Meeting the unmet needs for Family Welfare Services

6. Greater emphasis for underserved population group

Strategy shift in family planning

1970- Do ya Teen bas

1980- Hum do Humare do

PROMOTIONAL AND MOTIVATIONAL MEASURES

FOR ADOPTION OF THE SMALL FAMILY NORM:

• Panchayats and Zila Parishads are rewarded and honoured for exemplary

performance.

• Balilka Samridhi Yojana (Department of Women and Child Development) provide

cash incentive of Rs.500 at the birth of the girl child of birth order 1 or 2.

• Maternity Benefit Scheme (Department of Rural Development) provide cash

incentive to mothers who have their first child after 19 years of age, for birth of the

1 and 2 child only.

• Couples below the poverty line are rewarded for their active involvement in

Family Planning activities.

• Village- level self help groups & NGO ( janani, pathfinder, parivar seva

sanstha etc)

• Creches and child care centers in rural and urban slums.

• A wider and affordable choice of contraceptives made accessible.

• Facilities for safe abortion be strengthened under MTP act.

• Innovative social marketing schemes be promoted.

• Increased vocational training schemes for girls, leading to self-

employment be encouraged.

• Strict enforcement of the Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1976.

• Strict enforcement of the Pre-Natal Diagnostic Act, 1994.

• 9th Amendment Bill of 1992 disqualify a person for being a member of

either house of legislature of a state, if he/she has more than 2 children.

PROMOTIONAL AND MOTIVATIONAL MEASURES

FOR ADOPTION OF THE SMALL FAMILY NORM:

PROMOTIONAL AND MOTIVATIONAL

MEASURES FOR ADOPTION OF THE SMALL

FAMILY NORM:

• A Family Welfare linked Health Insurance plan. – for acceptors and indemnity cover(Rs 2 lac) for doctors in accredited facilities. Compensation Death : < 7 days (Rs 2 lac), 8-30 (Rs 50,000), <60 days (Rs 25,000) in Failure (Rs 30,000)

• All India Hospital postpartum programme (AIHPP)

• Cash Incentives – for acceptors- tubectomy [Rs 600, 145(lap)], vasectomy (Rs 1100), IUD (Rs 75). For motivators – tubectomy (Rs 150), vasectomy (Rs 200).

• State/ central govt. Employees get special increments after sterilization with special leaves.

OPERATIONAL STRATEGIES

• Village self help groups to organize and

provide basic services for RCH care ,

with the on going ICDS scheme.

• Implement at village Anganwadi centre ,

a one-stop integrated and coordinated

service delivery package for basic

health care, family planning,

contraceptive counseling and supply

and MCH care.

• Provide wider basket of choices in

contraception through innovative social

marketing schemes to reach household

levels.

• Focus attention on men to promote the

small family norm.

PROPOSED ACTIVITIES AND INTERVENTIONS

1. Compulsory acceptance of two child norm for individual benefits in government jobs . For subsidies , Condition for government jobs, Medical claims.

2. Performance of family welfare in their area to be part of officer’s assessment at various levels.

3. Organization of FW camps with financial assistance from cooperative societies, sugar factories & other industrial establishments.

4. Strict implementation of existing acts and policies such as child marriage act, prenatal sex determination act, birth and death registration act.

5. Acceptance of small family norm as a condition for qualifying for elections to various bodies such as Zilla Parishad, Panchayat Samiti, Cooperative societies etc

National Commission on

Population

Formulated on 11th May 2000, Reconstituted on Feb 2005

Members

Chairman, Deputy Chairman, 2 vice Chairman, Secretary.

First Meeting-23rd July 2005- Survey of all District to identify

the weakness in Health Care Delivery System.

State Population Commission

Janasankhya Sthirata Kosh

Aims & objectives

• To review, monitor and give directions for the

implementation of the National Population Policy

• To promote synergy between demographic, educational,

environmental and developmental programmes.

• To promote intersectoral co-ordination in planning and

implementation.

To facilitate goals, support projects, schemes, initiatives and to

introduce innovative ideas, both in government and voluntary

sectors.

Jansankhya Sthirata Kosh

(Population Stabilisation Fund)

• Jansankhya Sthirata Kosh (JSK), also known as National Population Stabilisation Fund, is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), created in 2003 on the recommendations of the National Commission of Population.

• It has been formed to ensure that population stabilization remains an important area of focus in the national agenda. To enable this, GOI has provided Rs. 100 crore as corpus fund to signify its commitment to the activities of the Kosh.

• JSK’s work is managed by a Governing Board, the members of which include both government and non-government representatives.

• The main areas of JSK’s advocacy efforts are addressing social norms on son preference, age at marriage and birth of first child, spacing between children, as well as ensuring state prioritization of family planning and reproductive health.

RMNCH+A

• Under the National Rural Health Mission, a new comprehensive strategy, called the Reproductive Maternal Newborn and Child Health plus Adolescent Health (RMNCH+A), has been launched recently.

• Family planning is an integral and cross-cutting component of this strategy that covers adolescent, maternal and child health.

•

• In order to operationalise this strategy, GOI has launched many schemes to strengthen the family planning component, such as the delivery of contraceptives by ASHAs at the doorstep, for which the ASHAs receive compensation for promoting spacing methods too.

Voluntary organizations

• National-

• FPAI, FP foundation, Population council of India, Indian red cross, IMA, Rotary club, Lions club, Christian missionaries and Pvt. Hospitals.

• International-

• International planned parenthood foundation, UNFPA,USAID, The population council, Ford foundation, Path finder fund, WHO, UNICEF and World bank.

GOI new strategies family planning

Key strategies

a. Sterilization services

b. ‘Quality Assurance Committees’ (QACs) in states and districts to ensure quality of services

c. Increasing Male Participation In Planned Parenthood, including ‘No Scalpel Vasectomy’ (NSV):

d. Promotion of IUD-380-A as a long-term and short-term spacing method:

e. Operationalising ‘Fixed Day Static’ (FDS) services

f. Promotion of emergency contraceptive pills

g. Promotion of Post Partum Family Planning

h. Strengthening contraceptive logistics

Impact Of Family Welfare

Activities Nearly 98% of women and 99% of men in

the age group of 15 and 49 have a good knowledge about one or more methods of contraception. Adolescents seem to be well aware of the modern methods of contraception.

Over 97% of women and 95% of men are knowledgeable about female sterilization, which is the most popular modern permanent method of family planning. While only 79% of women and 80% of men have heard about male sterilization.

93% of men have awareness about the usage of condoms while only 74% of women are aware of the same.

Around 80% of men and women have a fair knowledge about contraceptive pills.

Family Planning Performance• The year 2010-11 ended with 34.9 million

family planning acceptors at national level comprising of-

• 5.0 million Sterilizations,

• 5.6 million IUD insertions,

• 16.0 million condom users,

• 8.3 million O.P. users

• family planning : Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Delhi, Goa, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Sikkim, D&N Haveli reported better performance than previous years.

• Number of Births Prevented: Implementation of various Family Planning measures prevented 16.335 million births in the country during 2010-11 as compared to 16.605 million in 2009-10. The cumulative total of births avoided in the country up to 2010-11 was 442.75 million.

Source:Family Welfare Statistics in India - 2011 & CensusIndia.gov

Strengths

Availability of services delivery at village levels through ASHA, AWW etc.

Greater emphasis for underserved population and high risk group

Collaboration with the commitments from private agencies and NGOs (PPP)

Legislative Support.

Intersectoral coordination.

New Contraceptive technology and research

Decentralized approach

Weaknesses 1. 49% of the increase in projected population in India

will be contributed by the six major states of North India (UP, Bihar, MP, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand) ,

2. Contraceptive prevalence rate (for any modern contraceptive) India average is 46.2% .

3. Non availability of trained service providers at peripheral health facility to provide regular quality FP services.

4. Lack of motivation of the staff to provide Family planning services.

5. Less focus on Post partum family planning services.

Weaknesses

1. Health care centers are inaccessible to rural areas and poor infrastructure .

2. Urban areas lack of organized public health services delivery system

3. Pre-acceptance and post-acceptance check-ups are infrequent

4. Early sterilizations.

5. Unavailability of sufficient supply of contraceptives at the peripheral facilities.

6. Early marriage and teenage pregnancy

OpportunitiesImprove access to FP services

Improve quality of FP services

Diversify contraceptive choices

Make FP an integral part of MCH strategy

Use FP as a powerful poverty reduction strategy

Enhance awareness, dispel fears/ disinformation (IEC)

Promote Intersectoral Convergence

Appreciate FP as a health, development and rights issue.

Opportunities Strong political will and advocacy at the highest levels, e.g. Chief

Ministers, parliamentarians, religious leaders and opinion leaders, for

achieving population stabilization.

Fixed day static services at all facilities round the year by ensuring

availability of trained service provider (Minilap, NSV, IUCD).

Revitalising Postpartum Family Planning services for all institutional

deliveries.

Community Based Distribution of Contraceptives (Condoms, OCPs,

EC Pills) through ASHAs and at VHNDs.

Increasing basket of choices in contraceptives e.g. injectables, male

contraceptives

Opportunities

Train more MBBS doctors in Minilap to augment service providers pool –focus on States with high unmet need. Involve AYUSH doctors in FP initiative – incentivize them.

Integrate FP training into pre service education for doctors including AYUSH, ANMs, GNMs and pharmacists.

Decentralizing procurement of contraceptives to ensure regular, adequate and need based supply.

Strengthening monitoring and providing performance based incentives

Private sector involvement for increasing provider base e.g. voucher & electronic transfer of incentive money; re-evaluating their incentive structure.

Renewed emphasis on IEC/BCC for generating demand for FP. Involving ICTCs for educating and counselling adolescents on reproductive health and contraception

Opportunities

Launch the Adolescent initiative – make reproductive and sexual health, and pre- marriage and contraception counseling important components.

Make FP progress an important conditionality for NRHM releases (e.g. upto 10%).

Sensitization meetings of all the stakeholders.

For 12th Plan, get FP included in Education, WCD,YA , HRD policies and plans.

Constitute a National Steering Group under HFM with HRD, WCD, and YA as members for effective convergence; and State Steering Committees under CMs.

Threats

Uneducated Women: Success of family planning – depends on women – need to be educated – to decide – number of children –aware of available family planning programs. But in India –educating women – very difficult – due to – family problems –religious and social norms

Religious influences: As told before – in Islam – children are considered – gift of god – don’t believe – birth control measures. In Catholics – abortion – considered a sin – don’t follow family planning.

Deficient IEC: Most population – rural areas – family planning – not advertised – also religious and social norms – more in rural areas –as a result – above mentioned problems – more intense – in addition – lack of family planning facilities.

Thank you

Slower rates of population growth will benefit all aspects of

development

Agriculture

Health

Education

Economy

Urbanisation

Environment

Threats

• Widely differing rates of population growth in different parts of the country ( state dependency )

• High cost and expenditure : The expenditure of the Department of Family Welfare was about Rs 6 per eligible couple protected in 1974-75 which increased to Rs 718 in 2010-11 at the current prices. Average real expenditure per new acceptor is Rs 2789 (2010-11)

• National population Commission is largely dysfunctional and subsumed with MOHFW and Today, family planning efforts are just one of the many activities under the reproductive and child health component of the National Rural Health Mission

References

• Butler C. 1994. Overpopulation, overconsumption, and economics. Lancet, 343: 582-584.

• http://www.colby.edu/personal/t/thtieten/Famplan.htm

• National Health Policy Document, New Delhi, 2000. Govt. of India. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.

• Eleventh Five Year Plan 2007-2012. Planning Commission,Govt. of India, New Delhi.

• www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-common/CensusDataSummary.html

• Agarwal S. Public Health and Community Medicine Related Policies in India. Textbook of Public Health and Community Medicine, Dept of Community Medicine, AFMC, Punein collaboration with WHO, India office, New Delhi; 1st edition,2009

• Rapid population growth. Consequences and policy implications vol II UNFPA

• Park’s Text book preventive and social medicine. 21st ed.

• India and Family Planning: An Overview, Department of Family and Community Health, World Health Organization, retrieved 2009-11-25.

• https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/

• Strategy Paper on Family Welfare – Gupta. A, Nair. L

• THANK YOU !!

China One Child Policy• 1979 “one child” policy enacted

– For urban areas

• Material benefits

– if have 1 child

• Social & official pressure

– If have more than 1 child

• 71% Chinese are rural

– Multiple children are common

• Fertility rate has declined

– But also declined in other Asian countries without coersion

• Human rights violation?

monetary incentive if they decide to

postpone plans for a child for at least two

years after marriage. The government is

offering Rs5000 or $106, a significant sum

in India’s rural areas, if they agree to its

rules. Dubbed ‘honeymoon packages,’ the

program was first launched in Satara,

Maharashtra, a state in Western India, with

already more than 2000 couples reported to

have enrolled for the program, according

to The New York Times.