Pon Kan Thu Lay

ykefuefolav;ykefuefolav;ykefuefolav;ykefuefolav;ykefuefolav; 1

jre frmbmomjye fxkwfa0ol. trSmpmjre frmbmomjye fxkwfa0ol. trSmpmjre frmbmomjye fxkwfa0ol. trSmpmjre frmbmomjye fxkwfa0ol. trSmpmjre frmbmomjye fxkwfa0ol. trSmpm

T " ykefuefolav; " trnfay;xm;onfhpmtkyfi,fonf wESpfav;}udrfxkwfa0aom e,l;-b&ef0pfcf ,leDAmpDwD.(1986)ckESpf rdk;OD;us"0da&m"d"pmapmifrS " The Little Conspirator " tm; bmomjyefqdkjcif;jzpfygonf?1

,if;aqmif;yg;onf &dkref/ trf/ abmfa&udk; ESifh tif'&D,ma0: wdk@u rl&if;ydkvef bmomrS t*Fvdyfbmom jyefxm;jcif;jzpfygonf?2

t=urf;rzuf 'Drdkua&pDta&;}udK;yrf;ae=uaom jrefrmjynfolvlxktwGuf taxmuftuljyKrnf[k ,lqygonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomfTpmtkyfu tm%m&SifawGudk qef@usifzdk@ t=urf;rzufwJhenf;vrf;awGudk oHk;zdk@ wdkufwGef;xm;ayonf?

xdk@jyif pmtkyfxJwGif 'zwfygzwfygzwfygzwfygzwfyg' 'zwf+yD;&if vufqifhurf;ygzwf+yD;&if vufqifhurf;ygzwf+yD;&if vufqifhurf;ygzwf+yD;&if vufqifhurf;ygzwf+yD;&if vufqifhurf;yg'/ / / / / 'wwfEdkifwwfEdkifwwfEdkifwwfEdkifwwfEdkif&if oifhzmomoif yHkESdyfxkwfa0yg&if oifhzmomoif yHkESdyfxkwfa0yg&if oifhzmomoif yHkESdyfxkwfa0yg&if oifhzmomoif yHkESdyfxkwfa0yg&if oifhzmomoif yHkESdyfxkwfa0yg' qdkwJh trSmvnf; yg ygonf?

odk@&mwGif Oya'/ yk'fr rsm;onf ydkvefOya'rsm;om jzpfygonf?3

1 Journal of the Center for Conflict Studies, University of New Brunswik2 The little conspirator translated by Roman M. Boreyko and AndreYaDeau3 jrefrmbmomjyefxkwfa0ol.trSm

ykefuefolav;ykefuefolav;ykefuefolav;ykefuefolav;ykefuefolav;2

yke fuefolav;y ke fuefolav;y ke fuefolav;y ke fuefolav;y ke fuefolav;e d' ge f ;e d' ge f ;e d' ge f ;e d' ge f ;e d' ge f ;

bmomjyefolrsm;[m vGefcJhwJhaqmif;OD;aygufu ajratmuftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ta=umif;udk tm;vHk;bJ pdwf0ifpm;rdoGm;=uw,f? 'geJ@bJrm&S,favma=unmt+yD;/ ydkvefjynf ajratmufvSKyf&Sm;r_}uD;&Jh wdk;wufzGH@+zdK;r_vrf;a=umif;udk ynm&Sifqefqef okawoevkyfief;oufouf taeeJ@ pwifavhvmcJh=uyg w,f? acsa*GAm;&m;4/ &D*spf'DZm;5/ z&ef@zmEGef6 eJ@umvdk@rm&D*,fvm7 wdk@ oHk;cJhwJh ajratmufenf;vrf;awGeJ@ydkvefjynfrSmoHk;aewJhenf;pepfawGudk Ed_if;,SOfavhvmEdkifzdk@ 'D 'ykefuefolav;ykefuefolav;ykefuefolav;ykefuefolav;ykefuefolav;' pmtkyfudk bmomjyefvdkuf=uygw,f? 'D pmtkyfuav; t=urf;bmomjyef+yD;wJhtcg ydk+yD;us,fus,fjyef@jyef@zwfEdkifatmif vkyf&ifaumif;r,fvdk@ pOf;pm;rdvm=uygw,f? 'Dpmtkyfu tm%m&SifEdkifiHawGudk qef@usifzdk@ t=urf;rzufwJh enf;vrf;awGudkoHk;zdk@ wdkufwGef;xm;w,f? 'g[mvnf; ydkvefrSm pepfwus pnf;&Hk;zGJ@pnf;+yD;om;&SdaewJh uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;vkyfief;}uD;&Jhtjrift,ltqawG a=umifhygbJ?

'geJ@ usaemfwdk@vnf; 'Dpmtkyfudk xkwfa0cGifh&zdk@eJ@/ wcsdK@r&Sif;wJhtcsufawGudkar;zdk@'ykefuefolav;ykefuefolav;ykefuefolav;ykefuefolav;ykefuefolav;'xkwfa0olawG udk'aoG;pnf;nD!GwfaoG;pnf;nD!GwfaoG;pnf;nD!GwfaoG;pnf;nD!GwfaoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;a&;a&;a&;a&;'8 vrf;a=umif; uwqifh csOf;uyfcJh=uygw,f? olwdk@&Jh ueOD;wkef@jyef

4 (Che Gue Vara)5 (Regis Debre)6 (Franz Fanon)7 (Carlos Marighella)8 (Solidarity)


csufuawmh cyfjywfjywfbJ³³³ 'xkwfa0cGifh ray;Edkifbl;'wJh? 'D ajratmufvufpGJpmapmifav;[m ydkvefjynfjyifyrSm b,folupdwf0ifpm;rSmvJ qdkwm&,f/ bma=umifh usaemfwdk@u'kuQcH+yD; 'Dvdk &l;a=umifa=umiftvkyfawGudk vkyfae&wmvJ³³³qdkwmawGudk em;rvnfEdkifatmif jzpfaeygw,f?taemufEdkifiHu y&dowfawG 'DvufpGJpmapmifav;udk bma=umifh pdwf0ifpm;=ur,fqdkwmudk tawmfav;aqG;aEG;+yD;awmhrS xkwfa0cGifhjyKvdkuf=uygw,f? awG@qHkar;jref;zdk@vnf; cGifhjyKcJhygw,f? usaemfwdk@ar;cGef;awGudk pmeJ@a&;ar;cJh+yD;/ tajzawGudkvnf; =um;cHyk*~dKvfawGuwqifhbJ &cJhygw,f?usaemfwdk@ awG@qHkar;jref;cGifh&cJhwJhol[m'ppfa=uma&; upm;yGJppfa=uma&; upm;yGJppfa=uma&; upm;yGJppfa=uma&; upm;yGJppfa=uma&; upm;yGJ' tcef;udka&;cJholvdk@ ,Hk=unf&ygw,f? olu emrnfrazmfcsifbJaevdk+yD;/ ckvdk ynm&Sifrsm;&Jh ar;jref;jcif;cH&wmudkvnf; odyf}udKufyHkr&ygbl;? tcsuftvufjynfhjynfhpHkpHkay;vdkuf&if CND xkwfa0a&;wdkuf&Jh vHk+cHKr_udkxdcdkufrSm olpdk;&drfwmvdk@ em;vnfEdkifygw,f?

' ykefuefolav; ' pmtkyfudk a&;om;xkwfa0cJhwm ydkvefrSmrm&S,favma=unmt+yD; &mZowf}uD;eJ@&mZ0wfusifhxHk;Oya'wdk@udkrjyifqifrD a&;om;xkwfa0cJhwmyg? tJ'D umv[m (1982)aEGOD; jzpfzdk@rsm;wmu rwfv avmufuyg? 'quf&ef&Sdao;onf' CND xkwfa0a&;wdkuf[m tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u trnfwl ajratmuftpk wpk&Jh tpdwftydkif;wckyg? 'Dtpkudk (1981) 'DZifbm(13)&uf csufavmbDvufuD;9 urm&S,favma=unmt+yD;/ wdkufyGJ0ifol(200) odk@r[kwf (300) &Jh tultnDeJ@ 0gaqmrSm xlaxmifcJhygw,f? tkyfpk&Jh oauFw pmvHk;}uD; CNDay:rSm ydkveftvH aemufjyefvGifhaewJhyHk[m yxrawmh &ifxdk;awGtjzpf

9 Czeslaw Beilecki


ay:vm+yD;/ aemufawmh vrf;ab; tkwfeH&HawGeJ@ wHwdkif;awGay:udk (1982)Zefe0g&D rSm a&mufvmygw,f?

CND [m aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@/ puf&Hkaygif;pHk tvkyform;aumfrwD MRKS eJ@ eD;eD;pyfpyf tquftoG,f &Sdygw,f? MRKS[m (1982) 0gaqm&Jh t&J&ifhqHk; ajratmuftzGJ@tpnf;yg? 'quf&ef&Sdao;onf' tpk[m yxrqHk; tywfpOf CND owif;pmudk xkwfa0cJhygw,f?'g[m MRKS &Jh tmabmf owif;pmyg? ykefuefolav;udk xkwfa0jzef@csdvdkufwm[m CND &Jh yxrajcvSrf;yg? 'D vufpGJpmtkyfudk 0gaqmrSmxkwfa0cJhwmvdk@ usaemfwdk@odxm;ygw,f? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh tJ'Dtcsdefu+rdK@awmfw0dkuf vHk+cHKa&;*dwfawGtrsm;}uD;eJ@ wif;=uyfxm;wma=umifh +rdK@xJudk tjyifuoGif;zdk@qdkwm rjzpfEdkifvdk@yg? yxrydkif; pmapmifawGudk =unfh&wm 'DvufpGJpmtkyfudk ausmufyHkESdyf10eJ@ t&nftaoG;cyfnHhnHhA4 t&G,fpuULay:ul;,l+yD;rS A6 t&G,f vufeJ@jzwf+yD; csKyfpufeJ@ csKyfxm;yHk&ygw,f?puULeJ@ rifawGuawmh rm&S,favmrwdkifcif odrf;qnf;xm;cJhwJh 'aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@' vufusefypPnf;awG jzpfyHk&ygw,f? pmapmifawGudkKolporters awGu ausmydk;tdwfawG/ aps;jcif;awmif;awGxJrSm ypPnf;awGatmufu0Suf+yD; wae&muwae&mudk o,fydk@ay;=uw,f? +yD;awmhrS ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&wJh rdwfaqGawGuwqifh tdrfawGrSmvdkufa&mif;=uw,f?rl&if;aps; b,favmufqdkwm rod&ayr,fh/ trsm;tjym;udk tcrJh jzef@cJhwmyg? ykefuefolav;[m (25) uae (50) ZavmfwD (1982) arSmifcdkaps;eJ@qdk tar&duefa':vm(5)qifhrS(10)qifh wefzdk;&SdrSmyg? 'D vrf;a=umif;awGubJwqifh pmapmifa&mif;&aiGawGudk xkwfa0olqD jyefydk@ay;=uygw,f?

10 Mimeograph


'D vufpGJpmapmifav;[m a&wdka&ma&&SnftwGufyg tusdK;oufa&mufr_&SdcJhygw,f? usaewJhpdwfawGudk jrSifhwifay;EdkifcJhw,f? v_yf&Sm;r_[m touf0ifaeqJ qdkwmudkjycJhw,f? r=umcif v_yf&Sm;r_[m t&Sdefjyef&vmr,fqdkwmvnf; ,Hk=unfapcJhw,f? 'ghtjyif tm%m&Sifpepfatmufu rm&S,favma=unmxm;wJh+rdK@awmfrSm pnf;&Hk;zGJ@pnf;r_&SdwJh/ pepfuswJhqef@usifykefuefr_wck vkyfvdk@&w,fqdkwm oufaojycJhygw,f? 'ykefuefolav;' rSmyg0ifwJh ta=umif;t&mawGuawmh ta&;}uD;+rJ/ }uD;qJygbJ?

ydkvefjynfwv$m; jyef@usJaewJhtpkav;awGudk erlemyHkpH ay;EdkifcJh+yD; b,fvdkykefuef&r,fqdkwJh owif;tcsuftvufudkvnf; ay;EdkifcJhygw,f? xkwfa0olawGuawmh ol@pmapmifav;udk b,favmuftxd tusdK;jyKcJhw,fqdkwm xifjrifcsufay;avmufatmif ta&;r}uD;bl;vdk@xifovdkb,favmuf xda&mufr_&SdcJhw,fqdkwmudk ppfa=um=unfhvdkpdwfvnf; r&Sdygbl;?

"v#dK@0Suf&JwyfzGJ@&J@ ppfa=uma&;t&m&SdawG&Jh wkef@jyefyHkudkawmhod&w,fAsm? olwdk@ b,fvdkenf;awGoHk; wwfw,fqdkwm usaemfwdk@ odxm;wmudk/ pdwftaESmuft,Sufjzpfwmawmh aocsmw,f? "a[haumif³³³ 'yuo' udk rif;zwf+yD; r[kwfvm;? rzwf&ao;bl;vm;? rif;!$ef=um;csufawG &xm;+yD;+yDayghav ³³³ [kwfvm;? rif;wdk@&Jh 'yuo' qdkwm t&l;wa,mufu a&;xm;wmuG?'DaumifhrSm Oya'eJ@ywfoufvdk@ bmA[kokwrS r&Sdbl;"

aemufwcku ‘ykefuefolav;’[m EdkifiHawmf&kyfjrifoH=um;eJ@ygwDtmabmf owif;pm Trybuna Ludu rSm ta&;w,lazmfjycH&wJhajratmufpmapmif tenf;pkav;xJu wckjzpfygw,f? "aemufxyf jyifqifxkwfa0&r,fh rlwck&Sdr,fqdk&ifaum b,favmufae&mawGudk jyifcsif


ygovJ"qdkwJh usaemfwdk@ ar;cGef;udkawmh oltckvdk jynfhjynfhpHkpHk jyef=um;cJhygw,f?

"'kwd,ydkif;uawmh jyefa&;&r,f? tcsuftvufopfawGxyfjznfh&r,f? yxrydkif;rSmvnf; jyifp&mawG &Sdao;w,f? txl;ojzifh v#dK@0SufykvdyftzGJ@&Jh axmufvSrf;a&;enf;pepfawGrSmaygh?w,fvDzkef;=um;jzwfem;axmifwm toHcdk;em;axmifwm pwJhapmifh=unfha&;enf;pepfawGaygh/ ajratmufawmfvSefa&;orm;awGrSm'geJ@ywfoufvdk@,Hk=unf&avmufwJhowif;tcsuftvufawGuvnf; csdK@wJhwma=umifh &Dp&mawG/ twif;tzsif; awG/yHkjyifawGvdkjzpfoGm;wwfw,f? ‘b,fvdkykefuefrvJ’qdkwJh tcef;udkawmh ‘b,fvdkaexdkif&rvJ’qdkwJh tcef;opfwck xyfjznfhay;&r,f? (axmifxJrSmb,fvdkae&r,f/ jzwfoef;&r,fqdkwmudka&;xm;wmyg?) ar#mfrSef;csuf}uD;vSwJh 'Dtcef;uawmh axmifxJrSm a,m*usifhzdk@eJ@wjcm;udk,fhudk,fudk xdef;csKyfEdkifwJhenf;awGudka&;rSmyg? tJ'DvdkbJwjcm;ta&;}uD;wJh tpmiwfcHwdkufyGJqifwmeJ@ twif;t=uyftpmcGH@wmudk b,fvdkwkef@jyef&r,f qdkwmawGvnf;ygrSmaygh? ‘ppfa=uma&;upm;yGJ}uD;’ tcef;uawm ckxdrSefuefqJyg? xyfjznfh&rSmawGuawmh ppfa=uma&;twGif; xGufcsufrsdK;pHkay;cJh&wJh tusOf;om;awGeJ@ b,fvdkxGufcsufrS ray;cJhwJhtusOf;om;awGeJ@ awG@qHkaqG;aEG; cef;awGyg?"

'DawG@qHkar;jref;cef;rSm u|Ekfyfwdk@owif;axmuf}uD;u 'ykefuefolav;' a&;om;ol&Jhaemufa=umif;&mZ0if/ trnf/ ol@&JhuH=urRm ³³³pwmawGudk ajymcsifyHkr&ygbl;? 'Dpmapmifudk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmavhvmwJh


usaemfwdk@tvkyfudkvJ uef@uef@owfowfomvkyfzdk@ t}uHay;cJhygao;w,f?

bmyJjzpfjzpfaocsmwmuawmh usaemfwdk@&Jhajratmufowif;axmuf}uD;u "ppfa=uma&;upm;yGJ" tcef;udk a&;cJholjzpfzdk@rsm;ygw,f?"EdkifiHom;ESifh v#dK@0Sufykvdyf" tcef;uvnf; NOWa u tJ'DemrnfeJ@bJt&ifu xkwfa0cJhzl;wmudk tajccHxm;wmvdk@vnf;od&ygw,f? NOWa(1970) ckESpfrsm;twGif; yHkESdyfxkwfa0jzef@csda&;vkyfief;awGvkyfcJhwJh t}uD;qHk;ajratmufxkwfa0a&; tpkyg?

usaemfwdk@&Jh =um;cHyk*~dKvfrsm;u CND udkwnfaxmifol *sL;trs d K;om;Adokum Creslaw Priecki (Maciej Poleski) vdk @vlodrsm;ol&JhuH=urRm ta=umif;udk vlod&Sif=um;vkyfzdk@ cGifhawmif;cHcJhygw,f? ol[m (1981) 'DZifbm (13)rSm p a&SmifcJh&+yD;/ (1985) {+yD (13)rSmtzrf;cHcJh&ygw,f? (1985) atmufwdkbm (13) xJu tpmiwfcHaewm/twif;t=uyftpmcHG@cH&ayr,fh/ (1986) Zefem0g&DvukefrSm udk,ftav;csdef aygif (60) avmuf usoGm;yg+yD?

AdkvfcsKyf}uD; Zm&lZJpuD;11 &Jh tpdk;&udk jyif;jyif;xefxef a0zefwdkufcJholjzpfwma=umifh ‘ykefuefolav;’&Jh yxrtcef; ‘b,fvdkykefuef&rvJ’udk a&;cJhwJh ol[m oljzpfvdrfhr,fvdk@ ,Hk=unf&ygw,f? uGefjrLepfawGudk ‘teD’ awGvdk@ oHk;wwfwJh ol@"avhu 'gudk!$efjyaew,fav? ‘ykefuefolav;’ udka&;om;zdk@ trdef@ay;cJhol[m olbJjzpf+yD; olra&;wJhtydkif;awGudkudk,fwdkifwnf;jzpfcJholjzpfw,fvdk@ ajymjycJhygw,f?

‘ykefuefolav;’udk ta&twGuf b,favmufxkwfa0cJhw,f

11 General Jaruzelski


qdkwm&,f/ xkwfa0a&;tpkb,favmufu xkwfa0cJhw,fqdkwmawGuawmh rSef;qzdk@cufygw,f? pmtkyftawmfrsm;rsm;rSmawmh ‘zwfyg’/‘zwf+yD;&if vufqifhurf;yg’‘wwfEdkif&if oifhzmomoif yHkEdSyfxkwfa0yg’qdkwJh trSmawGeJ@csnf;yg?

'Dpmapmif[m ydkvef&Jh (1982) aqmif;OD;&moDrSm tay:vGifqHk;pmapmifwck jzpfcJhygw,f? av#mhav#mhayghayghcef@rSef;&ifawmif aomif;*%ef;/ odef;*%ef; txd jzef@csdEdkifcJhw,fvdk@ rSef;&ygw,f?

taemufOa&myrSm tenf;qHk; rlESpfrl &dkufEdSyfxkwfa0cJh+yD;/yHkrSeft&G,feJ@ t&G,fao;qdkufawGudk ydkvefjynfwGif; cdk;oGif;EdkifcJhygw,f?

'D bmomjyef[m Roman M Boreyko (trnf0Suf)eJ@Andre Ya Dean wdk@&Jh yl;aygif;}udK;yrf;r_jzpfygw,f? bmomjyefr_udkwdusatmif +AdwdefEdkifiHrSm&SdwJh ydkvefvlrsdK;todkif;t0dkif;xJuwOD;u ulnDcJhygw,f? 'Dvluvnf; emrnf raz:vdkyg? bmbJjzpfjzpf ol@&Jhtzdk;wefvSwJhtultnDeJ@ axmufcHtm;ay;r_udkawmh aus;Zl;pum; qdkcsifygw,f?

usaemfwdk@[m rl&if;a&;om;ol&Jh pdwf"gwfeJ@tmabmfudk trDvdkufcsifayr,fh t}udrfaygif;rsm;pGmbJ tcuftcJawG@cJh&ygw,f? bmvdk@vJqdk ‘ykefuefolav;’&Jh ta&;tom;[m cyfjrL;jrL;/ cyfavSmifavSmifa&;xm;wma=umifhyg? [mo [m³³³ 'Dpmapmif&Jh cGJjcm;r&EdkifwJh tpdwftydkif;jzpfaewma=umifh 'gudkawmh usaemfwdk@ wwfedkifoavmuf xdef;odrf;cJhygw,f?

bef;pum;awG tvGeftu|HoHk;xm;wmudkvnf; teD;pyfqHk;tar&duef bef;pum;awGeJ@zvS,fxm;ygw,f? wcsdK@ae&mawGrSm &Sif;vif;csufawG/ xifjrifcsufawGxnfhay;zdk@vdkwmudkvnf; tcgtm;avsmfpGmawG@&wwfwma=umifh pmzwfolwdk@ tusdK;twGuf(vufonf;uGif;)twGif; xnfh


ay;xm;ygw,f? ‘EdkifiHom;ESifhv#dK@0Sufykvdyf’ tcef;rSmawmh b,ftydkif;utopf/ b,ftydkif;u jyefjyifa&;xm;wm/ b,ftydkif;u NOWa &Jhrl&if;qdkwmawG jyxm;ygw,f?12

rl&if;pmrl a&;om;ol&Jh pdwf"gwfeJ@&nf&G,fcsufudk trDvdkufzdk@usaemfwdk@ twwfEdkifqHk;}udK;yrf;xm;ygw,f? 'Dvdkvkyf&wm tawmfcufw,fqdkwmawmh awG@&ygw,f? ‘ykefuefolav;’udk a&;xm;wJh[efu‘cyfjrL;jrL;av;’a&;xm;w,f? r=umc% oa&mfpm [efawGoHk;xm;w,f? [mo[m 'DvufpGJpmapmifav;&Jh cGJjcm;r&wJhtpdwftydkif;rdk@twwfEdkifqHk; xdef;odrf;zdk@}udK;pm;cJhygw,f? bef;pum; awGudkvnf;tawmfav;oHk;wma=umifh wwfEdkifor# teD;pyfqHk; tar&duef bef;pum;awGeJ@ zvS,fxm;ygw,f? wcsdK@ae&mawGrSm &Sif;vif;csufawG/oabmxm; rSwfcsufawGay;zdk@vdkwm r=umc% awG@&wma=umifh 'gawGudkpmzwfolwdk@ tusdK;twGuf vufonf;uGif;twGif;xnfhay;xm;ygw,f?

‘EdkifiHom;ESifhv#dK@0Sufykvdyf’tcef;rSmawmhb,f[mu topf/b,f[mu jyefjyifa&;xm;wm/ b,f[m NOWa &Jhrl&if;qdkwm cGJjcm;xm;ygw,f? (jrefrmjyefwGifvnf; atmufajcrSwfpkY az: jyxm;ygonf?)

12 jrefrmjyefwGif @-@ ESifh * wdk@ jzpfonf?


(r l&i f;)xkwfa0ol.trSm(r l&i f;)xkwfa0ol.trSm(r l&i f;)xkwfa0ol.trSm(r l&i f;)xkwfa0ol.trSm(r l&i f;)xkwfa0ol.trSm

‘yke fuefolav;yke fuefolav;yke fuefolav;yke fuefolav;yke fuefolav;’ ygaqmif;yg;awG[m ckcs de fxd ,m,D tm;jzif h ygaqmif;yg;awG[m ckcs de fxd ,m,D tm;jzif h ygaqmif;yg;awG[m ckcs de fxd ,m,D tm;jzif h ygaqmif;yg;awG[m ckcs de fxd ,m,D tm;jzif h ygaqmif;yg;awG[m ckcs de fxd ,m,D tm;jzif hvGwfvyfaewJ h olawG&J hp kaygi f; }udK;yrf;csufyg?vGwfvyfaewJ h olawG&J hp kaygi f; }udK;yrf;csufyg?vGwfvyfaewJ h olawG&J hp kaygi f; }udK;yrf;csufyg?vGwfvyfaewJ h olawG&J hp kaygi f; }udK;yrf;csufyg?vGwfvyfaewJ h olawG&J hp kaygi f; }udK;yrf;csufyg?

' Dpmtky fav;& J h yxry d ki f ;u d kzwf +y D ;&i f / use fw J hE Sp fy d ki f ;& J h' Dpmtky fav;& J h yxry d ki f ;u d kzwf +y D ;&i f / use fw J hE Sp fy d ki f ;& J h' Dpmtky fav;& J h yxry d ki f ;u d kzwf +y D ;&i f / use fw J hE Sp fy d ki f ;& J h' Dpmtky fav;& J h yxry d ki f ;u d kzwf +y D ;&i f / use fw J hE Sp fy d ki f ;& J h' Dpmtky fav;& J h yxry d ki f ;u d kzwf +y D ;&i f / use fw J hE Sp fy d ki f ;& J ht}uH^m%fudk ,lp&mrvdkawmhyg? 'gayr,fh 'kwd,ydkif;udk zwf+yD;t}uH^m%fudk ,lp&mrvdkawmhyg? 'gayr,fh 'kwd,ydkif;udk zwf+yD;t}uH^m%fudk ,lp&mrvdkawmhyg? 'gayr,fh 'kwd,ydkif;udk zwf+yD;t}uH^m%fudk ,lp&mrvdkawmhyg? 'gayr,fh 'kwd,ydkif;udk zwf+yD;t}uH^m%fudk ,lp&mrvdkawmhyg? 'gayr,fh 'kwd,ydkif;udk zwf+yD;&ifawmh wwd,ydkif;ud kzwfwJhtwGuf bma=umif hw&m;rpG JEd ki fbl;&ifawmh wwd,ydkif;ud kzwfwJhtwGuf bma=umif hw&m;rpG JEd ki fbl;&ifawmh wwd,ydkif;ud kzwfwJhtwGuf bma=umif hw&m;rpG JEd ki fbl;&ifawmh wwd,ydkif;ud kzwfwJhtwGuf bma=umif hw&m;rpG JEd ki fbl;&ifawmh wwd,ydkif;ud kzwfwJhtwGuf bma=umif hw&m;rpG JEd ki fbl;qdkwJh Oya'qdkif&m ta=umif;tcsufawGudk &ygvdrf hr,f? wwd,qdkwJh Oya'qdkif&m ta=umif;tcsufawGudk &ygvdrf hr,f? wwd,qdkwJh Oya'qdkif&m ta=umif;tcsufawGudk &ygvdrf hr,f? wwd,qdkwJh Oya'qdkif&m ta=umif;tcsufawGudk &ygvdrf hr,f? wwd,qdkwJh Oya'qdkif&m ta=umif;tcsufawGudk &ygvdrf hr,f? wwd,yd ki f;ud k zwf+y D;&ifawmh 'Dpmtkyfav;yg ta=umif;t&mawGud ky d ki f;ud k zwf+y D;&ifawmh 'Dpmtkyfav;yg ta=umif;t&mawGud ky d ki f;ud k zwf+y D;&ifawmh 'Dpmtkyfav;yg ta=umif;t&mawGud ky d ki f;ud k zwf+y D;&ifawmh 'Dpmtkyfav;yg ta=umif;t&mawGud ky d ki f;ud k zwf+y D;&ifawmh 'Dpmtkyfav;yg ta=umif;t&mawGud kem;vnfatmif }ud K ;pm;oif hw,fqd kwm odvmygvdr f hr,f?em;vnfatmif }ud K ;pm;oif hw,fqd kwm odvmygvdr f hr,f?em;vnfatmif }ud K ;pm;oif hw,fqd kwm odvmygvdr f hr,f?em;vnfatmif }ud K ;pm;oif hw,fqd kwm odvmygvdr f hr,f?em;vnfatmif }ud K ;pm;oif hw,fqd kwm odvmygvdr f hr,f?


rmwdumrmwdumrmwdumrmwdumrmwdum

(u) (u) (u) (u) (u) b,fvd ky ke fuef&rvb,fvd ky ke fuef&rvb,fvd ky ke fuef&rvb,fvd ky ke fuef&rvb,fvd ky ke fuef&rvJ (vufopfrsm;E Si f h0 g&i f hr sm; tm;vH k ;J (vufopfrsm;E Si f h0 g&i f hr sm; tm;vH k ;J (vufopfrsm;E Si f h0 g&i f hr sm; tm;vH k ;J (vufopfrsm;E Si f h0 g&i f hr sm; tm;vH k ;J (vufopfrsm;E Si f h0 g&i f hr sm; tm;vH k ;twGuf vrf;!$ef)twGuf vrf;!$ef)twGuf vrf;!$ef)twGuf vrf;!$ef)twGuf vrf;!$ef)1313131313

• rlvZpfjrpf• ajratmuf• ukrR%D• ukefpnf• b¾ma&;• tpnf;ta0;rsm;• qufom;• rSwfpkpmtkyf• w,fvDzkef;tquftoG,f• csuGufao• &Hk;oGm;• tH0Sufrsm;• ajratmufyHkESdyfpuf• ykvdyf• t+rD;• tdk; (axmifacsmuf)

13 How to conspire: A Guidebook for both beginners and the advanced.


• pD;eif;jcif;• axmifwGif;b0• emusifr_• qdkAD,ufyHkpHoGif;jcif;• a=umuf&GH@r_• tcsufjy• pdwWZ• odzdk@vdkonf• vGwfvyfa&;

(c) Ed ki fi Hom;ESi f h v# d K @0 Sufykvdyf(c) Ed ki fi Hom;ESi f h v# d K @0 Sufykvdyf(c) Ed ki fi Hom;ESi f h v# d K @0 Sufykvdyf(c) Ed ki fi Hom;ESi f h v# d K @0 Sufykvdyf(c) Ed ki fi Hom;ESi f h v# d K @0 Sufykvdyf1414141414

• orRme fpmor Rme fpmor Rme fpmor Rme fpmor Rme fpm• xde f ;odr f ; jci f ;xde f ;odr f ; jci f ;xde f ;odr f ; jci f ;xde f ;odr f ; jci f ;xde f ;odr f ; jci f ;• & Smaz G jci f ;& Smaz G jci f ;& Smaz G jci f ;& Smaz G jci f ;& Smaz G jci f ;• pp fa =uma&;pp fa =uma&;pp fa =uma&;pp fa =uma&;pp fa =uma&;

(*) pp fa=uma&; upm;y G J }uD;(*) pp fa=uma&; upm;y G J }uD;(*) pp fa=uma&; upm;y G J }uD;(*) pp fa=uma&; upm;y G J }uD;(*) pp fa=uma&; upm;y G J }uD; 1515151515

(*) &nf!$e f ;pmp kpm&if ;(*) &nf!$e f ;pmp kpm&if ;(*) &nf!$e f ;pmp kpm&if ;(*) &nf!$e f ;pmp kpm&if ;(*) &nf!$e f ;pmp kpm&if ; 1616161616

14 The Citizens VS the Secret Police15 The Interrogation Game16 The Biblography


b,fvdkykefuef&rvJb,fvdkykefuef&rvJb,fvdkykefuef&rvJb,fvdkykefuef&rvJb,fvdkykefuef&rvJ(yd kvef&S d qd kA D,ufuGef jrLepf qef@usifa&;wd kufyG J.)(yd kvef&S d qd kA D,ufuGef jrLepf qef@usifa&;wd kufyG J.)(yd kvef&S d qd kA D,ufuGef jrLepf qef@usifa&;wd kufyG J.)(yd kvef&S d qd kA D,ufuGef jrLepf qef@usifa&;wd kufyG J.)(yd kvef&S d qd kA D,ufuGef jrLepf qef@usifa&;wd kufyG J.)

r lvZp f jrp fr lvZp f jrp fr lvZp f jrp fr lvZp f jrp fr lvZp f jrp f

tcsdK@aomydkvefvlrsdK;rsm;tzdk@awmh teDawGudkqef@usifwJhwdkufyGJ[m ydkvefudk qdkAD,ufawG0ifodrf;wJh (1944) uwnf;u pcJhwmyg? tjcm;olawGtwGuf uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;wdkufyGJ[m (1956) ‘ydkvefatmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;’rSm pcJhygw,f? 'DvdkbJ‘tmpl;’eJ@‘&m'Gef;’17 rSm ZGeftvkyform; &duQmvkyGJawGjzpfwJh (1976) xd 'Dpnf;&Hk;r_ r&Sdao;wJhv_yf&Sm;r_xJudkvlawG 0ifvmrpJ &Sdygao;w,f?

tcsdK@aomolawGtwGufawmh aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@(aqmfvpf'g&wD)18 udk pwifarG;zGm;vdkufwJhae@u p+yD; 'Dv_yf&Sm;r_}uD; pygw,f? tvm;wlbJ tcsdK@olawGtwGufawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;Zm&lZJpuD;19

u ppftkyfcsKyfa&;a=unmvkduf wJh(1981)'DZifbm(13)&ufu 'Dv_yf&Sm;r_udk pcJhygw,f?

b,fvdkbJjzpfjzpf/ b,fvdkbJ pygcJh ygcJh/ aocsmwmuawmh 'D=urRmiifwJh 'DZifbmw&ufrSmbJ ykefuefr_jzpfawmhr,fqdkwJh todudk tm;vHk;bJ&cJhygw,f? tJ'Dtcdkuftwef@av;rSmbJ ydkvefvl@tzGJ@tpnf;[ma=umuf&GH@r_wHwdkif;}uD;udkausmfjzwfEdkifcJh+yD;‘v#dK@0SufwJhajratmufv_yf&Sm;

17 Ursus and Radom18 (Solidarity)19 (General Jaruzelski)


r_w&yfuom vGyfvyfa&;udk t&,lay;Edkifw,f’ qdkwm b,fol@udkrSajzmif;zsajymaep&m rvdkawmhygbl;? ‘'Denf;vrf;eJ@om vGwfvyfwJh vlr_taqmuftOD;awGudk wnfwef@aeapvdrfhr,f? nwGif;csif; +zdKzsufjcif;cH&r,fh tE W&m,fu uif;a0;apvdrfhr,f’vdk@ ,Hk=unfapcJhygw,f?

‘teDawGeJ@ywfoufvm&if b,fawmhrS av#mhrwGufygeJ@’?udk,fhzufu tav#mhay;p&m/ temcHp&m&Sdwmudktenf;qHk; jzpfatmif*&kpdkufyg? olwdk@odwJh Oya' wckbJ&Sdw,f?‘vufwacsmif;&&if/ vufwzufvHk; & &r,fwJh’? olwdk@udk vufwacsmif;ay;vdkuf&if oifudk,fwdkifrodvdkufcifrSmbJ vufwzufvHk; ygawmhr,f?

ydkvefjynfykefuefr_jzpfpOf[m tm%mydkifawGeJ@ olwdk@&Jhv_yf&Sm;r_awG[m w&m;r0ifbl;qdkwJhtay:rSm tajccHygw,f? uGefjrLepfawG[molwdk@vufrSwfxdk;xm;wJh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udkawmif vdkufemwmr[kwfbl;? 'gwifvm;qdkawmh r[kwfao;bl;? ajrwdkufcef;awGrxm;&bl;qdkwJh ykvdyf!$ef=um;csufawGudkvnf; vdkkufemwmr[kwfbl;?

a jratmuajratmuajratmuajratmuajratmuff ff f 2020202020

(tpnf;t&H k ;)(tpnf;t&H k ;)(tpnf;t&H k ;)(tpnf;t&H k ;)(tpnf;t&H k ;)

tºuGif;rJ@ v#dK@0Suf}uHpnfa&;(ykefuefa&;)qdkwJh t,ltq[mtm;vHk;odwJh pHjyyHkpHyg? tJ'guawmh tzrf;cH&rSmpdk;vdk@ tcef;usOf;av;xJwcg;ydwfae+yD;? bmrSrvkyfwJhenf;yg? aemufwcku ajratmufcef;xJrSmae/ urBmtESH@ t&yfav;rsufESmudk qufom;awG v$wfaewJhvluvnf;

20 Underground (Organization)


ykefuefa&;vkyfvdk@r&yg? wu,fhv#dK@0Suf}uHpnfa&;orm;[m ykvdyfu tvdk&Sd aewJhol rjzpfap&bl;? ‘aemufa,mifcHtvdkufcHae&ol’ rjzpfap&bl;?UB (ydkvefv#dK@0SufykvdyfwyfzGJ@)21u ol@ta=umif;bmrSrodolom jzpf&r,f? t&yf0wf v#dK@0SufykvdyfwyfzGJ@0ifawGeJ@ wtdrfxJ txyfcGJae+yD;/ tvkyfvkyfEdkifolomjzpf&r,f?

ajratmuftpnf;t&Hk;av;wckudk oif pwifwnfaxmif+yDqdkwmeJ@ ta&;t}uD;qHk;u yxr oifeJ@twlwGJzuf}uHpnf(ykefuef)r,fholawGudkoifh&Jht&if; ESD;qHk;rdwfaqGawGxJu &SmazGyg? 'DvlawG[m oifESpfaygif;rsm;pGmodcJhol aemufa=umif;&Sif;olawGjzpf&ygr,f? oifhajratmuftaqmuftOD;av;udk tajccHwnfaqmufrd+yDqdkwmeJ@ aemufvkyf&rJhtvkyfu tjcm;ajratmuftpkrsm;eJ@qufoG,frdzdk@yg? wu,f ppfrSefwJhajratmuftzGJ@tpnf;wckr&SdbJeJ@ q&m}uD;*dkuf rzrf;ygeJ@? tJ'Dvdkvkyfrd&if wu,fr&SdwJh pdwful;,OfqefwJh ajratmuftaqmuftOD;udkzefwD;rdvsufom;jzpfaevdrfhr,f? oifhvdkbJ pdwful;xJrSmom ajratmuftaqmuftOD;&SdwJholawGeJ@ qufoG,frdvsufom;jzpfaevdrfhr,f?

vdkwmu vHk@v/ 0D&d,&SdwJh/ &dk;om;r_&SdwJh vlwa,mufyg? 'DvdkvlrsdK;u ajratmuftaqmuftOD;udk wnfaqmufrdzdk@vdkygw,f? 'gayr,fhtJ'Dt&m&Sdvm+yDqdkwmeJ@ tcsdefeJ@pGrf;tm;awGtrsm;}uD;oHk;+yD;/ tppftrSefeJ@ pdwful;,Ofr_udk cGJjcm;Edkif&r,f? tvkyfjzpfwJh tzGJ@tpnf;wckjzpfvmatmif }udK;yrf;&r,f?

qmrmqD,mwdkufyGJ}uD;22udkvlawGrarh=uao;ayr,fh wu,f21 Polish Secret Police22 Samosierra (pydefu$sef;qG,fppfyGJrSm ydkvefjrif;wyfu qmrmqD,mawmif=um;u tcdkiftcef@vkyfxm;wJhtajrmufpcef;awGudk wdkufcdkufwJhppfyGJ)


toufpGef@vkyfoGm;wJh oluawmh odyfrrsm;vSygbl;? 'ga=umifh oifh vlrsm;eJ@ oifudk,fwdkif&Jh vHk+cHKa&;udk owdxm;zdk@vdkygw,f?

ajratmufvkyfief;udk pwmeJ@}uHK&wwfwmu tajccHjyifqifa&;vkyfief;awGudk rvkyfEdkifawmhwmyg? bmbJjzpfjzpf ckvdk tajccHowdrl&r,fhtcsufawGudk rvkyfrdwm[m vlxk}uD;&Jhar#mfrSef;csufudk tcsdefrD jznfhqnf;ray;Edkifwmxuf tE W&m,fydkrsm;ygw,f?

jynfolvlxkeJ@ waoG;wnf;wom;wnf;&Sda=umif; jywmudkb,fyHkpHeJ@rqdk ajratmuftzGJ@tpnf;uae }udKqdkoifhygw,f? wdwfqdwfaewJh vlrsm;pk}uD;u usaemfwdk@eJ@twl &Sdaew,fqdkwJhyHkpH jzpfzdk@vnf;vdkygw,f?'gayr,fh olw@dkudkawmh 'Dvdk v#dK@0Sufvkyfief;xJ qGJroGif;ygeJ@? rsdK;cspfpdwf"gwfta=umif;a&;xm;wJh 0wˆKawGrSmom 'grsdK;udk awG@&ygvdrfhr,f?

ajratmufawmfvSefa&;orm;awG }uHK&avh&SdwJh tajccHtrSm;(2)ck&Sdw,f? yxrwcku udk,fhudk,fudk }uD;us,fatmifvkyfwm? }uD;us,fw,fvdk@xifaewm? ajratmufawmfvSef;a&;orm;rSm 'Da&m*gpGJuyfoGm;&if vlxkaxmufcHr_udk qHk;&_H;&awmhr,f? aemuftrSm;u ‘trSefwu,fpGef@pGef@pm;pm;vkyfzdk@ jyifqifxm;wJholu tenf;pkav;bJ&Sdwmudk ar@+yD;vlxkudk t&rf;xifxm;wm’jzpfw,f?

ajratmuftpk[m ukodkvfjzpftzGJ@tpnf;r[kwfyg? ydkif;jzwfr_&SdwJh vlwpf&mu w0ufwysufom pdwf0ifpm;wJh vlwa,muf&Jh aponfhu|ef/ xGefonfh EGm;/ jzpf&efrvdkyg? olwdk@[m b,favmufbJ&dk;om;onfjzpfap/ olwdk@&Jhpnf;pdrfOpPm udkawmh rpGef@v$wfvdkyg? olwdk@rlu ‘cifAsm;wdk@u*k%foduQmeJ@aew,f/ usaemfwdk@u ZdrfeJ@aer,f’


ukr`%Dukr`%Dukr`%Dukr`%Dukr`%D2323232323

(ajratmuftpkonf p D ;y Gm;a&;vky fie f ; }uD;wckE Si f hwlonf)(ajratmuftpkonf p D ;y Gm;a&;vky fie f ; }uD;wckE Si f hwlonf)(ajratmuftpkonf p D ;y Gm;a&;vky fie f ; }uD;wckE Si f hwlonf)(ajratmuftpkonf p D ;y Gm;a&;vky fie f ; }uD;wckE Si f hwlonf)(ajratmuftpkonf p D ;y Gm;a&;vky fie f ; }uD;wckE Si f hwlonf)

ajratmuftpkonf aocsmusepGm pnf;&Hk;zGJ@pnf;xm;rSompnf;vHk;nD!GwfpGm/ xda&mufpGm tvkyfvkyfEdkifr,f? wOD;csif;pD atmufajcu pwifzGJ@pnf;&r,f? EdkifiHa&;tjrif uGJvGJayr,fh ydkvefjynf}uD; vGwfajrmufa&;qdkwJh bHkOD;wnfcsufeJ@ vGwfvyfaom/ tm%mydkifpdk;aom vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;wpfck jzpfvmap&r,f?

'kwd,urBmppftwGif; wyfwGif;ajratmufvkyfief;[m yd&rpfyHkpHa'gifvdkufzGJ@pnf;xm;[ef&SdayrJhvnf; trSefpifppfvGwfvyfaom‘ukr%Drsm;’&Jh vkyfief;t&qufpyfxm;wJh pkaygif;tzGJ@tpnf;wckom jzpfw,f?

ukr`%Dtcsif;csif;t=um; vlxkaxmufcHr_&zdk@eJ@}uD;xGm;zdk@,SOf+ydKifwm[m ajratmuftzGJ@tpnf;vHk+cHKr_udk tE W&m,fvnf;rjzpfapEdkif/ xdvnf; rxdcdkufEdkif/ odk@aomf xdcdkufapwm/ tE W&m,frsm;apwm[muGJvGJwJh/ usifh0wfeJ@ rnD!GwfwJh/ w&m;enf;vrf;ruswJh +ydKifqdkifr_omjzpfw,f? tJ'Djzpf&yfrsdK; 'kwd,urBmppf twGif;ujzpfcJhzl;w,f?

ajratmuftpnf;t&Hkk;&Jh Oya'o[m tpki,fu }uD;rm;wJhvkyfief;udk vkyfEdkifw,fqdkwmjzpfygw,f? tpk[m udk,fydkifvGwfvyfcGifh&Sdavav acsr_ef;cH&zdk@ tcGifhtvrf;enf;avav/ jy\em enf;avav jzpfygw,f? jyifytquftoG,fa&m tpkwGif;tquftoG,fudkyg tenf;qHk;jzpfatmif vkyfxm;&r,f?

pepfusewJh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;}uD;wckvdkbJ oD;oef@uvmyf

23 The Company


pnf;wckpD[m ukefacsmudk wjcm;ukr`%Drsm;odk@ tenf;qHk; tquftoG,feJ@ay;ydk@&r,f? 'g[m oifhtpktwGufaum/ tjcm;tpkrsm;twGufygtE W&m,frusa&mufzdk@ jzpfygw,f? ajratmuftpkrSm usdK;a=umif;qDavsmfwJh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;}uD;rsm;&Jh pDrHcef@cGJr_enf;pepfawG usifhoHk;zdk@vdkygw,f?'g[m uGefjrLepfawGu zsufqD;ypfzdk@ }udK;pm;aewJh t&mbJ?

ajratmuftpk[m ukr`%DwckvdkbJ }uD;xGm;vmwJhtcg/ukr%DcGJawG vdkvmw,f? &Sdvm&w,f? 'gudk bmvdk@vJqdkwm t&if=unfhzdk@tajccHatmufajc,lepfu p&r,f? (t&if rdk;ysHwuUodkvf24 yHkpHvdkbJ tajctaeu vdktyfvm+yDqdkwm aocsmawmhrS ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfawG&dkufzdk@yHkESdyfpufawGaxmif/ 'DyHkESdyf pufawGubJ w&m;r0if ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfawGtwGuf pm=unfhwdkufawG axmifcJh =uw,f?)

oD;oef@uvmyfpnf;opfwck/ ur`%DcGJwckaxmifzdk@ vdk+yDqdkwmudk A[dkcsKyfudkifr_pepft& txufu qHk;jzwf&r,fqdkwJht,ltq[musaemfwdk@ acwf+ydKif ydkveftawG;tac:awGxJ qdkAD,ufyHkpHtoGif;cHxm;&wmudkjywJh rSm;,Gif;wJh/ yHkpHuswJh/ azmfjycsufwckbJ?

tvm;wltrSm;u vlr_w&m;r#wr_qdkwJh ta=umif;jycsufeJ@t&m&m tnDtr#cGJa0a&;oabmw&m;bJ? ajratmufvkyfief;rSm vHk+cHKa&; onfom t"du/ vlr_w&m;r#wr_ r[kwfbl;?

uvmyfpnf;[m oifwdk@tm;vHk;&Jh uvmyfpnf;bJ? OD;‘u’}uD; wa,mufxJ&Jh uvmyfpnf;r[kwf? tH0SufawGvkyfzdk@ vuform;wa,muf udk & xm;+yD qdkygpdk@? tJ'Dvuform;udk wjcm;uvmyfpnf;awGxH tvm;wl vkyfief;vkyfzdk@ v$Jay;&ef rvdkyg? olwa,mufxJu trsm;

24 Flying University


}uD;odoGm;&if oltzrf;cH&wJhtcg trsm;}uD;'kuQay;vdrfhr,f?ajratmuf,lepfwck[m vkyfief;p+yDqdkwmeJ@ acgif;aqmifr_

tzGJ@[m rvdktyfwJhjyifytquftoG,ftm;vHk;udkjzwf+yD; tenf;qHk;omxm;&Sd&r,f? v#dK@0SufykvdyfwyfzGJ@(UB)udkxm;wm&Jh&nf&G,fcsufudku 'Dvdkukr`%DawGudk zsufqD;ypfzdk@bJ? olvkyfEdkifwJhenf;u (2) enf;&Sdw,f? yxrwcku uvmyfpnf;acgif;aqmifpktzGJ@udkawG@atmif&Sm? 'Dvludk aemufa,mifcH+yD;/ w+rHKvHk;udkzrf;qdkwJhenf;? aemufwenf;u ayG;arG;+yD; udk,fxJxnfhxm;? 'DayG;u wpHkw&mwm0ef&SdwJhae&mudk a&muf+yD; tawmfrsm;rsm;od+yDqdkrS 'kuQay;wJhenf;?

bmbJjzpfjzpf ajratmufpnf;urf;awGudk vkdufemyg? rawmfwq zrf;rdwmav;u w+rHKvHk;zrf;rdwmrsdK; rjzpfoifhyg?

aemufwcsufu acgif;aqmifr_udk rdoGm;+yDqdk&ifawmifuvmyfpnf;u qufv_yf&Sm;Edkif&r,f? 'grsdK;[m qdkAD,ufyHkpHr[kwfwJh tzGJ@tpnf;awGrSmom jzpfEdkifw,f? tv,fqifheJ@ atmuftqifhu qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfvdkpdwfvnf; &Sd&r,f? csrSwfEdkifpGrf;vnf;&Sd&r,f?

'Dpdrfac:r_udk r&ifqdkifEdkif&if 'g[m usaemfwdk@ ydkvefjynf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk; b,favmuftxd qdkAD,ufyHkpH toGif;cHxm;&ovJqdkwmudk jywmjzpfrSmbJ?

ukefpnfukefpnfukefpnfukefpnfukefpnf2525252525

b,fae&mrSmrS tpxGufraerS ykefuefr_vkyfief;[m acsmarG@

25 Merchandise


r,f? t+yD;rowf&ao;wJh ukefacsmudkydk@wm &mZ0wfr_bJ? 'g[m qdkAD,ufyHkpH pD;yGm;a&;vuQ%mbJ/ 'grsdK;rjzpf&bl;? ajratmufvkyfief;rSm ypPnf;wdkif;udk vufaqmifxkyfovdk aoaocsmcsmxkyfydk;xm;+yD; aiGvifbef;ay:wifydk@wmrsdK;om jzpf&r,f? 'g[m ukefypPnf;ydk@wmbJjzpfjzpf/ owif;ydk@wmbJjzpfjzpf/ tpnf;ta0;vkyfwmbJjzpfjzpf 'Dtwdkif;bJ jzpf&r,f? v#dK@0SufawG@qHkyGJwckvkyfzdk@ tcdsef/ ae&m/ vlOD;a& pwmawGudk }udK+yD;owfrSwfxm;&r,f?

owif;ydk@p&m&Sd&ifvnf; owif;udk aocsmatmifjyifqif+yD;cs a&;xm;&r,f? 'grSr[kwf&iftcsuftvufawGvGJacsmfoGm;Edkifw,f? arhoGm;Edkifw,f? twif;tzsif;tjzpf ,kwfavsmhoGm;edkifw,f?

'DvdkbJ vufurf;pmapmifawGudk ajratmufyHkESdyfwdkufawGuydk@p&m&Sd&ifvnf; aocsmxkyfydk;csnfaESmif&r,f? ta&twGufudk xkyfydk;puULay:rSm &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;a&;xm;&r,f? 'Dvdk vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;awGudk aocsmvdkufem&r,f? 'Dvdk rvkyfrd&if txkyf[m vrf;rSmbJaysmufoGm;Edkifw,f?ykvdyfu b,fuvmw,f/ b,fudk ydk@rvdk@qdkwm ajc&mcHEdkifoGm;vdrfhr,f?

tckvdk ysufpD;usqHk;aewJh uGefjrLepf0g' acwf}uD;rSm(1940)cktv,fuwnf;uwGuf&if udk,fhvkyftm;&JhtoD;tyGifhudk cHpm;EdkifwmrSmusaemfwdk@ ydkvefajratmufawmfvSefa&;orm;awGrSm yxrrsdK;qufbJ?'Dt&omudk cHpm;yg? oifh tcsdefudk aumif;pGmtoHk;csyg?

Oyrmjy&&if -- oifhudk OD;‘u’eJ@ OD;‘c’udkawG@ay;zdk@ =um;vlOD;‘*’ uwqifh pDpOfcdkif;w,fqdkygpdk@? OD;‘*’ udk OD;‘u’u OD;‘c’udk awG@csifygw,f cifAsvdk@ oGm;ajym+yD;tcsdefrjzKef;ygeJ@? OD;‘*’udk 'kwd, t}udrfxyfawG@r,fh tpm;/ OD;‘c’ udkawG@+yD; wcgxJ tpDtpOfudkajymyg?


'gayr,fh OD;‘u’u OD; ‘c’udk awG@csifwJhta=umif;ajymwJhtcgawG@zdk@tcsdefae&mudk wcgwnf;ajymvdkufyg? tcsdefae&mwckck tqif rajywm&Sd&if xyf+yD;twnfjyKcsuf,lzdk@ rvdkyg? 'grsdK;udka&Smif&Sm;Edkifzdk@ t&Hae&meJ@tcsdefudk oif yxrqufoG,f&r,fhyk*~dKvfudk ajympOfuwnf;uwcgxJay;xm;vdkufyg? 'Dawmh 'Dvdktpnf;ta0;rsdK;twGuf erlem owif;ydk@csufyHkpHu -- "OD; ‘u’onf OD; ‘c’udk =umoyaw;ae@ nae(5)em&D(10)rdepf/ orw 0Dvfqifvrf;/ tjynfjynfqdkif&m owif;axmufuvyfa&S@/ ,cif yJ&pfbHktzGJ@&ifjyif awG@qHkrnf/ olonf b,fzuf*sdKif;=um;wGifjynfol@oHawmfqifhowif;pm26udk nSyfvmrnf? t&Hae@&ufrSm aom=umae@jzpfonf?"

b¾ma&;b¾ma&;b¾ma&;b¾ma&;b¾ma&; 2727272727

udk,fusdK;pGef@wmwdk@/ apwemh0efxrf;vkyftm;ay;wdk@qdkwmawG

[m uGefjrLepfpepf&Jh ajcmuftdyfrufawGbJ? vHk;0O\Hk udk,fusdK;rzufbl;qdkwm vufawG@eJ@ajAmif;jyefbJ? 'g[m yHkzsufxm;wJh &nfrSef;csufwckxufbmrSrydkbl;/ udk,fusdK;=unfhr_&Jh tqdk;qHk;yHkpHvnf;jzpfw,f? odrfi,fpdwf&Sd+yD; xHkxdkif;wJholwOD; oHk;wJh rsufESmzHk;bJ? 'DvdkvlrsdK;rSm qifajcawGtrsm;}uD;bJ? tvkyfaemufus&if "wae@vHk; wnvHk; [dk[dk'D'D ajy;v$m;ae&vdk@ygAsm"vdk@ ajymr,f? yHkESdyfwm[efrus&if "usaemf [mu|rf;usifwJh pufq&mrS r[kwfwmAsm"vdk@ajymr,f? tpnf;ta0;wckudk aumif;aumif;rpDpOfEdkif&if "usaemfu pm;zdk@aomufzdk@ aiG&Sm&ao;w,fAs"vdk@ qifajcay;r,f/

26 People's Tribune27 Finance


'DvdkAsL&dkua&pDtao;pm;^mOf&SdwJhol[m'kuQbJay;vdrfhr,f? rm&S,fyDvfqwfpuD; (Marshal Pilsudski)u wcgajymzl;w,f "olwdk@[m ydkvefjynf}uD;vGwfvyfzdk@ aiG(2)qifheJ@ aoG;(2)puf avmufbJusr,fqdkrS 'DwdkufyGJxJ ygvdrfhr,fwJh?"

ajratmufvkyfief;rSm tE W&m,f=um;oif v_yf&Sm;ae&wm[m rsdK;cspfpdwfa=umifhbJ? tvkyfvkyfwmuawmh 0rf;a&;twGufjzpfae&r,f? uGefjrLepfawG[m usaemfwdk@EdkifiHrSm tvkyfusifh0wfudkzsufqD;ypfcJh=u+yD? vlawGudk oDcsif;av;wyk'favmuf/ ausmav;wcsuf oyf&HkavmufeJ@twif;t=uyftvkyfvkyfcdkif;=uw,f? tusdK;qufuawmhvlawG[mtvkyfudk b,fvdk}udK;}udK;pm;pm; vkyf&r,fqdkwm arhoGm;=uwmbJ?usaemfwdk@ vGwfvyfwJh ukr%D&Jh uvyfpnf;awGuawmh tckvdk vleJ@ypPnf;awGudk tavvGifhrcHEdkifbl;?

aiGa=u;eJ@ywfoufvdk@ aqmifh=uGm;=uGm;EdkifvSwJht,ltq/taygpm;qefwJh ajymqdkr_u-- "usaemfwdk@u tjrwf&zdk@vkyfaewm r[kwfbl;"qdkwmbJ? 'gu tusdK;rJ@wJh/ obm0ruswJhudpPbJ? wae@vHk; aumif;aumif;tvkyfvkyf+yD;&if xkdufoifhwJhvkyfcawmh &oifhwmaygh? vlwa,muftaeeJ@ aexdkifEdkifzdk@vHkavmufwJh0ifaiGawmh&Sd oifhwmaygh?teDawGuawmh usaemfwdk@udk CIA u axmufyHhaew,fvdk@t+rJpGyfpGJ aewmbJ? wu,fawmh jynfwGif;eJ@jynfyuydkvefvlrsdK;awGu vGwfvyfa&;ta&;awmfyHktwGuf usaemfwdk@udkaxmufyHhaewmyg? olwdk@uusaemfwdk@udk ajypmawG =unfhcsifw,fvdk@vJ rajymbl;? yHkpHawGudk(3)rlpD jznfh&r,fvnf; rajymbl;? aiGawGudk tusdK;&SdatmifoHk;zdk@eJ@ r#r#ww oHk;zdk@bJajymw,f? olwdk@awmif;qdkwmu &dk;om;r_&Sdzdk@bJ? usaemfwdk@&Jh udk,fydkifrSwfwrf;twGuf+rDpm;+rD&Sifvufusef&Sif;wrf;wck vkyfxm;zdk@avmufbJajymw,f?


tpnf ;ta0;r sm ;tpnf ;ta0;r sm ;tpnf ;ta0;r sm ;tpnf ;ta0;r sm ;tpnf ;ta0;r sm ; 2828282828

yHkrSeftm;jzifh tpnf;ta0;rsm;udk rdrd ae&mr[kwfonfh =um;aet&yfwckwGifom jyKvkyfoifhonf? oif aumif;pGmodaomae&m/ oif,Hk=unfpdwfcs&olrsm; &Sdonfhae&mjzpfygap? oifhtdrfywf0ef;usifY tpnf;ta0;jyKvkyfjcif;onf trSm; wckjzpfonf? ‘rodfwmudk razmfEdkif’qdkonfhqdk&dk;pum;onf ,ckwdkifrSefuefqJjzpfonf? udpP&yfwckcsif;twGuf =um;cHtquftoG,frsm;udk tenf;qHk;jzpfap&rnf? qdkvdkonfrSm oif OD;‘u’ESifhvrf;av#mufoGm;pOf rawmfwq OD;‘c’ESifh qHkonfqdkygpdk@? ol@udkESKwfquf&ef/ awG@a=umif;jy&ef rvdkyg? OD;‘u’onf OD;‘c’ESifh od&ef rvdkyg?tvm;wlvrf;ay:&SdwpHkwOD;ESifh rar#mfvifhbJqHkrdonfqdkygpdk@? xdkoludkvnf; ajr atmufv_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifaeonf[k oifodxm;onfqdkygpdk@?olu zdwfac:onfh vuQ%m xifxif&Sm;&Sm;rjybJ/ ol@tem;udkruyf ygESifh? 'grSom olonf udpP&yfwckESifhoGm;aeonf (odk@) aemuf a,mifcHvdkufcHae&onfudk oif odrnfjzpfonf?

a,bl,stm;jzifh tpnf;ta0;rwdkifrD vlxlaomae&mrSmueOD; rsufvHk;csif;qHkrdatmifvkyfyg? oifhudk ol rSwfrd+yDqdkwm aocsmrSbwfpfum; (odk@) "gwf&xm;udk wufpD;yg? olu oifhaemufudk vdkufvmvdrfhrnf?

tajymif;tvJtaejzifh oifu vrf;avsmufoGm;vdk[efaqmifI bwfpfum;rSwfwdkifrS xGufvdkufyg? tquftoG,fu oifhaemufudkvdkufvmvdrfhrnf?

28 Meetings


ta&;}uD;aomtpnf;ta0;rSefor#at;aq;IvHk+cHKaomywf0ef;usif/ pdwfcs&aom tdrf vdktyfonf? rSwfpkvdkufEdkifaom/ ypPnf;vJEdkifaomae&mjzpf&rnf? vlwdkif;u cdk;em;axmifwJhu&d,mudk a=umuf=uw,f? 'gu wu,fawmh v#dK@0SufykvdyfwyfzGJ@[m yHkrSeftm;jzifh trsm;od+yD;wJh pk&Hk;wwfwJhae&mawGrSmbJ xm;wwfygw,f? 'Dvdkae&mawGudk roHk;oifhwmxif&Sm;vSygw,f?

bmbJjzpfjzpfcdk;em;axmifwJhud&d,mwyfxm;apOD; ta&;}uD;wJh tpnf;ta0;awG vkyfEdkifygw,f? vdktyfwmu }udKwifowd&Sdzdk@ygbJ?pmwdkav;awG ('grSr[kwf) omrefpum;av;awGeJ@ vkyfEdkifygw,f? "'g'g'g'g'gav;udk ol@qD,loGm;vdkufygav;udk ol@qD,loGm;vdkufygav;udk ol@qD,loGm;vdkufygav;udk ol@qD,loGm;vdkufygav;udk ol@qD,loGm;vdkufyg" / / / / / "ol tJ'DrSm&S dr,fvdk@ olrudk ajymol tJ'DrSm&S dr,fvdk@ olrudk ajymol tJ'DrSm&S dr,fvdk@ olrudk ajymol tJ'DrSm&S dr,fvdk@ olrudk ajymol tJ'DrSm&S dr,fvdk@ olrudk ajymvdkufygvdkufygvdkufygvdkufygvdkufyg"³³³³³ ³³³³³ ³³³³³ ³³³³³ ³³³³³ pwm rsdK;ayg@? 'D vdkenf;eJ@ emrnfawG/ vdyfpmawGudk cdk;em;axmifwJh ud&d,mawGwyfxm;wJh=um;u vufqifhurf;Edkifygw,f? tawG@t}uHKt& 'Dud&d,mawGuwqifh olwdk@odoGm;wm enf;enf;av;yg? v#dK@0SufykvdyftzGJ@u 'D[mudkoHk;wJh t"du&nf&G,fcsufu owif;tcsuftvufpkaqmif;&zdk@xuf pdwf"gwfa&;&mt& ajcmufjcm;atmif vkyfzdk@&nf&G,fwmyg?

'Dvdkud&d,mawGoHk;ae&ifvnf; &dk;&Sif;wJhpum;0SufawGudktoHk;jyKEdkifygw,f? tpnf;ta0;wckvkyfzdk@vdk&if "aumfzDqdkifrSmaumfzDqdkifrSmaumfzDqdkifrSmaumfzDqdkifrSmaumfzDqdkifrSm"vdk@ajym&if&ygw,f? 'Dqdkif[m t&ifuvnf;qHkzl;+yD;om;rdk@ oifhtquftoG,fu tvG,fwul odEdkifygw,f?

tvm;wlbJ oifu "t*F g" vdk@ ajymvdkuf&if "aom=um"ae@udk qdkvdk rSef; olodygw,f? "rGef;wnfh"qkdwm "noef;acgif"ayg@? tvm;wl"'kwd," qdkwm "yOPr"ayg@?


uae@ ydkvefrSmvlwdkif;vdkvdku udk,fhenf;udk,f[efeJ@ajratmufvkyfief;vkyfae=uwmrdk@ v#dK@0SufykvdyfwyfzGJ@[m 'Dvdk &Sif;vif;vG,fulwJhtajccH=uwJh twdk0SufawGudk razmfEdkifygbl;?

qufom;qufom;qufom;qufom;qufom;2929292929

qufom;eJ@ ypPnf;ydk@orm;awG[m b,fpD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rSmrqdk 'GefwJGwnf&SdaewJht&mawGbJ? olwdk@udk yHkrSefpmydk@wm/ ypPnf;ydk@wmawGrSmoHk;wmyJ? qufom;udk v$wfawmhr,fqdk&if ajratmufuvyfpnf;acgif;aqmifu aoaocsmcsm aqG;aEG;rSm=um;&r,f? b,fypPnf;udk b,fae&m/ b,ftcsdef ,loGm;&r,fqdkwm wdwdusus ajym&r,f?

!$ef=um;csuf&+yD;wmeJ@ qufom;aumif;[m oloGm;&r,fhvrf;a=umif;udk tjyefjyeftvSefvSef ppfaq;&r,f? ol@tvkyf[m yHkrSefvkyfief;bJjzpfoifhw,f? tcsdefwdkif;rSm olwdk@[m‘&Sif;’‘&Sif;’‘&Sif;’‘&Sif;’‘&Sif;’ae&r,f? qdkvdkwmu o,f&r,fh ypPnf;[m tenf;qHk;jzpf&r,f? 'grS =um;jzwf zrf;rd&ifvnf; v#dK@0SufajratmuftaqmuftOD;udk ray:atmif xdrf;Edkifr,f?

uvmyfpnf;eJ@qufom;&J@vHk+cHKa&;udk xdcdkufapr,fh b,ft&mrqdk tvG,fwulzsufqD;EdkifwJh/ pGef@ypfEdkifwJh taetxm;&Sd&r,f?

ajratmufv#dK@0SuftzGJ@udkzsufqD;zdk@ v#dK@0SufykvdyfwyfzGJ@oHk;wJhtvG,fqHk;eJ@tatmifjrifqHk;enf;uqufoG,fa&;uGef,ufxJudkwdk;0ifwmbJ? Oyrmtm;jzifh³³³³v#dK@0SufykvdyfwyfzGJ@[m ajratmuftpkacgif;aqmifwa,mufudk tylwjyif;zrf;csifae+yDqdk&if ajratmuftzGJ@&J@qufoG,fa&;pepfxJrSm owif;rSm;awGjzef@+yD; axmifacsmufqifawmhwmbJ?

29 Messengers


'Dtvkyfudk yHkpHrsdK;pHkeJ@vkyfwwfw,f? OD;‘q’&J@uav; uifqmjzpfae+yDqdkwmeJ@ ‘p’ vdkufw,f? 'gudk csufcsif;rppfaq;Edkif&if/ ('grSr[kwf)v#dK@0Sufykvdyf&J@ypfrSwfqDudk tcsdefrDta=umif;r=um;Edkif&if/ ylyefpdwf}uD;aewJ@ OD;‘q’u ol@tdrfudk qufom;v$wfawmhr,f? 'gqdk ol@uvmyfpnf;awmhysuf+yD? qufom;udk tom aemufa,mifcHvdkufoGm;&HkbJ?

uvmyfpnf;acgif;aqmifu ol@rdom;pkudk oludk,fwdkifqufoG,fvdk@r&wJh vHk+cHKa&;tpDtrHawG&SdrS 'DtcsdefrSm qufom;oHk;&r,f? EdkifiHa&;rSmyk*~dKvfa&;(vlvlcsif;)xdawG@r_[mta&;}uD;qHk;qdkwmoabmayguf&r,f? vlvlcsif;qufqHa&;r[kwfwJh ppfwyfqefwJhyHkpHudk ajratmufvkyfief;rSm roHk;&bl;? ul±Gef(Kuron) wcgu a&;zl;ovdkbJ³³³³ "aoG;pnf;cspfaoG;pnf;cspfaoG;pnf;cspfaoG;pnf;cspfaoG;pnf;cspf=unfr_[m ta&;awmfyH kxuf ta&;}uD;w,f?=unfr_[m ta&;awmfyH kxuf ta&;}uD;w,f?=unfr_[m ta&;awmfyH kxuf ta&;}uD;w,f?=unfr_[m ta&;awmfyH kxuf ta&;}uD;w,f?=unfr_[m ta&;awmfyH kxuf ta&;}uD;w,f?"

aoG;pnf;cspf=unfa&;qdkwm vlom;csif; aoG;pnf;cspf=unfa&; udk ajymwmyg? 'gudk qufom;v$wf+yD; wnfaqmufvdk@r&bl;?

r Swfp kpmtky fr sm;r Swfp kpmtky fr sm;r Swfp kpmtky fr sm;r Swfp kpmtky fr sm;r Swfp kpmtky fr sm;3030303030

ajratmuftzGJ@0ifawG b,folrS vdyfpm pmtkyfaqmifrxm;&bl;vdk@wm;jrpfxm;&r,f? udk,fhtcef;udk,fxm;wm/ udk,fhudk,fay:rSmxm;wm udpPr&Sdwefaumif;ygbl;vdk@ xifaumif;xifvdrfhr,f? ppfa=uma&;a&mufrS³³³ "'g usaemf hrdwfaqGa[mif;yg'g usaemf hrdwfaqGa[mif;yg'g usaemf hrdwfaqGa[mif;yg'g usaemf hrdwfaqGa[mif;yg'g usaemf hrdwfaqGa[mif;yg"/ "olu usaemfi,fi,fuwnf;u odwJh trsdK;orD; rdwfaqGyg?" qdkwmavmufeJ@ r&awmhbl;?

cifAsm; vdyfpmpmtkyfxJygwJh vlwdkif;&J@emrnf/ vdyfpmawGudk

30 Notebooks


ppfaq;zdk@qdkwm ykvdyftvkyfbJ? 'Dvdkvkyfzdk@ olwdk@rSm tcsdef;vnf;&Sdw,f?ykvdyfppfaq;csufu xGufvmwJhtajz[m oifhtwGuf tHh=op&mawG jzpfvmvdrfhr,f?

oifu &Sufwwfa=umufwwfwJh/ rvkyfwwf rudkifwwfvdk@odxm;wJh uav;b0u trsdK;orD;rdwfaqG&J@tcef;rSm v#dK@0SufykvdyfwyfzGJ@u w&m;cHajy;wa,mufudk oGm;awG@wmjzpfcsifjzpfr,f? 'Dvluvnf; rdef;uav;&J@ ouFmruif;jzpfp&mr&SdwJhtaetxm;udk}udKuf+yD; ykef;zdk@ae&ma&G;cJhwmayg@?

tJ'DvdkbJ cifAsm;udktjypfuif;pifwJh i,fb0upm;azmftjzpfodxm;wJh tjcm;olwdk@&J@ tysif;xlr_a=umifh cifAsm;vnf; 'kuQa&mufEdkifwmbJ?

ajratmuft0ef;t0dkif;[m vlawGtrsm;}uD;&Sdayr,fh wu,fawmh 'DurBm[musOf;usOf;av;yg? 'gudk ar#mfvifhxm;&r,f? 'kwd,urBmppftwGif;u tkyf*lawGay:u urŠnf;pmawGudk =unfhyg? rdom;wpkvHk; aooGm;rSawmh/ b,fppfjyefu "usaemfwdk@Edkifw,usaemfwdk@Edkifw,usaemfwdk@Edkifw,usaemfwdk@Edkifw,usaemfwdk@Edkifw,f"vdk@ ajymvdk@&rSmvJ? cifAsm;udkcifAsm; 'DvdkrjzpfygapeJ@? tjzpftysufwdkif;[m ao;zGJwJh/ trSwfwrJhjzpfwJh/ rawG;awmrpOf;pm;rdwJh udpPi,fav;awGu pcJhwmcsnf;bJ?

'ga=umifh owif;udk 0SufpmoGif;zdk@vdkw,f? 0SufpmoGif;xm;wJhpmwdkav;wpfapmif/ vdyfpmpmtkyfav; wtkyfa=umifh ouFmruif;jzpfcH&rSmudk rylygeJ@? 'D0SufawGudk b,ftcsdefrqdk oif 'Dvdk ajymqdkEdkifygw,f³³³³"usaemhf oli,fcsif;awGudk usaemfhvdk i&JrcH&apcsifvdk@ygAsm"³³³ vdk@?

tdrf (odk@) tcef;wcef;&J@eHywfudkbJ a&;yg? vrf;eJ@ wjcm;[mawGudk acgif;xJrSmbJrSwfxm;yg? vdktyfor#om cJwHeJ@a&;xm;wmtaumif;qHk;bJ? udpP+yD;&if tvG,fwulzsufvdkufvdk@&wmayg@? rSif roHk;


ygeJ@? oif abmyifeJ@a&;xm;wmudktay:u [dkjcpf'Djcpf av#mufjcpfxm;&HkeJ@ atmufrSma&;xm;wmu ysufoGm;wmr[kwfbl;?

0SufpmeJ@a&;xm;ayr,fh oifhrSwfpkpmtkyfudk tcgtm;avsmfpGmjyefa&;yg? rvdkwJhvdyfpmawGudk qkwfypfyg?

a,bl,stm;jzifhawmh pmwdkawGudk ao;Edkifor#tao;qHk; pm&Gufay: rSma&;yg? 'grS udpPay:wJhtcg zsufqD;zdk@yg;pyfxJxnfh0g;zdk@vG,fr,f?ayg@qr_[m emem usifusif cHpm;&apvdrfhr,f? (1970)ckESpfrsm;u 'DvdkbJajratmuftzGJ@0ifwOD;[m owif;wyk'fudkrmausmwJhuGefjyLwmu'fjym;ay:rSma&;wJh trSm;wckudkusL;vGefcJhzl;w,f? ykvdyfvmzrf;awmh tE W&m,f&SdwJh owif;wdkav;wyk'fudkom rsdKcsEdkifvdkufw,f? ykvdyfu ol@udk eHywfwkwfeJ@ ESHvdkufvdk@?

w,fvDzke f;tquftoG,w,fvDzke f;tquftoG,w,fvDzke f;tquftoG,w,fvDzke f;tquftoG,w,fvDzke f;tquftoG,ff ff f 3131313131

w,fvDzkef;tquftoG,f[m enf;avav aumif;avavbJ? w,fvDzkef;tquftoG,f[m oifh&J@ v#dK@0Sufvkyfief;awGudk axmufvSrf;zdk@ v#dK@0SufykvdyftwGuf tvG,fqHk;enf;bJ? w,fvDzkef;oHk;&r,fqdk&iftrsm;oHk;zkef; ('grSr[kwf) oifhtvkyfwdkufu tvG,fwuloHk;EdkifwJhzkef;udkoHk;wm taumif;qHk;bJ? odyf,Ofaus;zdk@vnf;rvdkygbl;? ouFmruif;zG,fjzpfr,fh pum;0SufawGudkvnf; roHk;ygeJ@? "usaemfydk@vdkufwJhig;awG &+yDusaemfydk@vdkufwJhig;awG &+yDusaemfydk@vdkufwJhig;awG &+yDusaemfydk@vdkufwJhig;awG &+yDusaemfydk@vdkufwJhig;awG &+yDvm;vm;vm;vm;vm;"?"[kwfw,fav bD&dkxJxnfhxm;wm[kwfw,fav bD&dkxJxnfhxm;wm[kwfw,fav bD&dkxJxnfhxm;wm[kwfw,fav bD&dkxJxnfhxm;wm[kwfw,fav bD&dkxJxnfhxm;wm?" "[m r[kwfbl;/ a&[m r[kwfbl;/ a&[m r[kwfbl;/ a&[m r[kwfbl;/ a&[m r[kwfbl;/ a&cJaowWmudkajymwmcJaowWmudkajymwmcJaowWmudkajymwmcJaowWmudkajymwmcJaowWmudkajymwm?"'grsdK;awGu ykvdyfudkteH@&ap&Hkrubl;/ taumif

31 Phone calls


yg jyvdrfhr,f?uae@umvrSm ydkvefvlrsdK;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u bmrSta&;

r}uD;wmav;vnf; pum;0S,foHk;+yD;ydk@ae=uwmbJ? 'Dvdk‘nHoH’awGa=umifh trSm;udk zHk;uG,fxm;ovdkjzpfayr,fh owd&Sdwm taumif;qHk;bJ?

ajratmufvkyfief;rSm w,fvDzkef;[m qufoG,fa&;twGufjzpfw,f? tv†yov†m ajymzdk@r[kwfbl;? w,fvDzkef;qufvdkufvdk@ vdkif;ay:rSm"trdef@ay;r_ESif hajymaeaom pum;rsm;trdef @ay;r_ESif hajymaeaom pum;rsm;trdef @ay;r_ESif hajymaeaom pum;rsm;trdef @ay;r_ESif hajymaeaom pum;rsm;trdef @ay;r_ESif hajymaeaom pum;rsm;"vdk@ }udKwiftoHoGif;xm;wJh wdyfacGvdk xyfwvJvJ =um;ae&&if 'g[m wu,fr[kwfbl;qdkwmowdjyKyg?

uGefjrLepfawG jzpfapcsifwmu b,fol@udkrqdk/ b,ft&mudkrqdk udkifvdk@&oavmuf udkifzdk@bJ?

csuGufaocsuGufaocsuGufaocsuGufaocsuGufao3232323232

csuGufaoqdkwm rD;cvkwfwckvdkbJ? wckckjzpf&if v#yfpD;udktvdkvdk jzwfcsvdkufr,f? csuGufaoqdkwm tkyfpktoD;oD;u qufoG,fEdkifwJh/ ypPnf;zvS,f EdkifwJh ae&mwckbJ? tJ'g[m tdrf/ qdkif(odk@) tdrfcef;wcef;jzpfEdkifw,f?

csuGufaoudk trsm;}uD;oHk;vdk@vnf;&w,f? enf;enf;bJoHk;vdk@vnf; &w,f? csuGufaowckudk tvGef tu|HoHk;&if rvdkvm;tyfwJhtm&Hkpdkufr_udk cH&Edkifw,f? tdrfeD;csif;awG/ tvkyftwlvkyfzufawGuouFmruif; jzpfvmEdkifw,f?

32 Dead drops


csuGufaoudk c%c% roHk;bl;qdkjyef&ifvnf;/ csuGufaorSm wm0ef,loleJ@ tjcm;tquftoG,frsm;qufoG,fr_[m crf;ajcmufoGm;Edkifw,f?b,folrS wvudk pmav;(3)apmif vufcHzdk@ wywfudkESpf}udrf em&Daygif;rsm;pGm csuGufaorSm xkdifrapmifhcsifbl;?

csuGufaorSm aumif;rGefwJh tH0SufawGvkyfxm;wm/ 'grSr[kwf wjcm;vHk+cHKwJhtdrfwtdrfqD tvG,fwul ul;oGm;EdkifwmawG[mtE W&m,fr&Sdygbl;? csuGufaoudkwm0ef,lol[m 'gawGudkem;rvnf&if/vHk+cHKa&;tpDtrHawGvkyfrxm;&if wjcm;wa,mufudk &Sm+yD;cdkif;wmtaumif;qHk;bJ?

cyfvef@vef@vludkwm0efay;&wmeJ@pm&if csuGufaotopf wckudk pDpOf&wmydkvG,fygw,f? ol@csuGuf aoudkoHk;wdkif;vnf; pdwfcs&w,f?ydkvefeJ@Zm±lqJpuD;&J@wdkufyGJrSm &mZ0ifwGifolwOD;&SdcJhzl;w,f? ajratmufyHkESdyfwdkuf[m ypPnf;awGvmydk@oludk wHcg;zGifhay;+yD;/ tJ'DpmapmifawG vm,lolawGudkawmh ESifxkwfw,f? tJ'Dvdkta&;}uD;+yD; vl}udKufrsm;wJhukefpnf twGuf olpdk;&drfw,fav? 'grS wu,fh csuGufaobJ? (ol@ypPnf;ub,frS ra±G@ awmhbl;?)

± H k± H k± H k± H k± H k ;r sm ;;r sm ;;r sm ;;r sm ;;r sm ;3333333333

+rdK@[dkzufxdyfeJ@ 'Dzufxdyf ajy;v$m;+yD; rqHk;EdkifwJhtpnf;ta0;awG rwufcsif&if/ w,fvDzkef;tqufrjywf qufae&wm rjzpfcsif&if/qufom;eJ@ wcsdefvHk; eyef;vHk;raecsif&if/ oifhrSm ±Hk;w±Hk;&Sdzdk@vdkygw,f?

33 Offices


±Hk;[m vkyfazmfudkifzuf ajratmuftzGJ@0ifawGeJ@awG@zdk@/ qufom;udk vufcHawG@qHkzdk@oHk;EdkifwJh ae&mwae&mjzpf&if&yg+yD? ±Hk;[m yHkrSefqufoG,fr_twGufom jzpf&r,f? tjcm; yHkrSefr[kwfwJhudpPawG/ vlr_a&; yGJobifawGtwGufawmh tjcm;ukr`%Dvl}uD;&J@±Hk;rSm tajymif;tvJtaeeJ@vkyfEdkifygw,f? oifhtpnf;t&Hk;[m vl(7)a,mufrS (10) a,mufom&SdwJh/ b,favmufbJ ao;i,fwJhtzGJ@jzpfygap/ yHkrSefqufoG,fa&;vkyfief;awG&J@tvGeftrif;zdpD;wJh '%frcHcsif&if/ ±Hk;w±Hk;&Sdzdk@ vdktyfygw,f?

'Dvdkvkyfrxm;&if omrefyk*~dKvfa&;tcuftc/J wkyfauG;av;rdvdkuf&ifawmifrS uvmyfpnf;&J@v#dK@0Sufvkyfief;awG &yfwef@oGm;Edkifygw,f?

±Hk;[m csuGufaovdkbJ taotcsmumuG,fxm;&r,f?pum;0Suf oHk;&r,f? trsm; tm&HkpdkufrcH&atmif *±kjyK&r,f?

tH0 Sufr sm;tH0 Sufr sm;tH0 Sufr sm;tH0 Sufr sm;tH0 Sufr sm;3434343434

oifhudk pGJcsufwifcH&EdkifapwJh b,ft&mudkrqdk zGufxm;yg?"bmrS r&S dwmeJ@pm&if yk Hp Hwrsd K;rs d K;eJ @0Sufxm;wmu yd kaumif;ygbmrS r&S dwmeJ@pm&if yk Hp Hwrsd K;rs d K;eJ @0Sufxm;wmu yd kaumif;ygbmrS r&S dwmeJ@pm&if yk Hp Hwrsd K;rs d K;eJ @0Sufxm;wmu yd kaumif;ygbmrS r&S dwmeJ@pm&if yk Hp Hwrsd K;rs d K;eJ @0Sufxm;wmu yd kaumif;ygbmrS r&S dwmeJ@pm&if yk Hp Hwrsd K;rs d K;eJ @0Sufxm;wmu yd kaumif;ygw,fw,fw,fw,fw,f" qdkwJh Oya'oudk owd&yg?

ykvdyfu vm&SmwJhyHkpH (3)rsdK;&Sdw,f? yxr wrsdK;u³³³ tdrfrSmb,fol aeovJqdkwm&,f/ tdrfem;ywf0ef; usifrSm bm&SdovJqdkwmudka0h0J=unhf&Hk avmuf&,f 'DavmufbJ omrefppfaq;wm?

bmudkawG@atmif&Smr,fqdkwJh &nf&G,fcsufr&Sdayr,fh/ oifhudktr_zGifhEdkifavmufwJh/ b,ftaxmuftxm;rqdk/ Oyrm³³³ ausmufyHkESdyf&m

34 Secret compartments


rSmoHk;wJh ydk;p/ opfom;abmifav;avmufudkbJ jzpfjzpf&SmrSmbJ?'kwd,wrsdK;uawmh³³³ oifhtdrf/ tcef;/ tvkyfXmewdk@udk pepf

wus&Smwm? bD&dkwdkif;/ pmtkyfwdkif;/ tHqGJwdkif;/ pm&Gufwdkif;udk tukefvSefavSm&SmrSmbJ? 'guawmh tvGeftcsdef,lwJh/ em&Daygif;rsm;pGm=umwJh/cufcJwJhvkyfief;bJ?

aemufqHk;wrsdK;uawmh³³³ oifhtdrf Oypm wae&m&mrSm ajratmufvkyfief;oHk; ypPnf;rsm;aomfvnf;aumif;/ yHkEdSyfpufaomfvnf;aumif;/ zGufxm;w,fqdkwm aocsmodxm;vdk@vm&SmwmrsdK;bJ? tJ'guawmh olwdk@vdkcsifwm rawG@rcsif;&SmrSmbJ?

oabmw&m;t&ajym&if vlwa,mufuzGufEdkifwJht&mudkaemufwa,mufuvnf;awG@atmif&SmEdkifwmbJ? }uHKawmifh}uHKcJjzpf&yfawGtay: odyfrrSDcdkygeJ@? vufawG@t&ajym&ifwwd,trsdK;tpm;&SmazGr_u jzpfcJygw,f? 'kwd,trsdK;tpm;u&Hzef&Hcgjzpfwwfwmyg? ykvdyfuwckckudk &SmawG@oGm;w,fqdkwJ h jzpf&yf&J@ (90µ) u udk,f hzufuayg@avsmhvdk@bJ? ypPnf; udk vljrifoljrifxm;wmrsdK;ayg@?

ajratmuftzGJ@0ifawGtwGuf udk,fhvnfyif;}udK;uGif;pGyfrJht,ltqrsdK;udky,fzdk@vdkr,f? yxrwrsdK;u³³ "ykvdyfvmvdrfhr,f 'gayykvdyfvmvdrfhr,f 'gayykvdyfvmvdrfhr,f 'gayykvdyfvmvdrfhr,f 'gayykvdyfvmvdrfhr,f 'gayr,fh bmrSvkyfxm;p&mrvdkbl;r,fh bmrSvkyfxm;p&mrvdkbl;r,fh bmrSvkyfxm;p&mrvdkbl;r,fh bmrSvkyfxm;p&mrvdkbl;r,fh bmrSvkyfxm;p&mrvdkbl;"qdkwJhtjrif? 'kwd,wrsdK;u³³³ "ykvdyfykvdyfykvdyfykvdyfykvdyfvmrSm r[kwfygbl;/ ypPnf;awG[dkzGuf 'DzGufeJ@ bmvdk@'kuQ&SmaeOD;vmrSm r[kwfygbl;/ ypPnf;awG[dkzGuf 'DzGufeJ@ bmvdk@'kuQ&SmaeOD;vmrSm r[kwfygbl;/ ypPnf;awG[dkzGuf 'DzGufeJ@ bmvdk@'kuQ&SmaeOD;vmrSm r[kwfygbl;/ ypPnf;awG[dkzGuf 'DzGufeJ@ bmvdk@'kuQ&SmaeOD;vmrSm r[kwfygbl;/ ypPnf;awG[dkzGuf 'DzGufeJ@ bmvdk@'kuQ&SmaeOD;rSmvJrSmvJrSmvJrSmvJrSmvJ"qdkwJht,ltq?

"[dkzGuf'DzGufvkyfvnf; cH&rSmygbJ/ rvkyfvnf; cH&rSm[dkzGuf'DzGufvkyfvnf; cH&rSmygbJ/ rvkyfvnf; cH&rSm[dkzGuf'DzGufvkyfvnf; cH&rSmygbJ/ rvkyfvnf; cH&rSm[dkzGuf'DzGufvkyfvnf; cH&rSmygbJ/ rvkyfvnf; cH&rSm[dkzGuf'DzGufvkyfvnf; cH&rSmygbJ/ rvkyfvnf; cH&rSmygbJygbJygbJygbJygbJ" qdkwJhtjrifu wu,fhudk rSm;ygw,f? tE W&m,f}uD;ygw,f?tE W&m,fudk t&Sdtwdkif; aocsmwGufcsuf&r,f?

wcgw&Hawmh ajratmuftzGJ@tpnf;udk 'kuQay;wm ykvdyf


r[kwfbl;? pyfpyfpkpkEdkifvSwJh tdrfeD;csif;a=umifhvnf; jzpfwwfw,f? vHk+cHKa&;tpDtrHawGudkom aocsmvdkufem&if ppfqifa&;0ifOD;awmh ykvdyfvdkcsifwmudk &roGm;atmif vkyfEdkifygw,f?

ta&;t}uD;qHk;jzpfwJh wckwnf;aomtcsufuawmh tH0SufawG }udKwif pDrHxm;zdk@bJ? wu,f tav;teufxm;vkyfudkifwwfwJh yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK;&Sdygw,f? puUef@ydkif;twGif; pm&Gufpmwrf;awGudk tvG,fwulzGufEdkifwJh ao;i,fwJh tH0Sufuav;awG vkyfxm;Edkifygw,f? aemuf ydk}uD;wJh ajratmufyHkEdSyfpm&Gufpmwrf;awG zGufEkdifwJh 'kwd,tH0Sufvnf; &Sdwwfygw,f? vdktyf&if 'Dxufydk}uD;wJh tH0Sufvnf;&SdEdkifygw,f?

tvGeftusL;tpdk;&drfrvGefzdk@awmh vdkygw,f? w&m;r0if ajratmufpmtkyfwtkyf (odk@) owif;pmwapmifudk vuf0,fxm;&HkeJ@tE W&m,fr&Sdygbl;? 'g[m ae@pOf ydkvefjynfoloef;aygif;rsm;pGm vkyfaeustvkyfyg?

ajratmufyH kE d Sy fwd kuajratmufyH kE d Sy fwd kuajratmufyH kE d Sy fwd kuajratmufyH kE d Sy fwd kuajratmufyH kE d Sy fwd kuff ff f 3535353535

ajratmuf yHkEdSyfwdkufwwdkuf wnfaxmifwm[m b,fbufu=unfh=unfhtoHk;wnfhwJht&myg? vHk+cHKa&;a=umifh woD;wjcm;pDjzpfaewJh uvmyfpnf;awGtwGuf qufoG,fa&;vrf;a=umif;wck zGifhay;Edkifygw,f? uvmyfpnf;acgif;aqmifawGtwGufvnf; EdkifiHa&;t,ltqawG/ynm&yfqdkif&mta=umif;t&mawGudk rdrdzmom jyefqef;ppfEdkifw,f?

owif;pm[m pdwful;pdwfoef;awGudkjzef@jzL;ay;&Hkom r[kwf

35 Underground Press


bl;/ owif;tcsuftvuf/ aiGeJ@&kyf0wKypPnf;awGtwGufvnf; taumif;qHk; a&aomufjrpfjzpfw,f? ajratmufvkyfief;vufoifav;awGtwGufenf;ynmqnf;yl;&m avhusifha&;uGif;vnf;jzpfw,f? olwdk@udk ta=umufw&m;udk b,fvdkausmfv$m;&r,f/ &ifqdkif&r,fqdkwmudk oifay;aewmbJ?vufoifwa,muf b,favmufwdk;wufvmwmudk/ jy\emawGudk b,favmufajz&Sif;Edkifvm+yD qdkwmudk wdkif;wmEdkifwJhenf;wckuawmh ol b,favmuf toif;tvkyfawG o,fydk; ay;EdkifrvJ qdkwm=unfh&if odEdkifwmbJ?

ajratmufowif;pmwapmifudk xkwfvkyfjzef@jzL;&wJhjzpfpOf[m ykefuefa&;twGuf tajccHenf;pepfawGtm;vHk;udk oifay;vdkufwmbJ? u¾wckeJ@wck uwWm;jcm;xm;zdk@ (yHkESdyfwdkufeJ@ jzef@csda&;) vdkw,fqdkwm jyaew,f? Oyrmtm;jzifh ³³³ t,f'DwmtzGJ@eJ@ yHkEdSyfwdkufwdk@t=um;qufoG,fzdk@ csuGufao pmwdkufyHk;pepf vdkw,fqdkwm jzpfvmapw,f?vufum;ydk@aqmifa&;eJ@jzef@csda&;udk vufvDydk@aqmifa&;eJ@jzef@csda&;eJ@ cGJjcm;xm;zdk@vdkw,fqdkwmudkvnf; em;vnfvmapw,f?

'Dae&mrSmuvmyfpnf;wckeJ@wck/ rdwfaqGcsif;tquftoG,fwdk@&J@ tvsm;vdkuf qufqHr_u ay;EdkifwJh tE W&m,fawGudk aqG;aEG;csifw,f?uvmyfpnf;wck&J@acgif;aqmifu owif;pmjzef@csda&;,lepfwckudk ydwfzdk@qHk;jzwfcJhwJh Oyrmav;udk ajymjycsifygw,f? olqHk;jzwfcJh&wmu 'D,lepf&J@vkyfief;awGudkykvdyfuodoGm;+yDvdk@,Hk=unf&vdk@/ 'grSr[kwf 'Djzef@csda&;,lepfudk ykvdyfuapmifh=unfhwmcHae&+yDvdk@ ouFmruif;jzpfvmvdk@ pojzifh jzpfEdkifygw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'D,lepf&J@qufom; tzrf;cHvdkuf&ygw,f? 'Dqufom;[m ae&mopfudkoGm;zdk@ ajymxm;ayr,fh tE W&m,fudk rodusdK;u|HjyK+yD;/ oleJ@&if;ESD;cifrif+yD;om; uvmyfpnf;acgif;aqmifqDudkbJ oGm;zdk@qHk;jzwfcJhvdk@yg?


ykvdyykvdyykvdyykvdyykvdy ff ff f 3636363636

ºuGufawGtay: ajratmufawmfvSef;a&;orm;awGxm;wJhoabmxm;u olwdk@eJ@ a0;a0;aevdkwmbJ? olwdk@[m wefzdk;te*~&SdolawGvnf; r[kwf/ ae&mtESH@&SdaeEdkifwmvnf; r[kwfyg? 'DvdkbJ &ufpufzdk@omodwJh tE<awG vnf; r[kwfyg?

ydkvefjynfol@orRwEdkifiH&J@ tjcm;,E W,m;rsm;vdkbJ ykvdyfawG[mvnf; jynfol@0efxrf;awGygbJ? n (10) em&D rxkd;cif/ rdepfydkif;tvdk'kwd,qdkif;rSm tvkyfapmapmqif;csif=uolawGcsnf;ygbJ?

'gayr,fh &Hzef&Hcgawmh wu,f trJvkdufrkqdk;Z&SdwJh tvGef}udK;pm;wJh &Jt&m&SdeJ@vnf; qHk&wwfygw,f? tJ'DvdkbJ wcgwkef;u +rdK@i,fav;w+rdK@rSm odyfta&;r}uD;vSwJhae&mrSm tvGefar#mfrSef;csuf}uD;wJh&Jt&mi,fwOD;&SdcJhzl;w,f? wae@awmh a'ocHtpdk;&qef@usifa&;orm;awGudkazmfxkwfr,fqdk+yD; olqHk;jzwfvdkufygw,f? 'DvdkqHk;jzwf+yD;wmeJ@ nzuf&kyfjrifoH=um;+yD;csdef/ +rdK@vHk;ywfvnfnaewdkif;vSnfhygawmhw,f? b,ftdrfu rD;vif;aewkef;vnf;qdkwm ol=unhfw,f? ol@twGufawmh 'DtdrfawGtm;vHk;[mrouFmp&mawGcsnf;bJ? tdrfwtdrfqDem; uyf+yD; bmawGajymae=uovJqdkwm acsmif;em;axmifygw,f? +rdK@i,fav;rdk@ tdrfawGtm;vHk;[m wxyftdrfawGcsnf;jzpfvdk@ ol@twGuf tawmfvG,fuloGm;ygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ v#dK@0Sufvkyfief;vkyfaewJh ajratmufXmecsKyfawGudk ol ajc&mcHrdoGm;ygw,f?

usaemfwdk@twGufuHaumif;wmu 'DvdkvlrsdK; ydkvefykvdyftzGJ@

36 Police


xJrSmrsm;rsm;r&SdwmygyJ? ykvdyftzGJ@&J@tiftm;[mtvGef}uD;rm;wJh bwf*sufeJ@tawG@t}uHKay: wnfygw,f? ykvdyftzGJ@u olwdk@tzGJ@tpnf;udk *k%f,l+yD; cyfºuGm;ºuGm;av;ajymwm &Sdygw,f? olwdk@puf&Hku xkwfvkyfvdkufwJhypPnf;&J@ (90µ) u t&nftaoG;rrSD&ifawmif uGefjrLepf,E W,m;xJrSmppfwyfeJ@ygwDxuf omao;w,fwJh? 'g rSefygw,f?

r=umao;cifuav;uwif tpdk;&0efxrf; tvdkawmf&d 'gZiftawmfrsm;rsm;udk orRmefpm rSm;qifh+yD;/ 0gaqm ykvdyfXmecsKyfudk ac:cJhrdygao;w,f?

ykvdyftzGJ@tvkyfvkyfaewm[m qGpfZmvefvkyf em&DwvHk;vdkr[kwfygbl;? qdkAD,ufAsL&dku&uf,E W,m;twdkif; vkyfaewmyg?

ajratmuf‘aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@’u '%f&m&xm;wJh*sefem&dka[;37udk aq;&Hkucdk;xkwfoGm;wJhtcg ykvdyfuvGefcJhwJh(2)ESpf(1980) uol@qDuzrf;rdxm;wJh vdyfpmpmtkyfudk tajccH+yD;vdkufygw,f?'gudk=unhf&ifolwdk@[m pepfwuszGJ@pnf;xm;w,f/ t&mtm;vHk;udk armfuGef;wifxm;w,fqdkwm xif&Sm;ygw,f?

tE W&m,ftcsufay;acgif;avmif;oH=um;&if *rl;±ª;xkd;rjzpfygeJ@? tE W&m,fudk aocsmwGufyg? wa,mufa,mufudk ‘ykvdyfowif;ay;’vdk@rouFm&if ol@udk v#dK@0Sufvkyfief;awGxJ rygapbJ uif;uGmatmif xm;yg? ckvdk uef@owfxm; wmudk =um=umvkyfzdk@vdkygw,f? ykvdyf tvkyfvkyfwm aES;vdk@yg?

37 Jan Narothiale


t+r D ;t+r D ;t+r D ;t+r D ;t+r D ; 3838383838

v#dK@0Sufykvdyfu oifhudkaemufa,mifcHvdkufzdk@ enf;rsm;pGm &Sdygw,f? wcgw&H rodombl;? oifhum;udk aemufa,mifcHud&d,mwyf+yD;ta0;u vdkufr,f? 'grSr[kwf oifhtdrfudk apmifh=unfhaer,f? wcgw&HawmhajAmifususbJ aemufa,mifcHvdkuf+yD;/ taESmuft,Sufay;vdrfhr,f? &nf&G,fcsufuawmh wckxJbJ? oifhajratmufvkyfief;udk taESmuft,Sufjzpfatmif v_yf&Sm;r_udkuef@owfzdk@eJ@ ae&maysmufatmif vkyfzdk@yg?

v#dK@0Sufaemufa,mifcHvdkufwmuawmh oifhtquftoG,fawG tm;vHk;udkajc&mcHzdk@ygbJ? a,bl,stm;jzifh 'Dvdkvkyf&if um;(3) pD;/(4) pD;/ vl(10) a,mufrS (12) a,mufoHk;wwfygw,f? vrf;av#mufaeonfbJ jzpfap/ bwfpf um;ay:rSmbJjzpfap/ oifht&dyf[m oifhaemufa&ma&S@rSmyg &Sdygw,f? ajAmift aESmuft,Sufay;wmu a=umuf±GH@aeapzdk@eJ@oifhpdwf"mwfudk zsufqD;zdk@bJ?

ajratmufvkyfief;udk orm;&dk;us yHkaovkyfaewm[m tusKd;&SdovdkbJ tE W&m,fvnf;&Sdygw,f? tvkyf'%fudk cHEdkif&nf&Sdapw,f? pdwfzdpD;r_udkavsmhusap+yD;/ tE W&m,fudk&ifqdkifzdk@ pdwf"mwft& toifhjzpfapw,f? 'gayr,fh wcsdefxJrSmbJ/ t+rJwrf; Edk;Edk;=um;=um;jzpfatmif aeae&wma=umifh vludkyifyef; EGrf;e,f vmapw,f?

usaemfwdk@rSmtjiif;yGm;r_wck&Sdw,f? tJ'gu ta&;}uD;wJhajratmuf acgif;aqmifawGudkbJ ykvdyfu aemufa,mifcHvdkufwm?atmufajcu bmtE W&m,frS r&Sdygbl;qdkwJh tjrifbJ?

38 The tail


oif[mtcsdefra±G;/ ae&mra&G; aemufa,mifcH vdkufcH&Edkifw,fqdkwmudk owdrarhrSom oifhvHk+cHKa&;[m pdwfcs&vdrfhr,f?

aemuf a,mifcHtvdkufcH&+yDqdkwmeJ@ oifyxrqHk;vkyf&r,fhtvkyfu tJ'Dt+rD;udk cgcsypfvkdufzdk@bJ? obm0ususvkyfEdkifav aumif;avbJ? aemufa,mifcH tvdkufcHae&+yDqdkwmudk oifodwJhta=umif; olwdk@rodygapeJ@? 'D enf;eJ@r&&if vSnfhzsm;wJhenf;udk oHk;yg? *dwfaygufawG trsm;}uD;&SdwJh 0if;xJ 0ifoGm; yg? taygufawGtrsm;}uD;&SdwJh/ ±_yfaxG;wJh p}uFefawG&SdwJh taqmuftOD;xJ 0ifoGm;yg? wHwm;ay:u jzwfajy;yg? bwfpfum;udktqifhqifh ajymif;pD;yg?

('DtcsdefrSm) oifh&J@yxrqHk;tawG;u 'Dvdkjzpfoifhw,f? "iguiguiguiguiguawmh tzrf;cH&awmhr,f (b,favmuf=umr,fqd kwm b,folrSawmh tzrf;cH&awmhr,f (b,favmuf=umr,fqd kwm b,folrSawmh tzrf;cH&awmhr,f (b,favmuf=umr,fqd kwm b,folrSawmh tzrf;cH&awmhr,f (b,favmuf=umr,fqd kwm b,folrSawmh tzrf;cH&awmhr,f (b,favmuf=umr,fqd kwm b,folrSrodEd kif)? 'gayr,fh 'Dtp[m ig@rSmbJtqHk;owf&r,rodEd kif)? 'gayr,fh 'Dtp[m ig@rSmbJtqHk;owf&r,rodEd kif)? 'gayr,fh 'Dtp[m ig@rSmbJtqHk;owf&r,rodEd kif)? 'gayr,fh 'Dtp[m ig@rSmbJtqHk;owf&r,rodEd kif)? 'gayr,fh 'Dtp[m ig@rSmbJtqHk;owf&r,f" ykvdyfudkb,fae&mudkrSac:oGm;+yD; jyrdwmrsdK;rjzpfygapeJ@? um;udk wae&mrSm &yfxm;cJh&if oGm;jyef,lzdk@r}udK;pm;ygeJ@? oifh"gwfyHk ykvdyfxHrSm &SdEdkifygw,f?'gayr,fh oifb,folvJqdkwmudkawmh olwdk@rodygapeJ@? oifh"gwfyHk[mydkvefvlrsdK;(36)oef;xJu rsufESmwckr#om jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh oifh um;eHygwfuawmh oifb,folvJqdkwm ajymjyvdrfhr,f?

td k ;td k ;td k ;td k ;td k ;3939393939

(ykvdyfqifwJ h axmifacsmuf)(ykvdyfqifwJ h axmifacsmuf)(ykvdyfqifwJ h axmifacsmuf)(ykvdyfqifwJ h axmifacsmuf)(ykvdyfqifwJ h axmifacsmuf)

ykvdyfu ajratmufvkyfief;oHk; v#dK@0Suftdrf (odk@) &Hk;udk awG@+yD

39 The pot (A trap the police set)


qdkwmeJ@ axmifacsmufqifxm;vdkufvdrfhr,f? &ufaygif;rsm;pGm tdrfa&S@uxkdifapmifhae+yD;/ wHcg;vmacgufol b,fol@udkrqdk zrf;vdrfhr,f?

'Dvdk rESpfrsdK@zG,f tvef@w=um;jzpf&r_udk a&Smif&Sm;zdk@ &dk;&Sif;wJh/rodomwJh/ tcsufay;pepfoHk;+yD;/ wpHkwckjzpfae+yDqdkwmudk tjcm;olawGudk tvG,fwul owday;Edkifygw,f? tdrf[m tm;vHk;udk wHcg;zGifhxm;w,fqdk&if tJ'DtxJrSm ykvdyfvnf;ygw,fqdkwm rarhygeJ@?

p D ;ei f ; j ci f ;p D ;ei f ; j ci f ;p D ;ei f ; j ci f ;p D ;ei f ; j ci f ;p D ;ei f ; j ci f ; 4040404040

&efolupD;eif;r_udk oifrar#mfvifhqHk;tcsdefrSm vkyfavh&Sdw,f?'DtcsdefrSm taumif;qHk;uawmh uGefjrLepfawG&J@ vlzrf;pm&if;rSm ig[myxrqHk;vnf;r[kwf/ aemufqHk;vnf;r[kwfqdkwm oifhudkoif owday;aezdk@ygbJ? tJvufZif;'g; qdkZifepfZif&J@41 "The Gulag Archipelago" udk=unfhyg?

tzrf;cH&&if b,favmufbJ,kwWdr&SdwJh ±l;oGyfwJh[m jzpfygap/tcif;jzpfcsdefu oifb,frSm&Sdaew,fqdkwm oufaojyzdk@ tqifoifhvkyfxm;yg? oabmw&m;taeeJ@awmh ykvdyfeJ@qufqHwJhtcg taumif;qHk;uawmh qdwfqdwfaezdk@ygbJ? 'gayr,fh wcgw&Hawmh olwdk@udkwpHkwck ajymvkdufwmydkaumif;ygw,f? ykvdyfu oifb,folvJqdkwmeJ@ olwdk@&SmawG@wJhypPnf;bmqdkwm odcsifrSodr,f? 'DvdktajctaerSm olwdk@zrf;rdol[mwu,fhajratmufawmfvSefa&; orm;wa,mufygvm;qdkwm b,fvdkenf;eJ@rS odroGm;ygapeJ@?

40 Busted41 Alexandar Solzenicsyn


zrf;rd+yD; oif[m olwdk@udk 'l;axmufrnfhol r[kwfrSef;odwmeJ@ ºuGufawGuoifhudk pdwWaA't& zdtm;ay;wmudk &yfvdkufvdrfhr,f? tusOf;om;qDuolwdk@vdkcsifwm n‡pfxkwfvdk@r&bl;qdkwmodwmeJ@ n‡if;yrf;wmudk &yfvdkufvdrfhr,f? oHEMdXmefeJ@ydkif;jzwfcsuf&Sd+yD;/ bmr#rajymbJ a&iHkE_wfydwfaecJhwJholawG&J@pm&if;&Snf}uD; twdwfutawG@t}uHKt& &SdcJhzl;ygw,f? 'Dvdk vlawGudk azmfaumifvkyfolawGxufawmif apmapmv$wfvdkufwmudk }uHKzl;ygw,f?

tusOf;axmifxJ a&muf+yDqdkwmeJ@ jyifyu b0udk arhypfvdkufyg? 'Dt&mawGtm;vHk;udk oifqHk;±_H;cJh+yD? tusOf;axmifxJa&mufwmeJ@ oifh*k%foduQmeJ@ vlom;obm0tay: oifh,Hk=unfcsufudk ppfaq;wJh tcufcJqHk;pmar;yGJ pyg+yD?

tusO f ;axmi fwGi f ;b0tusO f ;axmi fwGi f ;b0tusO f ;axmi fwGi f ;b0tusO f ;axmi fwGi f ;b0tusO f ;axmi fwGi f ;b04242424242

vlom;tm;vHk;eJ@tqufjzwfcHxm;&+yD;/ tjcm;tusOf;om;wOD;waveJ@pum;av;ajymrd&HkeJ@tjypfay;cH&wJh tusOf;cef;av;xJrSmwa,mufxJ txD;usefae&&ifawmifrS tusOf;axmif0g'gawG&J@ OD;a%Smufaq;rcH&atmifeJ@ rdrd&J@*k%foduQmudk xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifzdk@ enf;vrf;awG&Sdygw,f? tiftm;udk rdrd&J@rSwf^m%fxJrSm&SmawG@Edkifygw,f? vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJudk qufvufqifE$JaewJh &Jabmfrsm; tay: ,Hk=unfpdwfxm;yg?aemufwcku tusOf;axmifwHcg;0udk jzwf+yD;0ifvdkufwmeJ@ t&m&med*Hk;csKyfoGm;+yDvdk@ rpOf;pm;ygeJ@? t&m&m[m ckrS topf p wmyg? tckxdawmh

42 Prison life


'Dt,ltq ESpfckpvHk;u rSefqJygbJ? b0rSm avhvmoif,lcJh&wJh tjcm;t&mawGvdkbJ/ tusOf;axmifwGif; b,fvdk&Sifoefatmifaexdkif&r,fqdkwJh t&m[mvnf; oif,l&r,fht&mwckbJ? oif jyifyrSmodcJhwJholwOD;[m tvkyfrSmaomfvnf;aumif;/ vlr_a&;t&vnf;aumif;/ wdkufyGJtwGif;rSmaomfvnf;aumif;/ tawmfqHk;&JabmfwOD;jzpfcJhayr,fh axmifwGif;a&mufwJhtcg tvGefysif;p&m aumif;wJh tcef;azmfjzpfcsifjzpfae vdrfhr,f?tusOf;axmifqdkwm vl@avmu ti,f pm;av;ygbJ? tusOf;axmifwGif;b0u tusOf;om;wdkif;udk pdwfcHpm;r_udk xdef;csKyfzdk@/ y&d,g,f&Sdzdk@/ tvGeftu|Hrjzpfzdk@/ rdrdudk,frdrd csKyfwnf;Edkifzdk@ vdktyfw,fqdkwm awmif;qdkaer,f? 'grS pdwfcHpm;r_ v#HxGuf+yD;/ a&qlrSwf ra&mufrSm? +idrf+idrfav;xdkifwwfzdk@eJ@/ udk,fhyk*~vducHpm;r_u tjcm;olawGudk taESmuft,Sufrjzpfzdk@oif,l&r,f? ae@pOftcsdefZ,m;qJG+yD; tJ'Dtwdkif; vdkufem&r,f?

rdrdtwGif;pdwfudk wnf+idrfatmifxdef;xm;Edkifzdk@/ wHwdkif;jcm;xm;Edkifzdk@ta&;}uD;w,f? 'grStusOf;axmif&J@pnf;urf;awGudk ausmfv$m;&ifqdkifEdkifrSm? axmifxJrSm b,fol@udkrS r,Hk&ygvm;qdkwJh trSefw&m;udkvnf; &ifqdkifem;vnfEdkifvmvdrfhr,f? tusOf;axmifwGif; pdwfzdpD;r_udkajyapzdk@qdk+yD; rdrdcHpm;csufudk zGifhjyr,fhpmrsdK; rdom;pkqDra&;ygeJ@? tvm;wlbJ wpHkwOD;&J@usef;rma&;tcuftcJudk pdk;&drfylyefa=umif;qdkwJh pmrsdK;vnf; ra&;ygeJ@? oif hpmawGudk tusOf;axmifqifqmtzGJ @uomzwfaewm r[kwfbl;? oifhtr_ppfykvdyfpHkaxmufuvnf; zwfaew,fqdkwm rarhygeJ@? oifhudkb,fvdkusdK;oGm;atmifvkyf&r,fqdkwm &Smzdk@uol@ tvkyfbJ?


emusi f j ci f ;emusi f j ci f ;emusi f j ci f ;emusi f j ci f ;emusi f j ci f ; 4343434343

vlawG[m olwdk@b0rSm ta=umufqHk; ESpfckbJ&Sdw,f? wckuemusifjcif;eJ@ aemufwcku xGufaygufrJhoGm;jcif;wdk@bJ? 'DESpfckvHk;[mtxD;usefjzpfjcif;u vmwm? vlvlcsif;qufqHa&;udk zsufqD;ypfvdkufwJht&mbJ? &dk;&Sif;wJhcE<mudk,femusifr_udk tvG,fwul pnf;pm;=unfhvdk@ &Edkifw,f? 'gudkvlwdkif;}uHKzl;ygw,f? t&dk;usdK;wkef;ujzpfjzpf/ oGm;pkdufq&m0efqDwkef;u jzpfjzpf/ cGJpdwfcH&wkef;ujzpfjzpf }uHKzl;=uwmbJ? tusOf;axmifxJrSm }uHK&wJhemusifjcif;u 'geJ@jcm;em;w,f? emusifjcif; yxrwrsdK;u udk,fu rpdk;ydkifwJh/ rwm;qD;EdkifwJh/ uH=urRmuay;wJh emusifjcif;?'kwd,wrsdK;jzpfwJhtjypfay;cH&jcif;/ &dkufESufcH&jcif;/ n‡Of;yef;cH&jcif;/ vl@oduQmnd‡K;EGrf;atmif vkyfcH&jcif;(bmvkyfvdk@ bmudkif&rSef;rodatmif/ bmjzpfaerSef;rodawmhatmif) xGufaygufrJhoGm;jcif;³³³ pwJh axmifxJrSm }uHKawG@&wJhemusifjcif;uawmh vGwfvyfpGm(rdrdzmom)a&G;cs,fcJhwJh t&mjzpfw,f? vlwa,muf[m tusOf;axmifxJrSm olcHpm;ae&wJh emusifjcif;udkoufomatmif azmfzdk@qHk;jzwfcJh&if 'g[mtod&SdpGm qHk;jzwfwmbJ? olvkyfp&mvdkwmu odor#udk tomav; azmfajymvdkufzdk@ ygbJ?

vlrqefpGm n‡Of;yef;EdSyfpufcH&wJhtcg/ vufoJcGHtcGgcH&wJhtcgb,folrqdk OD;usdK;oGm;Edkifygw,f? 'DvdkusdK;oGm;oludk *&k%mw&m;a=umifhyifqdkapOD;awmh cGifhv$wfygw,fvdk@ tvG,fwulrajymoifhbl;? uHqdk;csifawmh v#dK@0Sufykvdyft&m&Sdu ,Of,Ofaus;aus;pum;ajym+yDqdk&ifudk,fodor# tukeftHcswJholuvnf; trsm;om;? 'DvlawG[m v_yf&Sm;r_udk

43 Pain


opPmazmuf&Hkom r[kwf/ rdrdudk,frdrdeJ@ rdrd&J@,Hk=unfcsufudkyg opPmazmuf=uolawG jzpfw,f?

'DvdkvlrsdK;[m aemufydkif;rSmolwdk@vkyfcJhor#rSefa=umif;qifjcifvJwwf=uw,f? "usaemf hr Sm rde f;reJ @uav;awGeJ @Asmusaemf hr Sm rde f;reJ @uav;awGeJ @Asmusaemf hr Sm rde f;reJ @uav;awGeJ @Asmusaemf hr Sm rde f;reJ @uav;awGeJ @Asmusaemf hr Sm rde f;reJ @uav;awGeJ @Asm"vdk@ ajymaumif;ajymvdrfhr,f? 'Dtvkyfudk rvkyfcifuwnf;u 'DvdkjzpfvmEdkifw,fqdkwm olod+yD;om;?

ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_rSm jynfolcsif;aoG;pnf;cspf=unfa&;vkyf&w,fqdkwm cifAsm;vdk rdef;rawG/ uav; awG&SdwJholawGeJ@ vkyf&wmyg?

qd kA D,ufyH kp HoGi f ; jci f;ud k qef @usi f jci f;qd kA D,ufyH kp HoGi f ; jci f;ud k qef @usi f jci f;qd kA D,ufyH kp HoGi f ; jci f;ud k qef @usi f jci f;qd kA D,ufyH kp HoGi f ; jci f;ud k qef @usi f jci f;qd kA D,ufyH kp HoGi f ; jci f;ud k qef @usi f jci f;4444444444

uGefjrLepfpepfudkwdkufzsufw,fqdkwm jzpfEdkifor#tus,fjyef@qHk;ajym&&if qdkAD,uf,Ofaus;r_udk qef@usifwmjzpfw,f? ta&S@(Oa&my)rSm vlwdkif;[m twdkif;twmwckxd qdkAD,ufyHkpH toGif;cHxm;&wmbJ?b,folu jrefjreftoGif;cH&w,f/ b,foluaES;w,fqdkwmbJ jy\em&Sdw,f?

abmf&SdApf0g'45u uif;pifapcsif&if m%fynm&Sd&r,f? zefwD;EdkifpGrf;&Sd&r,f? ajymif;vJaewJhtajctaeeJ@tnD wkef@jyefaqmif&GufEdkifpGrf;&Sd&r,f? qdkAD,uf0g'udk opPmazmuf&r,f? (J. Kachersabi . "tjzLa&mifZmpepfrS teDa&mifZmpepfodk@46"udk =unfhyg?)

44 Fighting Sovietization45 Bolshevism46 From White to Red Czarism


&efoludk av#mhrwGufygeJ@? olwdk@&J@a&S;&dk;usjcif;eJ@ &ufpufr_u olwdk@&J@ ±l;oGyfrdkufrJr_udk jywmr[kwfbl;? ydkvefv#dK@0SufykvdyfwyfzGJ@ (UB) [m qdkAD,ufKGB &J@nDi,fyg? uGefjrLepfAsL&dku&uf,E W,m;[m tm;enf;csufeJ@tm;omcsufESpf&yfvHk;&J@ A[dkcsufrbJ?

usaemfwdk@u wDxGifzefwD;Edkifolrsm;jzpf&if ,Ofaus;r_e,fy,frSm 'Dt&mawGudk ausmfv$m;Edkifygw,f? ykefuefzdk@twGuf enf;vrf;opfawGudk t+rJ&Smae&r,f? teDawGudk tvpftidkufrSm +cHKcdkwdkufcdkuf&r,f? olwdk@udk ynmoHk;+yD;&ifqdkifEdkifygw,f? 'grsdK;udk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;Zm±lZJpuD;eJ@ ydkvefjynfolawG&J@wdkufyGJrSm wpHkwOD;u oyfoyf&yf&yf vkyfoGm;zl;ygw,f? oluaoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@udk zdESdyfwmawG&yfzdk@ trdef@twkawG xkwfcJhw,f?}uD;rm;vSwJh qdkAD,uf ,E W,m;}uD;udk oJr_efav;wyGifhu &yfoGm;atmifvkyfEdkifcJhw,f?

a =umuf± G H @ jci f ;a =umuf± G H @ jci f ;a =umuf± G H @ jci f ;a =umuf± G H @ jci f ;a =umuf± G H @ jci f ; 4747474747

ydkvefjynfeJ@ Zm±lZJpuD;wdk@t=um; qifE$JaewJhppfyGJrSm jycJhwmuawmh ‘aoG;pnf;a&;’wHqdyfudkxkd;xm;zdk@eJ@ wjcm;olrsm;eJ@ trSefwu,fcspf=unfzdk@vdka=umif;ygbJ? wpHkwa,mufu oifhtm; ol@tdrfudk csuGufaotjzpf oHk;zdk@ajymwJhwcsdefwnf; "b,favmuf=umrSmvJ"vdk@ ar;vdrfhr,f?'gqdk&if ol[m &ufowWywf tenf;i,ftwGif; pdwf"gwfysufjym;p jyKvmawmhr,fqdkwm aocsmae+yD?

enf;enf;av;=umvmwmeJ@ usaemfhtdrfawmh apmifh=unhfcHae

47 Fear


&+yD? usaemfhtdrfem;rSmvnf; rouFmp&m vlawGtrsm;}uD;bJvdk@ wD;wdk;wD;wdk; ajymawmhr,f? 'DvdkvlrsdK;u "usaemfawmh a=umufae+yDAsm/ qufrvkyfcsifawmhbl;"vdk@ ajAmif ajymrSmr[kwfbl;? ajratmufvkyfief;udk vkyfzdk@ a=umuf'l;wkefaewJh'DvdkvlrsdK;u ol@ol&Jabma=umifr_udk zHk;uG,fzdk@ olrsm;udk tjypfajymvdrfhr,f? vkyfazmfudkifzufawGudk ‘olcdk;-ykvdyf’ upm;ae=uwmvdk@ pGyfpGJvdrfhr,f? aemufwrsdK;u 'DvlawG[m at;at;aq;aq;xdkif+yD;/ wckvHk;tajctaeudktuJjzwfzdk@ tcsdefav;awmif r&Sd=ubl;?'grSr[kwfvnf; 'DvlawG[m wnvHk; xkdifpum;ajym+yD;/ ykvdyfvmzrf;rSmudk xkdifapmifhae=uwmvdk@ ajymvdrfhr,f?

'Dvdk w0ufwysufrsdK;cspfawG[m wdkif;jynf&J@ yg&rD&Sif t!Gef@tzl;av;awGudk xdef;odrf;xm;zdk@vdkw,fvdk@ awmufav#mufbJ tav;ay;ajymvdrfhr,f? olwdk@udk,folwdk@vnf; 'DtpkxJuvdk@xif+yD; tem*gwfrSmtzEdkifiHawmf[m olwdk@r&SdbJ r&SifoefEdkifbl;vdk@ jrif=uvdrfhr,f? olwdk@uajym=uvdrfhr,f³³³ toifhawmfqHk;wdkufyGJyHkpHu rjrifEdkifwJhpdwf"mwfa&;t& ckcHumuG,fr_³³³ vdk@? (qdkvdkwmu wdkif; jynf&J@ t!Gef;tzl;av;awGudkxdef;odrf;umuG,fzdk@ygbJ?) 'grSr[kwf ajratmufvkyfief;&J@ vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm;r_awGudkusifh0wft&=unfh&if &efolvdk@jrifvdrfhr,f? vlwdkif;[m ckvdka=umuf±GH@r_awGudkwefjyefzdk@toifhjzpfxm;=u&r,f? 'Da=umuf±GH@r_u jznf;jznf;csif; jzpfvmwmyg?

wa,mufa,mufu tpdk;&eJ@aygif;oGm;wJh EdkifiHa&; jynfhwefqmtvdkawmf&dwa,mufudk acgif;wHk;&dyfypfr,fvdk@ [efaqmifyefaqmif&ufowWywfaygif;rsm;pGmajymvm&if r,HkygeJ@? wzufu oluvnf;t=urf;zufwmudk bk&m;ocifr}udKufbl;vdk@ajymcsifaewmyg? uufovpfbmom0ifaumif; wa,muftaeeJ@ ol 'grsdK;rvkyfEdkifbl;wJh?


wu,fh ykefuefolppfppfawG[m xdwfvef@a=umuf±GH@r_udk }uHKzl;cJh=uwmcsOf;ygbJ? 'gayr,fh a=umuf±GH@r_udk zHk;uG,fzdk@xuf tjcm;olawGeJ@aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_udkwnfaqmuf+yD;/ a=umuf±GH@r_udk ausmfv$m;Edkifzdk@ }udK;pm;=uygw,f?

ajratmufvkyfief;rSm a=umufp&maumif;wmu ol&Jabma=umifolawG r[kwfbl;? ta=umuftvef@ r&SdwJholawG? awmfao;wmayg@'DvdkvlrsdK;uvnf; odyfrrsm;vdk@?

tcsu f jyr smtcsu f jyr smtcsu f jyr smtcsu f jyr smtcsu f jyr sm; 4848484848

(tcsufjyudk yd k @yg? nHoHud k ryd k @ygeJ @?)(tcsufjyudk yd k @yg? nHoHud k ryd k @ygeJ @?)(tcsufjyudk yd k @yg? nHoHud k ryd k @ygeJ @?)(tcsufjyudk yd k @yg? nHoHud k ryd k @ygeJ @?)(tcsufjyudk yd k @yg? nHoHud k ryd k @ygeJ @?)

ta&;}uD;wmu oifbmvkyfEdkifw,fqdkwm wwfEdkifor# &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; owfrSwfxm;zdk@ygbJ? OD;‘u’/ OD;‘c’/ OD;‘*’wdk@eJ@ pum;ajymae&if; olwdk@xJrSm b,folut}uD;tuJqdkwm/ b,folu bmvkyf&r,fqd kwm/ olwd k @zmom olwd k @ rqH k ; jzwfE d ki fbl;qd kwm odvm&ifbmrSqufrvkyfwm taumif;qHk;ygbJ? tJ'Dvdk tajctaersdK;rSm ‘udk,frodwmudk razmfEdkif’qdkwJh Oya'oudkvkdufem&if rSm;vdrfhr,f? 'Dvdkvkyf&ifem;vnfr_v$JrSm;EdkifwJh tE W&m,f&Sdw,f? oifhudk,foifa&m tjcm;olrsm;udkyg vSnfhzsm;&ma&mufvdrfhr,f? avxJrSm wdkuftdrfraqmufygeJ@?49

aemufjy\emwcku vHk+cHKa&;ta=umif;jycsufeJ@ owif;vdkr[kwfbJ nHoHawGydk@rdwmygbJ? owif;awG [m wdk&r,f? Za0Z0g rjzpf

48 Signals (Send signals, not noise)49 Kazimierz Brandy &J@ "Rondo" udk =unfhyg?


ap&bl;? txl;ojzifh vHk+cHKa&;eJ@qdkif&ifayg@? 'Dvdkr[kwf&if 'Dowif;awGudk&Sif;atmifvkyfae&wm tcsdefeJ@*Gif;qufawGukefvdrfhr,f? Oyrm³³³ "v#dK@0SufykvdyftzGJ@u OD;‘u’. ta=umif; tukefodaeonf"qdkwJh twif;rsdK;[m wefzdk;r&Sdbl;? bmudkrSajymrjyEdkifygbl;? OD;‘u’twGufom tvkyfvkyf&wm ydktcuftcJawG@apygvdrfhr,f?

p dw WZr sm;p dw WZr sm;p dw WZr sm;p dw WZr sm;p dw WZr sm; 5050505050

usdK;a=umif;rqDavsmfwJh a=umuf±GH@r_yHkpHrsdK;pHkudk wenf;tm;jzifh pdwWZawGudk ajratmufvkyfief;oufwrf;rSm óuH&wwfygw,f? v#Kd@0Sufykvdyf&J@ apmifh=unhfcH&wmudka=umufwm&,f/ txif}uD;vGef;wm&,fwdk@u ay:vmwJht0dkif;cHae&+yDvdk@xifwJh(rvHk+cHKwJh)pdwf[m pdwWZygbJ? tvm;wl a=umufp&maumif;wJh aemufpdwWZu ESdrfpufn‡Of;yef;cH&rSmudka=umufwJhpdwfyg? 'gvnf; tckvdk tprf;oyfcHae&wJhumvrsdK;rSm em;vnfEkdifygw,f?

tvm;wl óuH&wwfwJh aemuftpGJu t&mtm;vHk;udk ‘&efp’wmvdk@csOf; jrifaewmyg? axmifxJrSmr&SdbJ tjyifrSmvGwfaewJhol rSefor#udk tm%m&SifawGurzrf;csifvdk@ v$wfxm;wmvdk@jrifw,f? 'Dvdk a=umuf±GH@r_rsdK;[m udk,fhudk,fudk ‘oif;’ypfwmeJ@ twlwlbJ? 'Dvdkjzpf&if ykvdyftultnDawmifrvdkbJ usaemfwdk@tvkyfudk zsufqD;wwfw,f?

tvGef}uD;us,fwJhykefuefr_oabmw&m;awG[m trSefw&m;udk yHkysufyef;ysufjzpfatmifvkyfxm;=u+yD; 'gawGudk pdwWZawGvdk@ trnf

50 Manias


ay;oifhw,f? 'grsdK;[m e,fcsJ@awGubJjzpfjzp/f EdkifiHwumuGefjrLepfawGuyJ jzpfjzpf/ nDtudkawmf*dk%f;om;awGuyJjzpfjzpf/ *sL;awGubJjzpfjzpfvkyfwJh ykefuefr_tukeftusHK;0ifw,f? qdkAD,ufawGu ydkvefvlrsdK;awGudkw a,mufeJ@wa,muf owfapcsifae=uwm/ uGefjrLepfygwDudk v#dK@0Sufykvdyf ubJ aemifrSmtav#mhay;vdk@&atmif avsmhvsJvsJav; vkyfcdkif;wm?'DvdkbJ ppfwyfuvnf; bmnmqdk+yD;ajymwJh &efpr_ oabmw&m;tm;vHk;[m twlwlbJ? trSefw&m;eJ@uif;uGmwJh tpGJawGcsnf;bJ?

'D ykefuefr_eJ@ &efpr_pdwWZawG[m vkyfoifhvkyfxdkufwJht&mudkrvkyfwmrSefw,fvdk@xifvmapw,f? "usaemfwdk@vkyfor# uGefjrLepfawGtusKd;&Sdzdk@csnf;jzpfaeawmh bmvdk@vkyfaeOD;rSmvJAsm"qdkwmrsdK;ayg@? ESdyfpufn‡Of;yef;cHae&rSmudka=umufwJh pdwWZuawmh ydk+yD;tcH&cufw,f? 'DvdkvlrsdK;[m ol@tzdk@ ae&mwumrSm v#dK@0Sufykvdyfcsnf;bJjzpfae+yD;/ wajy;xJajy;ae&vdk@bJ?

odzd k @vd konodzd k @vd konodzd k @vd konodzd k @vd konodzd k @vd konff ff f 5151515151

twif;tzsif;ajymwJh tdrfeD;csif;[m ykvdyfowif;ay;xuf ydktE W&m,f&Sdw,fqkdwJh qdk&dk;pum;a[mif;&Sdw,f? twif;tzsif;qdkwm rsdK;uvnf; olajymor#twGuf bmrSwm0ef,lp&m rvdkbJudk;? tusdK;quftaeeJ@ajym&&if tjrifzvS,fwJhtcg oifhuvmyfpnf;&J@zGJ@pnf;yHkeJ@ bmvkyfaew,fqdkwmawGudk rajymrdygapeJ@? b,fvdkta=umif;a=umifheJ@rS emrnfawG/ vdyfpmawGudk rajymygeJ@? ta&;}uD;qHk;u t&if;ESD;qHk;rdwfaqG r[kwfwJh olawGeJ@ tmracsmifygeJ@?

51 Need to know


qdk&dk;pum;opfuawmh taumif;qHk; ajratmuf&Jabmfyifv#if a&cJaowWmvdkbJ wcgw&Hawmh a&cJt&nfazsmfay;zdk@ vdkw,fwJh? vlwdkif;[mwa,mufa,mufudkawmhpum;ajymzdk@vdkw,f? ta&;}uD;wmu b,fae&mrSm b,fol@udk b,frD;zdkacsmifxJrSm ajymrvJqdkwmygbJ? ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&wJh vkyfazmfudkifzufawG=um;rSmbJ ajymyg? tjcm;ta=umif;t&mwckudkawmh bm;cef;a'gifhwae&mrSm ajymyg? wcsdK@aom v#dK@0SufcsufawG[mtjcm;tcsufawGxufta&;}uD;w,f? ta&;}uD;qHk;uoifhtzGJ@tpnf;&J@ zGJ@pnf;yHkeJ@ tjcm;ajratmuf&JabmfawG&J@ trnfawGeJ@ vdyfpmawGygbJ?

'grS ta&;}uD;wJhypPnf;eJ@tzrf;cH&&ifawmifaxmifxJrSm odyfr=umbJjyefvGwfvmr,f? tzGJ@tpnf;xJrSm oifbmqdkwmrajymeJ@? wdwfwdwfae/ oifh [mo^m%fudkxdef;odrf;/ 'Dvdkae&r,f? 'ghtjyif 'DvdkoEMdXmefrsdK;[m oifhrdwfaqGawGudk 0rf;enf;p&m=urRmqdk;eJ@rawG@atmif u,fwifEdkifvdrfhr,f?

vGwfvyfa&;vGwfvyfa&;vGwfvyfa&;vGwfvyfa&;vGwfvyfa&;5252525252

(1944)rSm ydkvefvlrsdK;awGeJ@ tjcm;ta&S@Oa&myvlrsdK;awG[mw&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_&J@tjyifzufudk a&mufoGm;w,f? tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; wckwnf;aomajymif;vJr_u Oya'rJhr_&J@tjyif;taysmhbJ? qdk&S,fvpfOya't,ltqavmuf tm;vHk;udk v$rf;+cHKxm;Edkifwm/ om;a&uGif;vdk tavsmhtwif;vkyfEdkifwm bmrSr&Sdbl;?

(1981) 'DZifbm (13) &ufae@u rm&S,favm jyXmef;vdkufwm

52 Freedom


[m uGefjrLepfpepfatmufrSm Oya'rJhr_udk,fwdkifu Oya'jyXmef;Edkifw,fqdkwm aemufw}udrfoufaojyvdkufwmbJ? ydkvefjynfol@orRwEdkifiHrSmaocsmwmwckbJ&Sdw,f? tJ'gu vGwfvyfa&;&J@twdkif;twm[m ckcHqef@usifa&;tiftm;pkawG&J@tiftm;tay:rSmbJwnfw,fqdkwmygbJ? ckcHqef@usifa&;vrf;ay:av#mufaeol rnfolrqdk 'DtrSefw&m;udk t+rJtvGwf &ae&r,f? rmhufpf0g'DawG[m vGwfajrmufa&;oabmw&m;u zrf;qD;jcif;[m vdktyfw,fqdkwmvufcHw,fvdk@ajym=uw,f? ajratmufawmfvSefa&;orm;awGuawmh usaemfwdk@pGrf;aqmifEdkifoavmufom vGwfvyfa&;udk&r,fvdk@ todtrSwfjyK=uw,f? EdkifiHawmfu cGifhjyKoavmufvGwfvyfa&; eJ@om wif;wdrfaer,fqdk&if tJ'g[m u|efpepfyHkpHopf wckbJ jzpfr,f?

usaemfwdk@[m tpuwnf;u vGwfvyfwJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udkwnfaqmufzdk@rpOf;pm;cJhbl;qdk&if/ vlom;udktajccHwJh udk,fhvGwfvyfa&;udk udk,hfzmom t&,lwmr[kwfcJh&if tem*wfwcsdefcsdefrSm uGefjrLepfawG±_H;edrfhoGm;&ifawmif 'Dpmtkyfi,fav;udkjyefzwfae&wm udk,fhudk,fukd awG@=u&vdrfhr,f? 'DwdkufyGJ[muGefjrLepfpepfudkomtEdkifwdkufzdk@r[kwf? usaemfwdk@xHrSmtjrpfwG,faewJhuGefjrLepft,ltqawGudkyg tEdkifwdkufzdk@vdkw,f?

tpyxrawmh vlwdkif;jy\emeJ@}uHKzl;=uwmcsnf;bJ? ueOD;ajratmufowif;pmudk ae&mpdrf;rSm udk,frodwJh vlpdrf;wa,mufqDoGm;ydk@&awmh vlwdkif;a=umuf=uwmcsnf;bJ? vm,lwJhvlvnf; a=umufwmbJ? ESpfa,mufpvHk;u 'DtcuftcJudkausmfv$m;EdkifvdkufwJhtcgtusOf;cef;ESpfcef;=um;jcm;xm;wJh wHcg;av;udk wGef;zGifhvdkufovdkbJ? aemufwcef;/ aemufwcef; ³³³ qufwdkuf zGifhoGm;EdkifawmhwmbJ? wa,mufeJ@wa,muf+yHK;=unfh=uvdk@ vGwfajrmufa&;qdkwm ,Hk=unf&r,fht&m wckomr[kwf/ vufawG@usifhoHk;&r,fh t&mvnf;jzpfw,fqdkwm odvmvdrfhr,f?


Ed ki fi Hom;ESi f hv# d K @0 Sufy kvdy fE d ki fi Hom;ESi f hv# d K @0 Sufy kvdy fE d ki fi Hom;ESi f hv# d K @0 Sufy kvdy fE d ki fi Hom;ESi f hv# d K @0 Sufy kvdy fE d ki fi Hom;ESi f hv# d K @0 Sufy kvdy f5353535353

or Re fpmorRe fpmorRe fpmorRe fpmorRe fpm5454545454

&mZ0wfusifhxHk; Oya'yk'fr(144)t& "EdkifiHom;wOD;OD;udk(w&m;&Hk;/ ykvdyfXmecsKyf/ w&m;vdk&Hk;)a&S@arSmufodk@vma&muf&efqifhqdkonfh orRefpmudk xkwf jyefonfhtm%mydkiftzGJ@ (odk@) tm%mydkifwOD;onfowfrSwfxm;aomyHkpHudk jynfhpHkpGm jznfhoGif;&rnf" vdk@ yg&Sdygw,f? r=umc%bJ ‘tr_wGJtrSwf’/ ‘rnfonfh yk*~dKvftjzpf qifhqdkonf’qdkwJhae&mrsdK;awGrSm uGufvyfcsefxm;wmjzpfjzpf/ &mZ0wfusifhxHk;Oya'twdkif; tjynfhtpHk ra&;oGif;wmjzpfjzpf }uHK&wwfw,f? tr_trSwfae&m ‘tpdk;&tr_’/‘EdkifiHul;vufrSwftr_’/‘&Sif;vif;csufwifjy&ef’qdkwmavmufbJyg+yD;tr_trSwfrygwm awG@&w,f? 'grSr[kwfvnf; &mZ0wfusifhxHk;Oya'rSm uGufvyfae&mrSm tr_trSwfuvGJ+yD;/ bmrSrjznfhoGif;&bl;vdk@ twdtvif;qdkxm;w,f? ‘rnfonhfyk*~dKvftjzpf’qdkwJh uGufvyfrSmvnf; atmufygyk*~dKvf (6) OD;xJu wrsdK;rsdK;udkom jznfhoGif;&r,fvdk@ qdkxm;w,f? tJ'gawGu³³³ oufao/ yg&*l/ pum;jyef/ ouFmruif;jcif;cH&ol/ pGyfpGJcH&ol/w&m;cH³³³ (6)rsdK;yg? 'DtcsufawGxJu tcsufcsuf aoGznf&if orRefpmxkwfqifhcH&ol[m orRefpmudk rvdkufembJaeEdkifygw,f?

tm%mydkifu &mZ0wfusifhxHk;Oya'udk rvdkufem&if orRefpmvnf; ysufjy,fygw,f? Oya't& 'DvdkorRefpmrsdK;udk rvdkufemvdk@ oifhudk

53 The Citizen VS The secret police54 Thr summons


ta&;r,lEdkifyg? vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u 'DvdkorRefpmrsdK;[m rvdkufembJaevdk@&w,fqdkwm odxm;wmawmifrS ykvdyfeJ@jy\emrjzpfcsifvdk@qdk+yD;/ykvdyfXmecsKyfudkoGm;=uw,f? 'Dvdkta=umif;jycsufrsdK;[m rcdkifvHkygbl;?'g[m aemifrSm ykvdyfudk Oya'twdkif;rvdkufemzdk@ vrf;cif;ay;vdkufwmbJ?wa,mufa,mufu olemrnf/ ol@tdrfvdyfpmwyf+yD; orRefpmwapmifvufcH&+yDqdk&if "ykvdyf usaemfhudkrsufpdusvmrSm rvdkvm;bl;Asm"vdk@ ajymwm[m t"dy`g,fr&Sdbl;?

xHk;enf;ruswJh orRefpmudk ‘jrifhjrwfwJh+idrf;csrf;a&;’ twGufykvdyfeJ@qufqHa&;aumif;aeapcsifwmtwGufqdk+yD; vdkufavsmvdkuf&if/'Dvl[m taES;eJ@tjrefqdkovdk ykvdyfeJ@oleJ@yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufzdk@ajymwmcH& zdk@aocsmae+yD?

'Dvdkenf;ruswJh orRefpmawG[m vlolav;pm;jcif;cH&wJh EdkifiHom;wOD;udk ykvdyfowif;ay;jzpfatmifvkyfzdk@v#dK@0Sufykvdyf&J@ yxrajcvSrf;bJ?

r=umcif 'Dvdkxdwfvef@a=umuf±GH@aewJhvl[m ykvdyfu vufzuf&nfqdkifwckrSm‘tvGwfoabmpum;pjrnfajym’zdk@zdwfac:wmudkvufcHawmhr,f? 'Dvdkpum;pjrnfajymqdkr_u jzpfEdkifwm(2)ckbJ&Sdw,f? ykvdyfeJ@yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufzdk@ jiif;qefvdkuf+yD;/ aqG;aEG;yGJysufoGm;wm&,f/ ykvdyfowif;ay;vkyfzdk@ vufcHvdkufwm&,f³³³ 'D(2)ck wckckjzpfrSmbJ? jiif;vkdufrd&ifawmh ykvdyfu+idKjiifrSmbJ? ykvdyfubmbJjzpfjzpf olwdk@udk pum;rajymcsifoludk olwdk@uvnf; pum;rajymcsifygbl;? tcsdefukef±HkbJ &Sdw,f? olwdk@&Smwmu vlaysmhawGyg? owif;n‡pfxkwfvdk@&wJholawG/ t=uyfudkifvdk@ &wJholawGudk olwdk@eJ@yl;aygif;zdk@ qGJoGif;wmbJ? 'Dvdk rcdkifvHkwJhorRefpmawGtjyiftckvdk &mZ0wfusifhxHk;Oya'ta=umif;rodolawGudk txif}uD;atmif


vkyf+yD;/ zrf;pm;EdkifwJhenf;awG trsm;}uD;&Sdao;w,f? v#dK@0Sufykvdyf&J@ zdwf=um;csufawG/ orRefpmawG/ urf;vSrf;pmawG/ tqdkjyKcsufawGeJ@ olwdk@&J@udk,fpm;vS,fpHkaxmufawGudk ykvdyf&Hk;rSmbJjzpfjzpf/ bm;rSmbJjzpfjzpf/ pm;aomufqdkifrSmbJjzpfjzpf awG@zdk@csdef;wwfw,f?

'Dvdk yxrw}udrfawG@pOf jywfjywfom;om;rjiif;vdkufbl; qdk&if t}udrf}udrf zkef;qufac:vdrfhr,f? qdkif;ryg AHkrqifh oifhtdrfudkjzpfjzpf/tvkyfudkjzpfjzpf a&mufvmvdrfhr,f? aemufxyf xyfawG@zdk@ csdef;vdrfhOD;r,f?tJ'DtcgusrS a&Smifzdk@}udK;pm;&if tquftpyfr&SdwJhar;cGef;awGudk ‘&Sif;vif;ajz=um;zdk@’ tvGwfoabmorRefpmawGudk ar#mfvifhxm;ayawmh? 'gu aemufxyfpum;ajymzdk@/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufzdk@yef=um;csufawG twGuftzHk;tuG,fvkyfxm;wmbJ? 'Dvdk r=umc% taESmuft,Sufay;cH&zefrsm;vm&if vl[m pdwfyifyef;vmw,f? ‘igawmh³³³ oGm;+yD’qdkwJh pdwfrsdK;jzpfvmr,f? rvdk;vm;aom {nfhonfawGudk rvmapcsifwmeJ@ pm&Gufw&Gufudk vufrSwfxdk;vdkuf&wwfw,f? 'gu tckvdkolwdk@eJ@awG@wmudk b,folrSrajymbJ v#dK@0Sufxm;ygr,fvdk@ uwday;&wmxufydk+yD; bmrSrjzpfEdkifbl;?

'Dvdk vkyfvdkuf&vdk@ v#Kd@0SufykvdyfeJ@ tquftoG,fawG &yfqdkif;oGm;+yDvdk@rxifygeJ@? 'Dvdk uwd0efcHcsufrsdK;udk vufrSwfxdk;vdkuf&+yD;wmeJ@'Dvdkrvkyf&if b,fvdkjzpfoGm;Edkifw,fvdk@ v#dK@0Sufykvdyf&J@ t+rJ+cdrf;ajcmufvmwmudk cH&awmhr,f?

'Dvdk uwd0efcHcsufrsdK;udk jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;Xmea&S@rSm xkd;&w,fqdk&ifawmif ol@rSm Oya't& tpGrf;tmedoifr&Sdygbl;? tckvdk ykvdyf&J@usKH;oGif;cH&olawG/ uwdawGay; t=uyfudkifwmawGcH&+yD;/ axmifacsmufxJusoGm;olawGtwGuf taumif;qHk;t}uH^m%fuawmh jywfjywfom;


om; jiif;vdkufzdk@ygbJ? bmpm&GufudkrS vufrSwfrxdk;ygeJ@? pum;ajymor#tm;vHk;udk rSwfwrf;wifxm;zdk@awmif;qdkyg? oifhrdwfaqGawG/ ajratmufyHkEdSyfwdkufu &JabmfawGudkvnf; ckvdk ykvdyfu vmcsOf;uyfa=umif; today;xm;yg? tpdk;&a&S@ae±Hk;udk wdkif=um;pma&;yg?

tckvdk ykvdyfu +cdrf;ajcmuft=uyfudkifwm/ axmifacsmufqifusKH;oGif;wmrS &kef;xGufzdk@wckwnf;aomaocsmwJhenf;vrf;u ykvdyf&J@npfywfwJh vkyf&yfawGudk vlodatmifvkyfvdkufzdk@ygbJ? 'gomv#if wOD;csif;pdwfwnf+idrfr_udk jyef&ap vdrfhr,f? ydkvefjynfrSm w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_&Sdapzdk@wdkufyGJqifEdkifapvdrfhr,f?

xde f ;odr f ; jci f ;xde f ;odr f ; jci f ;xde f ;odr f ; jci f ;xde f ;odr f ; jci f ;xde f ;odr f ; jci f ; 5555555555

&mZ0wfusifhxHk;Oya'yk'fr(206)/ tydk'f(1)u 'Dvdkqdkygw,f?"jynfol@ppftzGJ@onf rouFmolwOD;udk tjypfusL;vGefcJhonf[k vnf;aumif;/ xGufajy;ykef;a&SmifzG,f&Sdonf[k vnf;aumif;/ oufaocHypPnf;rsm;udk zsufqD;rnf[k vnf;aumif;/ ,Hk=unfavmufaomta=umif;&Sdv#ifxkdoludkxdef;odrf;xm;EdkifcGifh&Sdonf? xdef;odrf;&ef&nf&G,fonfhumvudka&;om;azmfjy&rnf?" qdkvdkwmu ykvdyfuom rouFmolwOD;udk jypfr_usL;vGefonf[k ,Hk=unfavmufaomta=umif;&Sdv#if xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifw,fqdkwmygbJ?

'gu oabmw&m;oufoufr#ombJ? vufawG@rSm ykvdyfzufu vdkovdk t"dyg,fzGifhcGifhawGay;+yD;/ bufvdkufxm;w,f? tusdK;qufu

55 Detention


awmh ydkvefjynfol@orRwEdkifiH&J@ EdkifiHom;wOD;udk pGJcsufrwifbJ (48)em&Dtxd zrf;csKyfxm;Edkifygw,f?

'Dvdk }udKwifumuG,fwJhxdef;odrf;r_&J@&nf&G,fcsufu rouFmolwOD;udk aysmhoGm;atmifvkyfzdk@bJ? OD;usdK;oGm;atmif vkyfzdk@bJ? ykvdyfuouFmruif;cH&oludk cifAsm;[m ESpf&Snfvrsm; usOf;usoGm;zdk@ vufwurf;bJ vdkw,fqdkwm odapcsifw,f? tpdk;&a&S@aevufxJ tr_a&mufroGm;zdk@u,fwifEdkifol[mvnf; olwdk@bJjzpfw,fqdkwm odapcsifw,f?

bmbJjzpfjzpf ouFmruif;cH&olu pum;ajymvm+yD;/ olwdk@eJ@yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvm+yDqdk&if/ }udKwifumuG,fwJh xdef;odrf;r_umv tuef@towf (48) em&Drausmfcif v$wfypfEdkifw,f?

jynfol@ppfubJjzpfjzpf/ v#dK@0Sufykvdyf56ubJjzpfjzpf rouFmolwa,mufudk v$wfypfEdkifwJhtm%m&Sdw,f? 'gayr,fh (48) em&DtwGif;v$wfypf&r,f? (48)em&Dausmf&if tpdk;&a&S@aeqDtr_udkv$Jajymif;ay;&r,f?

vufawG@rSmawmh rm&S,favma=unm+yD;uwnf;u 'Dtcsdefumv[m tuef@towfr&Sdawmhbl;? xdef;odrf;w,f/ rac:awmhbJ wm;qD;xm;w,fvdk@bJajymawmhw,f? ykvdyfu usaemfhwdk@t,ltqawGeJ@ aeyHk/ xdkifyHkawGudk r}uKduf&if usaemfwdk@tm;vHk; tcsdefra&G; udk,fhEdkifiHxJrSmbJppfoHk@yef;jzpfoGm;Edkifw,f?

Oya't& ykvdyft&m&Sdu vlwOD;wa,mufudk xdef;odrf;r,fqdk&if bmha=umifhxdef;odrf;w,fqdkwm azmfjy&r,f? wcgw&Hawmh tvGeftE W&m,f}uD;wJh &mZ0wfaumifeJ@ &ifqdkifae&ovdk qifjcifuefwwfw,f? "usaemfhudk 'Dvdkvkyfcdkif;vdk@yg/" 'grSr[kwf "a[haumif³³³ pum;odyf

56 The MO or SB (People's Militia, Secret Police)


r&SnfeJ@uG? rif;rsufESmudk xdk;cJG ypfvdkuf&rvm;" pojzifhayg@? jyefvGwfvm&ifawmh tpdk;&a&S@aeqDudk uef@uGufpmwapmif a&;ukda&;&r,f? 'DvdkudpPawGrSm tawmfrsm;rsm;u pmjyefrvmayr,fh/ tm%mydkifawG&J@ Oya'rJhvkyf&yf udk rSwfwrf;wifzdk@ vkyfudkvkyf&r,f?

& Smaz G jci f ;& Smaz G jci f ;& Smaz G jci f ;& Smaz G jci f ;& Smaz G jci f ; 5757575757

&mZ0wfusifhxHk;Oya'yk'fr(181) tydk'f(1)t& &SmazGcGifhtrdef@udktpdk;&a&S@aeuaomfvnf;aumif;/ w&m;&Hk;uaomfvnf;aumif;/ pmeJ@a&;om;+yD;xkwfay;&r,fvdk@qdkygw,f? rnfodk@yifqdkap ta&;w}uD; aqmif&Guf&efvdktyfaom tr_udpPrsm;wGif &mZ0wfusifhxHk; Oya'yk'fr(191)/tydk'f(2)t& &SmazG&eftrdef@udk jynfol@ppfwyfzGJ@. wyfrª;u ay;Edkifonf?odk@wnf;r[kwf ykvdyft&m&Sdu ‚if;.pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udkjyo+yD;/ aqmif&GufEdkifonfvdk@&Sdygw,f? pmjzifha&;om;xm;aomtwnfjyKcsufudkawmif;cHvmv#if tpdk;&a&S@aeonf (7)&uftwGif; xkdtwnfjyKcsufudk xkwfay;&rnf? TusifhxHk;onf vludk&SmazGjcif;/ tcef;/ tdrf/ um;/ um;*dka'gif³³³ponf tm;vHk;udk &SmazGjcif;udpP&yftm;vHk;ESifh oufqdkifonf?

odk@aomf &mZ0wfusifhxHk;onf ‘ta&;w}uD;aqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfaomtr_udpPrsm;Y’qdkonfESifhywfoufI uef@owfr_udk&Sif;vif;wduspGmzGifhqdkxm;jcif; r&Sday? tusdK;qufu ykvdyftzdk@ xdktrdef@tm%mudktvGJoHk;pm;vkyf&ef tcGifhta&; &oGm;wmygbJ? wzef &mZ0wfusifhxHk;(182)u &SmazGjcif;udk eHeuf(6)em&DrS n (9) em&DtcsdeftwGif; pwifjyK

57 Searches


vkyf&rnfvdk@azmfjyxm;+yD;/ &SmazGjcif;vkyfief;udk wnvHk; qufvufjyKvkyfEdkifygw,f? ‘ta&;ay:udpP&yfrsm;’wGifawmh ae@ae@nn b,ftcsdefrqdkvkyfEdkifygw,f?

@'gu³³³ &mZ0wfusifhxHk;Oya'u qdkxm;wmudkajymwmyg?vaygif;rsm;pGm rm&S,favmatmuf aevmcJh&wJh usaemfwdk@tm;vHk; tzdk@awmh jynfol@ppfujzpfjzpf/ vHkxdef;ujzpfjzpf58/ bmta=umif;jycsufeJ@ jzpfjzpf/ bmta=umif;jycsufrS rjybJjzpfjzpf usaemfwdk@tdrfawGxJ tcsdefra&G;usL;ausmfvmwm[m txl;tqef;r[kwfawmhyg?olwdk@u rm&S,favmatmufrSm Oya'rJhr_udk tcGifhaumif;,lrSmbJ? 'gayr,fhusaemfwdk@u ckvdk&efpusL;ausmfwmudk ra=umufrvef@/ xdwfxdwfysmysm rjzpfbJ wkef@jyefzdk@vdkw,f?

ykvdyfu oifhtdrfwHcg;vmacguf&if csufcsif;zGifhray;vdkufygeJ@?pdwfat;at;xm;yg? 'grS olwdk@wHcg;udkzsuf+yD;0ifvmwJhtcgoifhrSm tE W&m,fay;Edkifr,fh ypPnf;/ pm&Gufpmwrf;/ vdyfpmpmtkyf/ ajratmufowif;pm 'grSr[kwf oifhpdwfxJay:vmor# ypPnf;tm;vHk;udkzsufqD;zdk@ tcsdef&+yD;jzpfygvdrfhr,f? (pm&Gufpmwrf;awGudkzsufqD;wJhtcg a&csdK;ZvHkudk toHk;jyKyg? jymawGudk b,folu *&kpdkufrSmvJ? v#Kd@0Sufykvdyfu oifhtdrfwHcg;udkcsdK;zsuf+yD; 0if+yDqdk&if 'g[m rawmfwqr[kwfyg? oifhv_yf&Sm;r_udkwpHkw&molwdk@od+yD;jzpfygonf? odk@aomf a&csdK;ZvHkxJwGifjymawGawG@&Hkjzifhawmhoifhudkw&m;rpGJEdkifyg?) wHcg;udkxk&dkuf+yD; usaemfrar#mfvifhwJh{nfhonfawGa&mufvmwma=umifha=umuf+yD;owif;pma[mif;awG/pm&Gufa[mif;awG udk rD;±_d@wmygvdk@ ajym&HkygbJ?@59

58 The MO or ZOMO (People's Militia, Riot Police)59 @_@ rS pmrsm;onf rl&if;xkwfa0onfh rltxJrSpmydk'frsm;jzpfonf?


&SmazGolt&m&Sd[m pmjzifha&;om;rSwfwrf;wifxm;&ygr,f? odrf;qnf;ypPnf;tm;vHk;udk pm&if;vkyfazmfjy&r,f? &SmazGcH&oltaeeJ@vnf; xkdrSwfwrf;rSm &SmazGonfhenf;vrf;/ &SmazGolt&m&Sd. tjyKtrl/ odrf;qnf;cH&onfhypPnf;twGuf rdrd&J@wkef@jyefr_ pwmawGudk rdrd&J@oabmxm;rSwfcsuftaeeJ@ azmfjycGifh&Sdygw,f?

w&m;0ifrSwfwrf;rSm tenf;i,fr#aomuGJvGJcsufudk awG@cJhv#ifyif vufrSwfxdk;zdk@jiif;qefyg? oif.uef@uGufcsufudk xdkrSwfwrf;wGifcsa&;yg? oifhudk w&m;pJGcJhv#if xdkuef@uGufcsufu oifhudk w&m;pD&if&mwGiftumtuG,fay;Ekdifygvdrfhr,f?

(}udKwifumuG,fr_twGuf xdef;odrf;jcif;) wkef;uvdkbJ&SmazGcH&+yD;wJhtcg tajctjrpfr&SdwJh&SmazGr_twGuf tpdk;&a&S@aexH wdkif=um;pm wapmifa&;yg?

u|Ekfyfwdk@v_yf&Sm;r_onf ydkvefjynfol@orwEdkifiH. Oya'abmiftwGif;rSjzpfonf? vufESdyfpufwvHk;/ a&'D,dkwvHk;/ yHkESdyfpm&GufwcsKd@ydkifqdkifwmudk b,folrSwm;qD;EdkifcGifhr&Sdyg? &SmazGcH&wJhtcg 'DypPnf;rsKd;awG &SmazGodrf;qnf;cH&avh&Sdygw,f? tpdk;&a&S@aexH wdkif=um;pmrSm'D odrf;qnf;cHypPnf;awGudk jyefay;zdk@awmif;qdkwmudkvnf; wygwnf; azmfjyyg?

@v#dK@0SufykvdyfeJ@ yxrt}udrfqHkwJhtcg taumif;qHk;AsL[mu ±l;csif[efaqmifzdk@ygbJ? 'gwu,fudk trSefbJ? oifhrSm ‘EdkifiHa&;aemufa=umif;’ r&Sd? ykvdyfeJ@ ckvdk awG@wmvnf; rawmfwqbJ? oifh‘jypfr_’ twGuf wckwnf;aom taxmuftxm;onf oifhudk,fay:wGifawG@aomt&myif jzpfonf?


oifhZmwfvrf;u olwdk@udk,Hk=unfapzdk@rvdkyg? 'gayr,fh jzpfEdkifp&m ta=umif;awmh &Sd&r,f? 'DvdkbJ pGJpGJ +rJ+rJqkyfudkifxm;&r,f? Oyrm³³³oifhudkvrf;rSm or*~pm=unfhwdkufu iSm;vmwJhpmtkyfawGeJ@ &yfwef@ppfaq;cH&+yDqdkygpdk@? "rm&S,favmOya'u jyif;xefvGef;wma=umifh a=umuf+yD; 'Dajratmufpm&Gufpmwrf;awGudk zsufqD;rvdk@vkyfaewkef; cifAsm;wdk@eJ@awGwmyg" vdk@ajymyg? pmtkyfawG b,fu&w,f/ pm=unfhwdkufrª;u b,folqdkwm pwmawG bmrSajymzdk@rvdkyg? pmtkyfawGvuf0,f&Sdwm &mZ0wfr_ r[kwfyg? &Sif;jy&efvnf;rvdkyg? tqHk;awmh "'D[mawG&Sdaewmudk odyfa=umufae+yD; 'gawGudk &Sif;ypfrvdk@yg? =urRmiifcsifawmh cifAsm;wdk@eJ@ckvdkawG@vdkuf&awmh rvkyfvdkuf&awmhbl;ayg@Asm" vdk@ ajymyg?

ppfa=uma&;t&m&Sdu oifhZmwfvrf;[m vHñuwfqdkwm odygw,f? 'gayr,fh 'DZmwfvrf;udkbJ taoqkwfudkif+yD; ajymaeoa&G@ tE W&m,fu a&SmifEdkifygvdrfhr,f?

oifhajratmufcef;xJrSm yHkEdSyfzdk@vkyfxm;wJh pm&Gufpmwrf;udkykvdyfu awG@oGm;+yDqdkygpdk@? tvG,fqHk;&Sif;jyEdkifwmu "'g rm&S,favm ra=unmcifu pm&Gufpmwrf;awGyg" vdk@ajymvdkufyg? 'DZmwfvrf;u ±l;a=umifa=umifawmhEdkifygw,f? 'gayr,fh ykvdyfudkawmh vSnfhpm;Edkifygw,f?oifht,ltqawG/ ,Hk=unfcsufawGudk ykvdyfeJ@ taqG;aEG;rcHygeJ@? ‘ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_’qdkwmudk vHk;0jiif;yg? ‘v_yf&Sm;wufºuGol’ qdkwmrsdK;vnf; rjzpfygapeJ@?

oif[m ajratmufvkyfief;oHk;a0g[m&awGudk vHk;0rodol[efaqmifyg? csuGufao/ qufom;/ axmufyHha&;vrf;a=umif;³³³ ponftm;vHk;udk ‘bmawG vmajymaewmvJqdkwJh *dkufzrf;xm;yg? oif[momreft&yfom;wa,muf/ wckckudk ‘rawmfwqoGm;awG@w,f’/ ‘tck


wdkif;jynfuxGufoGm;+yDjzpfwJh rdwfaqGwa,mufeJ@twl vGefcJhwJh (10) ESpfu awG@cJhwJholu 'D[mudkay;vdkufwm’/ tck csdef;xm;wJhae&mrSm 'DvludkoGm;awG@+yD; 'Dtxkwfudkay;rvdk@/ olu 'Dtxkwfudkjrif&if usaemfhudk rSwfrdr,fvdk@xif&wmbJ’?

Zmwfvrf;u jzpfEdkifp&mawmhjzpfw,f? 'gayr,fh tla=umifa=umifawmhEdkifw,f? taumif;qHk;Oya'ou enf;enf;bJajymavaumif;avbJ? v#Kd@ 0Sufykvdyfuawmh b,fvdkrS ,HkrSmr[kwfbl;? 'gayr,hfw&m;&Hk;u (w&m;&Hk;a&mufcJh&ifayg@av) oifhrSmtjypfxif&Sm;a=umif; rawG@&ao;or# tjypfuif;pifw,fvdk@ ,lq&rSmbJ?

vGefcJhwJhvtenf;i,f tawG@t}uKHawGt&awmh Zmwfvrf;wckxJudk pJGpGJ+rJ+rJ xyfwvJvJ ajymae&if/ tjynfht0rSefwm r[kwfOD;awmhvlwa,muf vGwfvmwmudk }uKHzl;ygw,f?

"rouFmol. &Sif;vif;wifjycsufonf jzpfEdkifp&m&Sdonf" qdkwm ppfcHk&Hk;w&m;vdka&S@aeu tr_ydwfwJhtcg oHk;wJhpum;vHk;yg?@60

pp fa =uma&;pp fa =uma&;pp fa =uma&;pp fa =uma&;pp fa =uma&; 6161616161

oufaotjzpfjzpfap/ rouFmol/ w&m;cHtaeESifhjzpfap/ppfa=umzdk@qifhac:wm cH&Edkifygw,f? &mZ0wfusifhxHk;Oya'yk'fr (61) u'Dvdkqdkygw,f? "rouFmolqdkonfrSm ykvdyf.pGyfpGJr_udk cH&oljzpfonf?w&m;cHonf w&m;&Hk;u enf;vrf;wus pGJcsufwif ppfaq;cH&oludkqdkvdkonf?"

60 @_@ rS pmrsm;onf rl&if;xkwfa0onfh rltxJrSpmydk'frsm;jzpfonf?61 Interrogation


@ppfa=uma&;twGuf qifhac:wJhorRefpmrSm oifhudkbmtr_eJ@ac:w,fqd k wm &Si f ;& Si f ;vif;vif;azmf jyxm;&r,f? rouFmoltaeeJ @ /oufaotaeeJ@ ac:wJhtcg tr_wGJeHygwfudkazmfjy&r,f? ‘yk*~vdutr_’/‘&Sif;vif;wifjy&ef qif hac:onf’ qdkwJ h rSwfcsufrs dK;awGygvm&if/tr_wGJeHygwfudk csefvSyfxm; &if/ &H k;wHqdyfwHk;ryg&if orRefpm[mysufygw,f? 'Dvdk orRefpmrsKd;udk vufcH vdkufemp&mrvdkyg?@62

ar;cGef;awG rpcif wm0efcHppfa=umol t&m&Sdu tr_ta=umif;t&mudk w&mcHudkajymjyzdk@wm0ef&Sdygw,f? (vufawG@rSm jzpfcJygw,f?) @ar;cGef; wdkif;udk pmeJ@a&;om;rSwfwrf;wifzdk@awmif;qdkyg? +yD;rSarcGef;udkajzzdk@ jiif;qefyg?@63

oufaou ol@udkjzpfap/ aqGrsKd;&if;csmwOD;udkjzpfap ta&;,ltjypfay; Edkifaomar;cGef;udk jiif;qef&ef Oya't& tcGifhta&;&Sdygw,f?(&mZ0wfusifhxHk; yk'fr 166)

@ppfa=uma&;umvrSm oufao[m oufaocHtcsuf tvufudkay;tyfzdk@ rjiif;qefEdkifyg? odk@aomf ol@udkjzpfap/ aqGrsdK;&if;csm wOD;udkjzpfap ta&;,ltjypfay;EdkifwJh tcsuftvufrsKd;udkawmh ta=umif;wpHkw&mrjybJ jiif;qefcGifh&Sdygw,f?64

ar;cGef;awGudk ajzzdk@ jiif;qefwm[m ta&;}uD;w,f? bmvdk@vJqdkawmh oufaou rouFmoljzpfoGm;Edkifw,f? oufaocHxGufqdkaewkef;tcsuftvufwcsdK@[m aemifrSmoifhudkw&m;pGJwifEdkifwmrsdK; rawmf

62 @_@ rS pmrsm;onf rl&if;xkwfa0onfh rltxJrSpmydk'frsm;jzpfonf?63 @_@ rS pmrsm;onf rl&if;xkwfa0onfh rltxJrSpmydk'frsm;jzpfonf?64 (&mZ0wfusifhxHk;Oya'yk'fr 165 ESifh 166 udk n$ef;)


wq xGufqdkrdwwfw,f? tcsuftvufrSm;udk xGufqdkwmxufpm&ifrajymbJ yg;pyfydwfxm;wmu ydkaumif;ygw,f? oufaovdrfxGuf&if (5)ESpftxd axmifcsEdkifygw,f?@65

'gawGudk=unfh&if v#dK@0SufykvdyfeJ@ qufqHwJhtcg/ ppfa=uma&;0if&wJhtcg/ wckwnf;aom avsmfuefwJhenf;y&d,m,fu wcsKd@aomar;cGef;rsm;udk rajzrdzdk@ygbJ? rouFmoltaeeJ@jzpfap/ w&m;cHtaeeJ@jzpfapar;cGef;tar;cH&wJhtcg/ &mZ0wfusifhxHk; Oya'yk'fr(63)t& oufaocHcsufay;zdk@ jiif;qefcGifh&Sdygw,f? 'Dyk'fru w&m;cH&J@ tcGifhta&;udk &nf!$ef;ay r,fh yk'fr(61)t& rouFmoluvnf; cHpm;cGifh&Sdygw,f?)*66

(ra=umufygeJ@67? usaemfwdk@ cka&mufaewm ‘a*:rlumacwf’68

r[kwfyg? olu‘cE<mudk,fn‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufr_’udk qef@usifygw,f? tckacwfrSmawmh v#Kd@0Sufykvdyfu ppfa=uma&;umvrSm +cdrf;ajcmufwm/ tiftm;oHk;wm r=umc% vkyfwwfygw,f? wa,mufuqdk olwdk@t&m&Sdcsif; ajymaewJh ‘'Daumifh yg;pyfyGifhvmatmif 'DaumifhrsufESmudkav;ig;csufavmufxkd;vdkufprf;uGm’qdkwmudk =um;cJh&ygw,f?

'Dvdk +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsKd;udk vufawG@vnf;vkyfwwfygw,f? pdwf"mwfa&;&mt&toifhjzpfatmif usaemfwdk@udk,fudk usaemfwdk@toifhjyif&ygr,f? uHaumif;wmu‘pwmvifacwf’r[kwfawmhwmyg? tJ'Dacwfu

65 @_@ rS pmrsm;onf rl&if;xkwfa0onfh rltxJrSpmydk'frsm;jzpfonf?66 * rS pmrsm;onf jyifqifxkwfa0onfh rltxJrS pmydk'frsm;jzpfonf?67 Don't be intimidated68 Waldslow Gomulka onf 1956-70 uGefjrLepfygwDA[dkaumfrwD.yxrtwGif;a&;rSL; jzpfonf?


awmh cE<mudk,fn‡Of;yef;EdSyfpufr_[mjzpf&dk;jzpfpOfyg? cE<mudk,fn‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufr_udkjyefvkyfzdk@ w&m;0ifqHk;jzwfwmrsKd;awmh rvkyf&ao;ygbl;? +cdrf;ajcmufwm/ tiftm;oHk;wm&J@ &nf&G,fcsufu wOD;wa,mufudk tE W&m,f&Sdae+yDvdk@ cHpm;oGm;&atmif/ tm;udk;&mrJhoGm;+yDvdk@ cHpm;oGm;&atmif vkyfcsifwmyg? usaemfwdk@[m udk,fhudk,fudkvnf; umuG,fEdkifw,f?jyefvSefwdkufppfyif qifEdkifygw,f? +cdrf;ajcmufcH&wJhtcg jyefatmfyg? 'Dvdk+cdrf;ajcmufwmudk jynfwGif;a&m jynfyuygodatmif vkyfvdkufr,fvdk@ jyef+cdrf;ajcmufyg? jzpfEdkif&if p}uFefzufajy;xGuf+yD; qlqlylyljzpfatmif vkyfyg?udk,fhudkppfaewJh t&m&Sdxuf}uD;wJht&m&Sdukd 0ifawG@zdk@}udK;pm;+yD; wdkifwef;yg? tawG@t}uKHt& 'DvdktjyKtrlu +cdrf;ajcmufESdyfpufwmudk &yfypfEdkifygw,f? 'Dvdkt=urf;enf;eJ@owif;r&Edkifbl;qdkwmudkodoGm;&if v#Kd@0Sufykvdyfu olwdk@udkay;wJh!$ef=um;csufudk jyefpOf;pm;ygvdrfhr,f? ('D!$ef=um;csufuvnf; tcsdefra&G; ajymif;Edkifygw,f? jzpf&dk;jzpfpOft&awmh ‘taysmhqGJ’enf;udk ajymif;oHk;ygvdrfhr,f?)69

ppfa=uma&;&J@&nf&G,fcsufu usaemfwdk@udk pum;ajymatmifvkyfzdk@yg? p˜pcsif;awmh³³³ "cifAsm;awmh wb0vHk;axmifxJ aeoGm;&awmhrSmbJ"qdkwmrsKd;eJ@‘pdwf"mwfa&;’t&+cdrf;ajcmufygvdrfhr,f? 'Daemufawmh"a=omf³³³ cifAsm;uudk,fhudk,fudkwif 'kuQay;wmr[kwfbl;/ cif;Asm;&J@ teD;qHk;eJ@ tcspfqHk;awGudkyg 'kuQay;aewmudk;"vdk@ ajymygvdrfhr,f? +yD;awmhrSwajz;ajz;ydk+yD; acwfrDqef;jym;wJhenf;awGudk oHk;ygvdrfhr,f?

rvef@ygeJ@70 ? a'goxGufatmif qG ay;wJh pGyfpGJcsufawGa=umifh

69 @_@ rS pmrsm;onf rl&if;xkwfa0onfh rltxJrSpmydk'frsm;jzpfonf?70 Don't get alarmed


rvef@vdkufygeJ@? ppfa=uma&;&J@enf;wenf;u jypfr_udk yHk}uD;cs@JwmbJ? 'DawmhrS pGyfpGJcH&olu owdvufvGwfjzpf+yD;/ bmawGjzpfvmOD;rSmvJvdk@ awG;+yD; a=umufvmw,f? 'DawmhrS 'DudpPrSm wu,fwef;usawmh olb,favmufbJygcJhwmygqdk+yD;ajymawmhr,f? 'DvdkudpPrsKd;rSm e*dkpGyfpGJcsufudk jyef&kyfodrf;vdkuf+yD;/ ydkqdk;wJhtajctaexJudk ckefqif;rdvsufom; jzpfaeawmhw,f? ppfa=umolbufu=unfh&if oifu ckawmh pum; p˜ajymae+yDjzpfvdk@'Denf;u atmifjrifwmbJ?

ppfa=umol[m omreftm;jzifh rouFmcH&olxuf Oya'udkydkem;vnfw,f? vG,fvG,fululbJ vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm;Edkifw,f? 'DvdkbJ rouFmcH&ol[m ol@tcGifhta&;udk rodwmrsm;w,f? 'gudkod&zdk@vnf; ppfa=umoludk tm;udk;vdk@r&bl;? Oyrm³³³ ppfa=umolu oif'Dar;cGef;udk bmvdk@rajzovJqdkwm r&ruar;vdrfhr,f? wu,fwef;u oifhrSm 'Dvdk tcGifhta&;&Sdw,fqdkwm olaumif;aumif;odw,f? "cifAsm;rajzwm[m rajzcsifvdk@ rajzwmr[kwfvm;"/ "'DxGufcsufu cifAsm;udk &mZ0wfr_eJ@ &Hk;wifppfaq;Edkifw,fqdkwm odvdk@r[kwfvm;"?

'Dvdktr_rsKd;rSm ppfa=umolu "'DxGufcsufu cifAsm;udkjyefywfEdkifw,fqdkwm cifAsm;ubmvdk@xif&wmvJ"vdk@ ar;aumif;ar;vdrfhr,f? oif pum;ajymvmvdrfhr,fqdkwJh ar#mfvifhcsufeJ@ar;wmbJ? tajzuawmh &Sif;&Sif;av;bJ? "'DxGufcsufu usaemfhudkjyefywfvdrfhr,fxifvdk@"vdk@jyefajzvdkufyg? 'g[m vHkavmufwJhtajzbJ? aemufwqifhuawmh +cdrf;ajcmufwmbJ? rajzbJae&if w&m;pGJzdk@ cGifhjyKcsufawmif;&vdrfhr,f qdkwmrsKd;ayg@? 'grSr[kwfvnf; "'gav;ajzvdkuf&if cifAsm; jrefjrefvGwfrSmyg"vdk@ajymvdrfhr,f?


'g[m olwwfEdkifwmxuf ydkajymwmbJ? 'DvdkqHk;jzwfcsufrsKd;ay;zdk@ ol@rSmtm%mr&Sdbl;? (ppfa=umol[m rouFmcH&oludk yxr(48)em&DtwGif;rSmbJv$wfypfEdkifw,f? tpdk;&a&S@aeqDucGifhjyKrdef@r&&if'Dtcsdefxufausmf+yD; xdef;odrf;xm;vdk@ r&bl;?)*71

ppfa=uma&;umvwav#mufvHk; ppfa=uma&;t&m&Sdzufut+rJwrf;t}uD;tus,ftompD;&aewmcsnf;bJ? ol@zufu emp&mu eJeJav;? usaemfwdk@u vGwfvyfr_eJ@ tavmif;tpm;vkyfae&wm? 'ga=umifhusaemfwdk@[m ppfa=uma&;rSmoHk;avh&SdwJhenf;vrf;awGudk eJeJbJjzpfjzpf odxm;zdk@aumif;ygw,f?

zsm;roGm;ygeJ@72 ? cifAsm;b0ta=umif; awmfawmftao;pdwfuswmav;awGudk ajymvdkufvdk@ zsm;roGm;ygeJ@? "'gawmifodaerSawmh³³³tukefvHk;odaeavmufa&mayg@uGm"vdk@ tvG,fwul aumufcsuf rcsvdkufygeJ@? olwdk@rodygbl;? oifhudk ‘aysmhoGm;atmif’vkyfzdk@ enf;a[mif;}uD;udk oHk;wmyg? oifhta=umif; wcsKd@w0uf oifhrdwfaqGawGudk ppfa=um&if;&oGm;wm jzpfaumif;jzpfEdkifygw,f? oifhrdwfaqGuvnf;tr_eJ@bmrSrqdkifwJh 'DtcsufawG udkajym+yD;/ ppfaq;oludk acgif;±_yfoGm;atmif}uKd;pm;cJhwmyg? 'Denf;eJ@ wzufom;udk wywf&dkufEdkifvdrfhr,fvdk@ xifcJhwmyg?

oifhrdwfaqGwOD;OD;&J@ udk,fa&;udk,fwm b0tao;pdyfudk b,fawmhrS pum;pjrnfvkyf+yD;rajym&bl;qdkwm owd&yg? 'DtcsuftvufawGu olwdk@udk'kuQa&mufapEdkifw,f? oifhudkvlwpkeJ@wGJ&dkufxm;wJh oifh"mwfyHk

71 * rS pmrsm;onf jyifqifxkwfa0onfh rltxJrS pmydk'frsm;jzpfonf?72 Don't panic


xkwfjyvdk@ ta=umif;rJhvef@roGm;ygeJ@? "mwfyHk/ wdyfacG/ tpD&ifcHpm³³³ pwmawG[m ykvdyfowif;ay;&J@ yHkrSefvkyfief;tcsuftvufawGyg? ykvdyfu 'grsKd;udk yHkrSefpkaqmif;&w,f? 'gayr,fh 'gawGu w&m;&Hk;rSm oufaocHr0ifyg?oifhudk +cdrf;ajcmufzdk@/ axmifacsmufqifzdk@eJ@ tEdkiftxufvkyf+yD; xGufcsuf,lzdk@bJ toHk;usygw,f?

(pmeJ@) xGufqdk+yD;+yDqdk&ifawmh usefwmawGrvdkawmhyg? w&m;cGifwav#mufvHk;rSm oifhudk'kuQtay;EdkifqHk;u ckvdkpmeJ@a&;xm;wJh oufaocHcsuf ygbJ?@73

b,f[mudkrS 0efrcHygeJ@74 ? cifAsm;ta=umif;xGufcsufay;r,fh/oufaoeJ@ &ifqdkifawG@ay;&ifawmif bmudkrS0efrcHygeJ@? pdwf"mwft& t!Gef@usKd;aewJh 'DvdkoufaoawGudk "olwdk@udkrodygbl;? olwdk@eJ@twl &mZ0wfr_usL;vGefcJhwmr&Sdygbl;"vdk@ worwfwnf;jiif;+yD;&ifqdkif&if ppfa=uma&;umvrSmjzpfjzpf/ tr_ppfaq;aepOfrSmjzpfjzpf olwdk@xGufcsufawGudkjyef&kwfodrf;oGm;wwfygw,f?

oifhrdwfaqGtenf;pku oifvnf; ygygw,fvdk@ quf+yD;xGufqdkae&ifawmif oifhrSm 0efcHzdk@ tcsdeftrsm; }uD;usefygao;w,f? ‘&mZ0wfr_’udk usL;vGefcJhygw,fvdk@ 0efcHzdk@qHk;jzwfw,fqdk&if oifha&S@aea&S@rSm 0efcHyg?ydkaumif;wmu w&m;&Hk;rSm0efcHyg? ppfa=uma&;umvtwGif; v$rf;rdk; tEdkifusifhcH&&if/ xifa&mifxifrSm; jzpfatmiftvkyfcH&&if/ a&S@ae&J@t}uH^m%f&,lzdk@ (&mZ0wfusifhxHk;Oya'eJ@qef@usif+yD;) jiif;y,fcH&&if E_wfydwfaeyg? 'grSr[kwf bmrSrywfoufcJhygbl; vdk@jiif;yg?

73 @_@ rS pmrsm;onf rl&if;xkwfa0onfh rltxJrSpmydk'frsm;jzpfonf?74 Do not admit anything


rouFmolwa,mufxufydk+yD; ppfa=umcHae&wJh umvrsKd;rSm ykvdyfudkausmzdk@ tcGifhtvrf;vHk;0r&Sdbl; qdkwmem;vnf&r,f? qdkygpkd@³³³ rouFmolwa,mufudk(ykvdyfuar;vdk@)tjcm;rouFmolwa,mufeJ@ aumfzDqdkifrSmpum;ajymcJhwmudk jyefajym+yDqdkygpdk@? ykvdyfudkvrf;v$Jzdk@ tr_eJ@rqdkifwJhtao;pdwfta=umif;t&mav;awGudk pajymvdrfhr,f? 'D tao;pdwfawGudk'kwd, rouFmcH&oludk oGm; ajymwJhtcg "[m³³³ 'Daumifawmh azmf+yD"vdk@xif+yD; pajymawmhrSmbJ?

vlwpkudk ppfa=umcH&&if ykvdyfudkvSnfhpm;Edkifzdk@qdkwm rjzpfEdkifyg? olwdk@rSm wdkifyifaqG;aEG;cGifhvnf;r&Sd/ b,ftcsufudk azmfajymr,fqdkwmvnf; n‡dE_dif;cGifhr&Sdvdk@ygbJ?

ppfa=umolawGu rouFmolawGudk &ifqdkif&mrSm oHk;avh&SdwJhvufoHk;pum;u "rif; udk,fhudk,fudk tjypfr&Sdbl;qdk+yD; pum;ajymzdk@ jiif;ae&if udk,fhudk,fudk 'kuQay;wmjzpfrSmbJ? &dk;&dk;om;om;eJ@ tjynfhtpHkajymrS tjypfr&Sd&ma&mufrSmayg@"? 'gu bmrS rSm;wmawmhr[kwfbl;? ydkveforwEdkifiH&J@ Oya'ta=umif;tcsuft&ajym&if w&m;cH[m tjypfr&Sdbl;qdkwJh,lqcsufudk tajccHw,f? qdkvdkwmu jypfr_usL;vGefa=umif; oufaoxif&Sm;rjyEdkifor#/ EdkifiHom;wdkif;[mtjypfuif;rJhw,fvdk@qdkvdkwmbJ? ppfa=uma&;vkyfief;&J@&nf&G,fcsufeJ@ wnf&Sd&wJhta=umif;&if;[m rouFmol[m jypfr_usL;vGefa=umif; oufaoxif&Sm;jyzdk@bJ? tjypfuif;rJha=umif;oufaojyzdk@ r[kwfbl;? oifhudkulnDcsifwJh ‘oabmaumif;wJh OD;av;}uD;’&J@ t&l;vkyfwmudkrcH&ygapeJ@? ol@&J@ t&if;cHapwemudkjiif; y,frd+yDvdk@xifrda,mifrSm;rjzpfygeJ@? tcsdefom vHkvHkavmufavmuf&ygap? tjypfr&Sdbl;vdk@ajymwJh oufaojycsufwdkif;udk (t+rJwrf;awmh w&m;0ifwJhenf;vrf;r[kwfwJh) enf;eJ@ v#Kd@0Sufykvdyfu rrSefa=umif;oufaojyEdkifwmcsnf;


bJqdkwm rarhygeJ@? bmbJjzpfjzpf tr_u w&m;&Hk;a&mufoGm;+yDqdk&ifawmhv#Kd@0SufykvdyftwGuftcsdefuenf;oGm;yg+yD?*75

w&m;&Hk;rSm vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;wJh oufaocHcsuf[m cdkifvHkygw,f? 'g@a=umifhbJ ppfa=uma&;rSwfwrf;awGudk ppfa=uma&;+yD;vdk@ em&Dtawmf=umrS r=umc% csa&;=uwmbJ? rouFmcH&olarmyef;ae+yD/ oufaocHcsufudk tao;pdwfjyefvnf rppfaq;Edkifawmhbl;qdkwJhtcsdef=urS 'DvdkvkyfwmbJ? ppfa=umolu ppfa=umcH&ol rajymwJh tcsuftvufwcsKd@udkvnf;xnfhzdk@ }udK;pm;aumif; }uKd;pm;vdrfhOD;r,f?

tpuwnf;u ar;cGef;wdkif;udk aocsmpGma&;zdk@awmif;qdkyg?ra&;&if qufajzzdk@jiif;qdkyg? rSwfwrf;xJrSmb,fvdktao;tzGJudk csefxm;cJhwmrsKd;udkrS vufrcHygeJ@? oifhxGufqdkcsufeJ@ uGJvGJwmjzpfjzpf/ wvGJwacsmfa&;wmjzpfjzpf/ b,favmufbJao;i,fygap/ rSwfwrf;xJrSmvdktyfovdk&Sif;vif;csufxnfhay;zdk@ awmif;qdkyg? vufrSwfxdk;zdk@ jiif;qefyg?76

EdkifiHa&;tr_awGrSm tpkvdkuft+yHKvdkuf tzrf;cH&wJhtcg/ ppfa=umolawGvkyfwwfwmu tcsif;csif;=um;aoG;pnf;a&;udk +zdKcGJypfzdk@bJ?tzrf;cH&oltcsif;csif;aw@ay;+yD;vnf; upm;wwfw,f? r=umc% olwdk@vkyfwwfwmu }uH&mygwa,muf ay;xm;w,fvdk@xif&wJh xGufcsufxJrSm tcsuftvufopfwcsdK@ wDxGifxnfhoGif;wmbJ? ,Hk=unf&atmif xGufcsufudk rSwfwrf;xJxnfhxm;wwfao;w,f? udk;um;xm;wJh tcsufurSefw,fqdk&ifawmif &nf&G,fcsufu ‘wjcm;olawGazmfukef+yD’vdk@ xifapcsifawmhwmbJ? 'Dvdkxifrd+yDqdkwmeJ@rouFmcH&ol[m p ajymawmhwmbJ?h

75 * rS pmrsm;onf jyifqifxkwfa0onfh rltxJrS pmydk'frsm;jzpfonf?76 (y d kvef jynfw&m;Oya't& rouFmc H&ole J @oufaoawG[mppfa=uma&;rSwfwrf;rSm vufrSwfxdk;zdk@ Oya't& wm0efr&Sdyg?)


cke udk;um;csufygwJh xGufcsufrSwfwrf;[mvnf; w&m;&Hk;a&mufrvmawmhbJ pkyfpjrKyfp aysmufoGm;awmhwmbJ?

aemufxyf SB oHk;wwfwJh ta[mif;rsOf;qHk; vSnfhpm;enf;u-- oif vkyfaewJhvlr_vkyfief;awG[m taemuf*smr%D jyKjyifa&;orm;opPmazmufawG/ tpPa&;v#dK@0SufaxmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@eJ@ CIA pwmawGuaiGa=u;axmufyHhaewmvdk@ ,Hk=unfvmatmifvkyfwmbJ? rouFmcH&olu 'D&HyHkaiGxJrS udk,fusdK;twGuf wjym;wcsyfrSr&bl;qdkapOD;/ (olu odyfao;wJh e,f&kyfav;jzpfaevdk@) 'DEdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rSmygaewJh wjcm;olawGuawmh aiG&vdk@vkyf=uwm/ olwdk@u qGpfZmvefb%fpm&if;awGrSmvnf;aiGawGtrsm;}uD;tyfxm;w,fvdk@ ajymvdrfhr,f?

olwdk@oHk;cJhwJhenf;awGxJu tatmifjrifqHk; wckuawmh(1968)u oHk;cJhwJhenf;bJ?77 olwdk@enf;u qef@usifykefuefr_&Jh ppfrSefr_eJ@ta&;ygr_udk jiif;y,fxm;wmbJ? 'DxJygwJhvltm;vHk;udk "rif;wdk@ toHk;cscH&wm/ jc,fvS,fcH&wm" vdk@ajymr,f? "rif;wdk@q&m}uD;awGu*sL;awGeJ@ taemuf*smrmefjyKjyifa&;orm;awGbJ? olwdk@uolwdk@udk,fusdK;pD;yGm;twGufrif;wdk@udkajrSmufay;aewm"?

udk,fhudk ppfa=umaewJholeJ@ pum;rajym& raeEdkif&if/ oleJ@pum;pjrnfajymzdk@qHk;jzwf+yD;+yDqdk&if wckrSwfxm;&rSmu ol[moifhudkt+rJwrf;awmh wdkuf&dkufar;cGef;awG ar;rSmr[kwfbl;? pD;u&ufwvdyf/vbuf&nfwcGufay;+yD; &if;&if;ESD;ESD; i,faygif;}uD;az:vdk pum;ajymr,f?ol[m ol@tvkyfolvkyfaew,fqdkwm owd&Sdyg? ppfa=uma&;rSmoHk;wJh enf;vrf;wcku ppfa=umcH&oleJ@ rdwfaqGzGJ@zdk@ bJ? zGifhajymvmatmif pdwf"gwf

77 (1968 rwfvrSm ausmif;om;ykefuefr_wck jzpfcJhw,f?)


a&;&mt& zdtm;ay;zdk@bJ? ppfa=uma&;eJ@oifh=um;rSm b,fvdktqufqHrsdK;rS rxm;ygeJ@? oifhtaetxm; ydkcufoGm;vdrfhrnf?*78

@vaygif;tawmf=um ppfaq;ar;jref;cH&+yDqdk&if ppfa=umcH&ol[m usdK;oGm;+yD;zGifhajymawmhrSmbJvdk@ v#dK@0Sufykvdyf (SB)u t+rJwrf;ar#mfvifhxm;w,f? 'ga=umifhbJ olwdk@[m(ajcmufvdkuf/ acsmhvdkuf/ avaysmhav;eJ@qufqHvdkufeJ@) olwdk@enf;awGudkt+rJwrf;ajymif;aewm? wcgw&Hawmh vlESpfa,mufutvSnfhusvkyfvmwwfw,f? wa,mufu tqufrjywf qJqdkatmf[pfaew,f? aemufwa,mufu at;at;aq;aq; odrfodrfarG@arG@eJ@ oifhudkem;vnfzdk@ }udK;pm;aeoa,mif/ ulnDcsifoa,mifaqmifr,f? oifhudk ppfa=umzdk@ac:oGm;+yD; b,folurS bmrSrajymbJ em&Daygif;rsm;pGmxm;csifxm;r,f? ppfa=uma&;udk oifhwdkufcef;usOf;av;xJrSmvkyfcsifvkyfr,f? EdkifiHa&;tr_awGrSmawmhoifhwdkufcef;usOf;usOf;av;xJrSmowif;ay;wa,mufudk a&mxm;wwfw,f? ('Dvlu axmifu aeaemufxyfppfaq;p&m&Sdvdk@ac:vmwJhol/ 'grSr[kwf w&m;&Hk;rSm tpdk;&oufaotjzpf xGufqdkr,fholjzpfwwfw,f? ) yHkaojzpfavh&Sdwmu 'Dvl[m ‘oufawmifhoufomaevdk wJh’/ tvkyf=urf; rvkyfvdkwJh/ qdk;&Gm;vSwJhaxmifwGif;'g%fudk rcHEdkifwJh/ tJ'Dtpm; ppfa=umcHzdk@ oufouftwGuftzrf;cHvdkolomjzpfwwfw,f? ol 'Dvdktm%mydkifawGeJ@ yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&if apmapmvGwfr,f/ axmif0ifpmrsm;rsm;&r,f? axmif0ifpm c%c%awG@&r,f? pm tquftoG,f&r,f-- ponfjzifh uwday;xm;wmrsdK; jzpfwwfw,f? ol[m ppfa=umcHae&wmeJ@wcsdefxJrSm oifhudkppfa=umaewJh ppfa=uma&;t&m&SdeJ@vnf; tquftoG,f&Sdw,ff/ bmvdk@vJqdkawmh

78 * rS pmrsm;onf jyifqifxkwfa0onfh rltxJrS pmydk'frsm;jzpfonf?


oifhwdkufcef;usOf;av;xJrSm oif[m oifhudk,foifwcsdefvHk; xdef;csKyfrxm;Edkifbl;qdkwmodvdk@/ oifhqDu‘ajzmifhcsuf’udk&atmif,lzdk@bJ? olupmay;p&m&Sd&if axmifxJucdk;xkwfvdk@&atmif olvkyfay;r,fvdk@ ajymaumif;ajymvdrfhr,f? aemufqHk;ppfa=uma&;t+yD; oifhtjyKtrlwkef@jyefyHkawGudktuJcwf+yD;/ tm;vHk;wprusef owif;ydk@vdrfhr,f? 'DvdkbJ aemufxyf owdxm;p&mu tusOf;cef;wdkif;rSmcdk;em;axmifwJhu&d,mawGwwfxm;w,fqdkwmbJ? 'gawGudka&SmifvGJzdk@ enf;vrf;a[mif;}uD;u pma&;+yD; owif;vufurf;wmbJ? 'DvdkbJ oifhxHudk cdk;a=umifcdk;0Sufa&mufvmwJh owif;pum; wcsdK@[mvnf; twkawGqdkwm rarheJ@?

oifhudktvGeftiftm;}uD;+yD; tvGefxufjrufwJhtzGJ@tpnf;,E W,m;}uD;wcku ppfa=umaew,fvdk@rarhygeJ@? oifhudkppfa=umaewJh ppfa=uma&;t&m&Sd[m 'D,E W,m;}uD;xJubD;i,fav;wckomjzpfw,f? ol[m wa,mufxJvkyfaewmr[kwfbl;? ol@udkvnf; tawG@t}uHK&ifhusufwJhvlwpkuapmifh=unfhxdef;csKyfxm;wm? ol@udk ol@&v'feJ@tuJjzwfw,f?tJ'g[m oifhxGufcsufbJ? 'ga=umifhbJ 'DxGufcsuf&zdk@ enf;vrf;aygif;pHkoHk;cGifhay;xm;w,f? toHcdk;em;axmifwm/ oifhtcef;xJrSmxnfhxm;wJhowif;ay;uwqifh oifhtjyKtrludk apmifh=unfhwm/ owif;rSm; xGufcsufrSm;awG &atmifvkyfwm? oifhrdom;pk/ 'grSr[kwf oifhtr_wGJxJu wOD;OD;usef;rma&;awmfawmfqdk;ae+yDvdk@ vdrfajymwm³³³tukefyg ygw,f? ta&;}uD;wmu &v'fbJ? tJ'gu oifh&Jh pmeJ@a&;xm;wJh xGufcsufbJ?

tzrf;cHyk*~dKvfwOD;&Jh txD;usefb0[m pdwf"gwfudk ,dk,Gif;apw,f? tvGefudkrS rSefwrf;r[kwfwJhb0bJ? twlae wa,mufa,muf&JhtjyKtrl wkef@jyefyHkwdkif;udk oHo,eJ@apmifh=unfhae&w,f? ppfa=uma&;umvtwGuf taumif;qHk;enf;AsL[mu omreftajctaerSm vGwfvyf


wJh vlwa,mufaeovdk aezdk@bJ? oifhtay: zdpnf;vmwJh t&mrSefor#udkqef@usifwGef;vSefyg? olwdk@wawG[m bmawG ajymajym/ bmawG vkyfvkyf/oifhudk 'kuQa&mufatmifvkyfae=uwmcsnf;bJ?

'Dvdk txD;usefjzpfwma=umifh rSefwrf;r[kwfwJh tajctaeawG&Jh&_wfaxG;ayGvDr_a=umifhb,fenf;y&d,m,f[mjzifhaumif;w,f/ b,f[mu qdk;w,f/ b,f[muvHk+cHKpdwfcs&w,f/ b,f[murvHk+cHKbl; ³³³pwJh pOf;pm;qifjcifEdkifpGrf;[m tawmfxdcdkufoGm;wwfw,f? olwdk@eJ@ &ifqdkif&mrSmb,fvdkenf;y&d,g,fawGoHk;&rvJvdk@pOf;pm;ae&wm[m/ aemufqHk;rSm t&_H;eJ@&ifqdkif&wmcsnf;bJ? olwdk@vdkcsifwJh xGufcsufray;rdzdk@qdkwJhpdwf&Jh +idrf;csrf;r_udk xdcdkufawmhwmygbJ? b,fvdkzdtm;ay; cH&cH& ppfa=uma&;umvrSm oifhyg;pyfudk ydwfxm;Edkifor#/ ppfa=uma&; w}udrf+yD;wdkif;udk,fhpdwfudkajzavsmh+yD; aemufpmar;yGJopfudk&ifqdkifzdk@tm; arG;Edkifvdrfhr,f? wckckudk pajymvdkufrd+yDqdkwmeJ@ b,fvdkbJjzpfjzpf tajctaeuvHk;0 ajymif;oGm;awmhwmbJ? oifhudk pdwf"gwft& !Sif;yrf;ESdyfpufr_awG&yfoGm; +yD;/ ppfa=uma&;t&m&Sd&Jh qufqHyHk[m tvGefEl;nHhodrfarG@vmr,f?'gayr,fh oif (oif[mtvGef&dk;om;jzLpifolwOD;/ v#dK@0Sufykvdyf&Jhzdtm;ay;r_udkrcHEdkifolwOD;/ oifhrdwfaqGawGta=umif; wwfEdkifor#eJeJbJ ajymolwOD;/ tr_udk&_wfaxG;oGm;atmif wwfEdkifor# aphaphpyfpyfvkyfvdkol wOD;) jzpfr,fqdk&if oifh+idrf;csrf;r_udkqHk;&_H;zdk@ aocsmae+yD? ppfa=uma&;tcsdefwdkif;&Jh em&Daygif;rsm;pGmtwGif; b,f[mudk ajymr,f/ b,f[muddk zHk;xm;r,f/ udk,fhudk,fudkeJ@ tjcm;olawGudk txdtcdkuftenf;qHk; jzpfatmifb,fvdkajzqdkr,f qdkwmawGudk pOf;pm;ae&wmeJ@ tcsdefukefoGm;awmhwmbJ? twdwfumvtawG@t}uHKawGt&awmh tawmfrsm;rsm;[m pajym


zdk@ qHk;jzwfvdkufwmeJ@ r=umcif &l;a=umifa=umifjzpfoGm;awmhwmbJ?@79

EdkifiHa&;r_awGrSm ppfa=uma&;rSm&wJhxGufqdkcsufawGbJ Oya't& oufaocH0ifw,fqdkwm owdjyK&r,f? bmbJjzpfjzpf b,ft&mrqdkoifhudk pGJcsufwifzdk@ oHk;Edkifw,f? 'g[m jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;Xme&Jh qifjcifwHkw&m;twGif;usa&mufwJh t&momjzpfw,f? &Hk;wifw&m;pGJrvm;§rpGJb l ;vm;qd kwm[m oif hx Gufc sufay:r Sm wnfwmr[kwfbl ;?aemufqufwGJ EdkifiHa&;tajctaeawGeJ@bJqdkifw,f?

ppfa=umcHae&wkef;rSm igawmh wae@rkcs jyefvGwfrSmbJqdkwmowd&aezdk@vdkw,f? tJ'Dtcdsefus oifhrdwfaqGawG&Jh rsufvHk;udk wnfhwnfh&if qdkif=unfhEdkifpGrf;&Sdzdk@[m odyfta&;}uD;w,f?

79 @_@ rS pmrsm;onf rl&if;xkwfa0onfh rltxJrSpmydk'frsm;jzpfonf?


pp fa =uma&;upm;y G J }u D ;pp fa =uma&;upm;y G J }u D ;pp fa =uma&;upm;y G J }u D ;pp fa =uma&;upm;y G J }u D ;pp fa =uma&;upm;y G J }u D ;8080808080

usaemfwdk@ ppfa=uma&;vkyfwrf;upm;=u&atmifvm;? cifAsm;u cifAsm;&Jh&JabmfwcsdK@eJ@twl ajratmufvkyfief;vkyfvdk@ txdef;odrf;cH& (aemufawmh tzrf;cH&ol) qdkygpdk@? tr_&Jh Oya'tajccHu ta&;r}uD;ygbl;? (tJ'gu tcsdefra&G; ajymif;vJwmbJ) usaemfu cifAsm;udk ppfa=umzdk@txuft&m&Sdu wm0efay;xm;cH&ol qdkygpdk@? ppfa=uma&;[m owif;tcsuftvufwdkufyGJbJ? cifAsm;wdk@vlpk&Jh v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk yHkrSefvkyfief;aqmif&Gufr_enf;vrf;awGeJ@ pkaqmif;xm;+yD;+yD? (apmifh=unfhwm/ cdk;em;axmifwm/ owif;ay;arG;wm³³³pojzifhaygh) usaemfwdk@vufxJrSm enf;ynmaygif;pHktawmfrsm;rsm;&Sdayr,fh'Denf;eJ@pkaqmif;vdk@&wJhtcsuftvufawGudk w&m;&Hk;rSmwifvdk@r&bl;? (cifAsm;eJ@ OD;‘u’ wHcg;0rSmtwl&yf aewmudk) usaemfwdk@ pHkaxmufu cdk;&dkufxm;wJh "gwfyHkawG/ cifAsm;w,fvDzkef;eJ@ pum;ajymaewmudk cdk;+yD;toHzrf;xm;wJh wdyfacGudkw&m;&Hk;u oufaocHtjzpfvufrcHbl;? w&m;&Hk;uvufcHEdkifwJh wckwnf;aom oufaocHcsufu cifAsm;eJ@cifAsm;&Jh &JabmfawGay;wJhxGufcsufbJ? aemufwckuwwd,yk*d~Kvfuay;wJhtr_eJ@qdkifwJh xGufcsufbJ? 'ga=umifh cifAsm;&JhxGufcsuf[m r&Sdrjzpfta&;}uD;w,f? 'ga=umifh cifAsm;&JhxGufcsufudk vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;awGtwdkif; 'DvufESdyfpufay:rSm owfrSwfxm;wJh yHkpHtwdkif; pepfwus&dkuf&r,f? pmrsufESmwdkif;rSm cif;Asm;vufrSwfxdk;cdkif;xm;&r,f?tr_wifzdk@twGuf jyifqif&mrSmcifAsm;xGufcsufvdkw,f? 'gayr,fhcifAsm;udk&Hk;wifr vm;? b,folu jypf'%fcsrSwfr,fqdkwm usaemfeJ@rqdkifbl;?

0 The Interrogation Game


usaemfwdk@ ,E W,m;&Jhpepft& 'gudkqHk;jzwfwmu ykvdyfr[kwfbl;? EdkifiHa&;orm;uqHk;jzwfwm? tr_&JhOya'&v'fu cef@rSef;vdk@r&wJh EdkifiHa&; tajctaeay:wnfw,f? oifhudk pD&ifcsufcszdk@ oifhxGufqdkcsuf vdkw,f? ydkta&;}uD;wmu oifwdk@v_yf&Sm;r_udkodzdk@eJ@ 'DtwdkuftcHEdkifiHa&; vkyfief;rSm ygaewJhtjcm;olawGta=umif; odzdk@bJ? usaemfwdk@u cifAsm;eJ@ cifAsm;&Jh &Jabmf&JbufawGt=um; qufqHa&;udkvnf; zsufqD;ypfcsifwmbJ?

usaemfwdk@twGuf t}uD;tus,f qHk;atmifjrifr_u cifAsm;udkusaemfwdk@vltjzpfajymif;ypfzdk@bJ? ('grSr[kwfvnf; tJ'Dvdk xifa,mifxifrSm;jzpfatmif) vkyfzdk@bJ? cifAsm;&Jh&JabmfawGtjrifrSm cifAsm;[molwdk@ta=umif;tukefzGifhajymwJh opPmazmufwa,mufjzpfoGm;atmif vkyfzdk@u usaemfwdk@wm0efbJ? axmifxJuae pdwf"mwfus b0ysuf+yD; xGufoGm;wmudkjrif&&if/ ajratmufvkyfief;[m bmrStusdK;r&Sdygbl;uGmvdk@ jrifoGm;atmifvkyfEdkif&if usaemfwdk@auseyfw,f? 'ga=umifh cifAsm;udk pum;ajymvmatmifvkyfzdk@ usaemfwdk@ 'gavmuf aomua&mufae&wmbJ?

cifAsm;[m ckxdawmh acgif;rmrmeJ@yg;pyfydwfaewkef;bJaemf?cifAsm;yg;pyfudkyGifhvmatmifusaemfvkyfjyr,f? usaemfhrSm tcsdefawGtrsm;}uD;&Sdw,f? tcsdef[m usaemfh&Jht}uD;qHk;r[mrdwfbJ? axmifxJu txD;usefjcif;eJ@ pdwfzdpD;r_u oifh ckcHqef@usifpdwfudk wpwp wdkufpm;oGm;vdrfhr,f? usaemfu cifAsm;udkb,ftcsdefrSm ajcmuf+yD;/ b,ftcsdefrSmacsmh&r,fqdkwm aumif;aumif;odwJhynm&Sif? b,ftcsdefrSmcifAsm;udk pD;u&ufwvdyfwdkuf+yD;/ b,ftcsdefrSm pm;yGJudkxk&rvJ qdkwmvnf; aumif;aumif;em;vnfw,f? ppfa=uma&;wcg+yD;wdkif; cifAsm;&Jh wkef@jyefyHkudk tao;pdwfowif;ay;aewJh usaemfwdk@vluvnf; cifAsm;eJ@wcef;xJ? cifAsm;[m &ifxJrSm&Sdaewmudk rqifrjcif todcHr,fhol r[kwfbl;qdkwmvnf; jzpfEdkif


ygw,f? 'gayr,fh tdyfr&wJhpdwfzdpD;r_&Sdayr,fh aumif;aumif;tdyfaysmfygw,fvdk@ +zD;vdk@r&bl;? cifAsm;&JhtawG;awG a'gifcsmpdkif;aewJhtcsdefrSm pmwyk'fudk at;at;aq;aq; zwfaeEdkifygw,fvdk@ [efaqmifvdk@r&bl;? 'DvdkeJ@cifAsm;[m'Dvludk cifAsm;xifxm;Edkifwmxufydk+yD; zGifhajymrdawmhrSmbJ?

cifAsm;rSm wefzdk;xm;wJht&mwcsdK@&Sdw,f? 'gudk ESpfESpfumum,Hk=unfw,f? ('Dwefzdk;xm;r_awG[m usaemfhtwGufawmh tpdrf;oufoufjzpfayr,fh cifAsm;E_wfqdwfaewmudkawmh +zdKcsypfEdkifw,f?) 'D wefbdk;xm;r_awG[m cifAsm;,Hk=unfr_awG&Jh tajccHawGbJ? KGB eJ@ v#dK@0SufykvdyfwyfzGJ@81awGtzdk@ cifAsm;tr_udkppfaq;&cufapwJh t&mawGjzpfayr,fhcifAsm;twGufawmh &Sif;aewmbJ? tJ'Dt&mawGu cifAsm;udk aysmhoGm;atmifvkyfvdk@&yg w,f? cifAsm;&Jh tvGef&dk;&Sif;wJh twWADZpdwfudk awG@wmeJ@cifAsm;wefbdk;xm;r_awGudk vufeuftjzpfoHk;vdk@&+yD? cifAsm; axmifusrSmudka=umufwm/ axmifxJu apmEdkifor#apmapmjyefxGufcsifwm--pwmawG[musaemfwdk@twGufta&;r}uD;awmhygbl;? cifAsm;u pum;ajymcsif pdwfr&Sdbl;? udk,fhudk,fudk umuG,fcsifw,f/ 'grSr[kwfvnf; cifAsm;wdk@wdkufyGJ&Jh&nf&G,fcsufeJ@enf;vrf;awG[m b,favmufrGefjrwfoef@pifw,fqdkwm ajymaumif; ajymvdkvdrfhr,f? bmbJjzpfjzpfav cifAsm;pum;ajymvm+yDqdk&if +yD;wmbJ?

uJ³³³ck cifAsm;eJ@usaemf ESpfa,mufpum;ajym=uawmhr,f?usaemfuawmh aoaocsmcsm ppfaq;prf;oyfcH+yD;om; enf;a[mif;}uD;awGoHk;rSmbJ? tHh=op&maumif;wmu tJ'Denf;a[mif;}uD;awGu (90)&mE_ef;avmuf tvkyfjzpfw,fAs?

81 KGB and NKVD


cifAsm;udk,fcifAsm; 'DtajctaeeJ@ aeom;wusjzpfatmifvkyfvdkufygOD;? tvsifrvdkygeJ@av? 'Dpmydk'fawGudk aocsmtcsdef,lzwfyg?tcsufwcsuf+yD;wdkif; c%em;+yD;pOf;pm;yg? pdwWaZ' jyZmwfav;wyk'fvdkvkyf+yD; pOf;pm;yg? usaemfhae&mrSm oli,fcsif;wa,mufudk ppfckdif;+yD;upm;=unfhyg? usaemfhar;cGef;awGudk ouf&Sdvlwa,muf&Jh toH=um;&awmh ydktouf0ifwmaygh? cifAsm;&Jhwkef@jyefyHkawGudk jyefqef;ppfyg? apm'uwufcsifpdwfudk }udK;pm;+yD;azsmufyg? usaemfhudk&Sif;jyzdk@/ vufcHvmatmifvkyfzdk@ rpOf;pm;ygeJ@? usaemfu t+rJwrf;rSefwJh vl? wdwfqdwfaewJh txJrSm cifAsm;&JhpdwfxJ cifAsm;&JhtajzawGudk jyefem;axmif=unfhyg?

+yD;awmhrS cifAsm;odyfpdwf&_wfoGm;wJh tcsdefav;awGudk jyefpOf;pm;=unfhyg? rdwfaqGawGeJ@ bma=umifhjzpf&ovJqdkwJh tajzudk wdkifyifaqG;aEG;=unfhyg? tcufcJqHk;tajctaeawGrSmawmif cifAsm;yg;pyfydwfaezdk@vdkw,f?

wae@us&if ' D[mawG[m toH k ;0i faumif;0i fvmygwae@us&if ' D[mawG[m toH k ;0i faumif;0i fvmygwae@us&if ' D[mawG[m toH k ;0i faumif;0i fvmygwae@us&if ' D[mawG[m toH k ;0i faumif;0i fvmygwae@us&if ' D[mawG[m toH k ;0i faumif;0i fvmygvdrf hr,f?vdrf hr,f?vdrf hr,f?vdrf hr,f?vdrf hr,f?

1) cifAsm; rajzbl;qdk&ifawmh cifAsm;udk usaemfwdk@u zrf;&awm hrSmbJ? tdrfjyefcsif&if ajymAsm³³³cifAsm; 'DpmapmifawGudk b,fu &cJhovJqdkwmudk

2) cifAsm;tr_u bmrSta&;r}uD;ygbl;? cifAsm; ckvdkacgif;rmae&ifom tpdk;&a&S@aeu zrf;zdk@ trdef@ay;awmhrSm? 'Dvdk


pmapmiftr_awG usaemfwdk@qDrSmwyHk}uD; pmapmifav;vufxJawG@&HkeJ@awmhb,fol@udkrS rzrf;ygbl;Asm? usaemfwdk@tawG@t}uHKt&awmh b,fol@qDuae/ b,fuae pmapmifawG&w,fvdk@ yGifhyGifhvif;vif;ajymwJh vl[m 'Djzef@csda&;xJrSm xJxJ0if0if rygwm aocsmw,f? olwdk@u zrf;avmufwJholawG r[kwfygbl;? vufum;orm;awGbJwdk@u pdwf0ifpm;wmyg? vufvDorm;awGudk *&krpdkufygbl;? pum;ajymzdk@ jiif;qefaewJholuawmh vufum;orm;bJ? cifAsm;vdkaygh? cifAsm;pdwfudk ajymif;vJatmifvkyfzdk@/ yg;pyfyGifhvmatmifvkyfzdk@ axmifxJrSm (3) vavmufawmh oGm;aevdkufOD;aygh?

3) cifAsm;udkzrf;&wm ckvdkzGif hajymzdk@ jiif;qefaevdk@bJ?cifAsm;udk OD; ‘u’}uD;&hJxGufqdkcsufzwfjyr,f? olu 'DudpPxJrSm cifAsm;xuf trsm;}uD;ydkvkyfcJ hwJholqdkwmcifAsm;odygw,f? 'gayr,fh ck ol vGwfoGm;+yDav?

4) cifAsm;ckvdkxGufcsufay;zdk@jiif;qefaewmudk b,fw&m;&Hk;ujzpfjzpf/ tpdk;&a&S@aeujzpfjzpf tjypf&Sdw,fvdk@,lqp&m jzpfvmvdrfhr,f? 'g &mZ0wfusifhxHk;Oya'u qdkxm;wmbJ? jypfr_usL;vGef+yD; jypfr_usL; vGefol&Jh pdwfaeoabmxm; b,fvdk&Sdw,fqdkwmudk b,fw&m;&Hk;ujzpfjzpf/tpdk;&a&S@aeujzpfjzpf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;rSmawmh oHo,jzpfp&mrvdkbl;? txl;ojzifh jypfr_usL;vGef+yD;a=umif;0efcHwJholawG/ ppfa=uma&;t&m&SdawGudk tr_ta=umif;tcsuftvufjynfhjynfhpHkpHk ajymjyolawGudkaygh? 'g[m


tr_udk w&m;&Sifv$wfzdk@/ y vyfzdk@ 'grS r[kwfrv$Jruif;om&Hk;a&mufoGm;&ifvnf; oufouf!Sm!Sm pD&ifzdk@ vHkavmufwJhta=umif;awGbJ? cifAsm; csufcsif; xGufcsufay;ovm;/ tawmf=um=umppf+yD;rS vaygif;tawmf=umrSxGufcsufay;rvm;qdkwm w&m;&Hk;twGuf ta&;r}uD;ygbl;?

5) [kwfvdkufavAsm cifAsm;u ol&Jaumif;jzpfcsifvdk@ yg;pyfydwfaewmudk;? cifAsm;u ydkvefaygifrkef@udkpm;+yD; &efolwa,mufvdkE_wfydwfxm;awmhwmudk;? tck'DrSm cifAsm;udk vmpum;ajymaewm tjypfuif;olawGudk a&G;xkwfzdk@/ydkvefjynf}uD;udkulnDcsifayr,fh toHk;cscHae&olawGudkwu,fh &efoltppfawGeJ@ cGJxkwfzdk@bJ? at;--rif;uawmh&efolbJ? wdk@vkyf+yDqdk&ifawmh rif;roufombl; rSwfaya&mh?

6) rif;touf(30)&Sd+yDaemf?a,mufsm;&Sdw,f? uav;ESpfa,mufeJ@? rif;udkaxmifcsvdk@&wJhtaxmuftxm;awG wdk@rSmwyHk}uD;&Sdw,f?ajratmuf pmapmifjzef@csdr_eJ@pGJcsufwifrvm;tpdk;&udkjzKwfcs&ef}uHpnfwJh&mZ0wfruif;aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGifyg0ifr_eJ@ pGJcsufwifrvm;?}udKufwmvkyfvdk@&w,f? 'kwd,tr_eJ@om&Hk;wif vdkufvdk@uawmppfcHk&Hk;eJ @ppfrSm?atmuff xpf (5)ESpfbJ? (5)ESpfqdkwm trsdK;orD;wa,muftwGufawmh tawmf=umwmaemh? a,musfm;wa,muf


xuf pm&ifayghav³³³? axmifuxGufvm&if axmifuESdyfpufvdkufvdk@ vluvnf;a=umifawmifawmifjzpfae/&kyfuvnf; tdkemusaerSm? &mZ0wfr_eJ@ axmifxJa&mufvm+yD; ck rif;eJ@twlwl wcef;xJrSmaewJholawGudkar;=unfhprf;yg? axmif(5)ESpfus+yD; jyefxGufoGm;wJhrdef;rb,fESpfa,mufrsm; jyefp&mtdrf&Sdao;vdk@vJ? rif;a,mufsm;udkqdkvdkwmaemf? rif;eJ@igwdk@eJ@em;vnfr_av;wckavmufprf;=unfh=u&if raumif;bl;vm;? rif;vkyfay;&rSmu wckxJ? a'oqdkif&mtzGJ@tpnf;xJu rif;&JhtquftoG,fawGudk igwdk@udkajymjy/ 'dk@u twif;t=uyfqHk;v#dK@0Sufxm;rSmyg? +yD;awmh rif;udkigwdk@u pmapmifjzef@csdr_eJ@bJ qufppfr,f? 'gqdk qdkif;iHhaxmif'%f(2) ESp favmufeJ @w&m;&H k ;xJu tomav;vrf;av#mufxGufoGm;EdkifrSm aocsmw,f?

7) 'Dtr_rSm tjcm;olawG b,fvdkxGufqdkxm;w,f qdkwm igzwfjywm rif;=um;+yD;+yDr[kwfvm;/ rif;oli,fcsif;awGuawmh olwdk@tjypfudk 0efcHEdkfifavmufatmif&dk;om;=uw,fuG? at;av³³³ igajymwm oabmrwlvnf;/ b,folbJjzpfjzpf olwdk@owWdudkawmh av;pm;&rSmbJuG? tJ³³³ rif;uawmh vla=umufwJh/ owWdr&SdwJhaumif?

8) OD;‘u’}uD;eJ@awG@+yD;rSawmhrif;oli,fcsif;awGuolwdk@


odwm &dk;&d k;om;om; tukefajymae+yDqdkwm rif;oHo, jzpfp&mrvdkawmh ygbl;uGm? rif;wdk@ta=umif;wdk@tm;vHk;odxm;+yD;om;qdkwm rif; ckawmhod+yD r[kwfvm;? wu,ftawG@t}uHK&ifhwJh vufaxmufawGuawmh tazmfeJ@vkyfwJhtr_qdkwm tzrf;cH&wmeJ@ay:awmhrSmbJqdkwm aumif;aumif;odw,fuG? vlrsm;rsm;ygav wdk@twGufvG,fulavbJ? olv#dKr_/ aiGtvGJoHk;pm;r_/ vdrfvnfr_tm;vHk; 'Dvdkcsnf;bJ? rif;=unfhav'Dvdktr_rsdK;rSmtaES;eJ@tjrefwa,mufa,mufu pajymwmcsnf;bJuG? rif;wdk@tr_wGJbJ=unfhav/rif;wa,mufuvGJvdk@ vlwdkif;uajymae+yD? rif;awmhemawmhrSmbJ? =unfhav ³³³ tqHk;usawmh tm;vHk;uudk,fvGwf&Hk;=uawmhwmbJ? wa,mufudk wa,mufv$Jcsvdk@/ rajymwJholu "g;pmcHjzpfrSmbJ? aemufrSusaemfajymygawmhr,fqdk&if odyfaemufusoGm;+yDudk,fhvl? w&m;&Hk;uvnf; t&ifqHk;zGifhajymwJholudk ,HkwmbJuG? uJ--rif; oli,fcsif; OD;‘u’}uD;&Jh xGufqdkcsufudkjyef=unfh&atmif? oluajymawmh rif;u ol@udkvyfAvif (Lublin) eJ@ (Lodz) rSm csuGufaoawGpDpOfcdkif;cJhwmqdk? +yD;awmh rif;u bkef;awmf}uD; ³³³eJ@tpnf;ta0;vkyfzdk@vnf; csdef;cdkif;cJhao;w,fqdkbJ?


9) rif;urifhuav;udkrcspfbl;vm;? [kwfvm;/ rif;u uav;rxdef;csifbJ axmifxJrSmbJ aecsifwmudk;uG/ rifhuav;uawmh tdrfrSm wa,mufxJrae&Jvdk@ tdrfeD;em;csif;awGqD idk+yD;wae@vHk; av#mufoGm;aew,f? rifhudk uav;tkyfxdef;cGifh &kwfodrf;vdkuf+yD; uav;udk rdbrJha*[m ydk@vdkufwmbJaumif;r,f? 'gu taumif;qHk;jzpfrSmbJ?

10) uJ³³³'gawG yGifhyGifhvif;vif;pm&if;&Sif;=u&atmifav?rif;taemuf*smreDudk ypPnf;wcsdK@ydk@cJhw,fqdkwm igwdk@aumif;aumif;odygw,fuG? 'Dvrf;a=umif;udkvnf; igwdk@odygw,f? wefjyefaxmufvSrf;a&;Xmeu ay;wJhowif;t& rif;u 'Dvrf;a=umif;uwqifh trsdK;om;vHk+cHKa&;eJ@ ywfoufwJh owif;tcsuftvufawG ydk@cJhw,fwJh? olv#dKr_eJ@ w&m;pGJrcHcsif&ifawmh wvrf;bJ&Sdw,f? 'DypPnf;awG rif;udkb,folu ay;cJhw,fqdkwmwdk@udkajymuGm? tJ'Dvlu rif;udkolay;cJhwm[m omrefvufurf;pmapmifav;awGygvdk@om oufaojyEdkif&ifwdk@u aemufwae@ v$wfay;rSmaygh?

11) rif;u wu,fhudk,Hk=unfcsufeJ@ pdwf"gwftjynfheJ@ vkyfwm igwdk@uodygw,f? rif; 't' wm? tawG@t}uHKr&Sdwm? vkyfcsifudkifcsifpdwf&SdwmawGudk olwdk@u toHk;csoGm;wmbJ? rif;udk 'Dvkyfief;awGxJ qGJoGif;olu


vnf; wcsdK@tcsufawGudk eJeJ‘um;’ajymw,fuGm?(1980) =o*kwfv rwdkifcif(Gdansk) oabFmusif;tygt0if qENjyyGJrsm; woD}uD;jzpfcJh+yD;/ ‘aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@’ay:ayguf vmonfhtcsdefu wcsdK@tpdk;&qHk;jzwfcsufawG rw&m;bl;qdkwm igwdk@oabmwlygw,f? tJ'Daemufydkif;vnf; 'DvdkygbJqdkwm [kwfygw,fuGm/ bmbJjzpfjzpfav rif;uawmh olwdk@toHk;csoufouf jzpfae+yD? rif;uawmh olwdk@b,folawGvJ/olwdk@EdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufawGu bmawGvJ/ olwdk@rSmb,fvdktquftoG,fawG&Sdaew,fqdkwm rif;uawmhrod&Smbl;? OyrmuGm³³³rif;wdk @‘aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@’ e,fajrcHt}uHay;[m pwmvifacwfu &J&Jawmuf bk&m;rJh0g'Dqdkwm rif;odvm;? *dkrlum(Gomulka) acwfu 0dkif;Zif;o,f (AD,ifem&Hk;pdkufemZDrkqdk; Simon Wiesenthal) &Jh olv#dKjzpfcJhbl;wmrif;odvm;? taemufEdkifiHb%frSm pm&if;zGifhxm;wmrif;odvm;? abmufpf0yf*Gef; um;}uD;pD;aewmaumrif;odvm;? oluawmh ol@woufwmzlvHkae+yDuG? rif;&Jh &dk;&dk;ukwfukwf aeygw,fqdkwJh acgif;aqmif}uD; OD;‘u’}uD;uvnf;v#dK@0SufcsufawGeJ@bJuG? rm&S,favmumvu rif;wdk@tkyfpktwGuf taxmuftyHh tultnDawGa':vmb,favmuf&cJhw,fqdkwm rif;wdk@udk


ajymjycJhzl;ovm;? b,fol@qDu&w,fqdkwmaum rajymbl;vm;? jiif;r&wJh oufaocHawG =unfhcsifao;ovm;?

12) rif;rSmuav;&Sdvm;/ r&Sdbl;[kwfvm;? 0rf;enf;ygw,fuGm? igarhoGm;vdk@yg/ aumif;wmaygh? tJ'godyfaumif;wmaygh? vleJeJbJcH&av aumif;avayhguGm?'gayr,fh wckawmh&Sdw,f? rif;tjypf&oGm;&ifawmhaoG;qHk;ae+yDaemh/ uav;&zdk@ tcGifhtvrf;r&Sdawmhbl;ayghuGm?

13) rif;udkppfaq;vdk@&wJh tcsuftvufawGeJ@ rif;udk olv#dKr_eJ@ &Hk;wifvdk@&w,f? rif;tr_udk ppfcHk&Hk;udkv$Jvdk@&w,fqdkwmrif;odvm;? puf&Hk‘u’}uD;[m ppfypPnf;xkwfvkyfr_rSm ywfoufaew,fqdkwm rif;odvm;? P8Xmeu bmawGvkyfaew,fqdkwmaum rif;odvm;?rodbl; r[kwfvm;? P8 puf&Hktvkyform;awGxJub,folawG rif;qDu aiGeJ@tpm;tpmawG &aew,fqdkwm igwdk@odw,f? ‘tzdESdyfcHrsm;twGuf tultnD’vdk@awmh emrnfcHwmayghuGm? olwdk@csif; b,fvdk tjyeftvSef qufoG,fr_&S dw,fqdkwm rif;rodbl;? 'gaxmufvSrf;a&;vkyfief;uG/ rif; igwdk@ajymwm,HkyguGm?ppfvufeufxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;u tvkyfjzKwfcH&olawG&JhtrnfawG/ vdyfpmawG&r,fqdk&if b,f axmuf


vSrf;a&;tzGJ@urqdk aiGay;rSmbJuG? b,fol t&ufaomufvGefvdk@ tvkyfjzKwfcH&w,fqdkwmawmif olwdk@u odcsifao;w,f? oydwform;awmh rajymeJ@awmhayghuGm? rif; igajymwmem;axmifprf;yg? axmufvSrf;a&;at*sifpDwcktwGufolwdk@tm;vHk;[m tvm;tvm&Sdaom olv#dKawGbJ? rif;u tJ'Dolv#dKpk aqmif;a&;vkyfief;rSmygaewm rif;odvm;? rif;u rodvdk@ vkyfaewmvm;? olv#dKvkyfief; Zmwf&_wf}uD;xJygaewmudk rodavmufatmif 't' aewmvm;awmh igwdk@rodbl;ayghuGm? rif;udk igwdk@ rsm;rsm;rar;ygbl;? 'Dukodkvfjzpfvkyfief;rSm rif;tjyifb,folygao;vJ qdkwmudk iguodcsifwmyg? 'gav;ygbJuG? 'gu wu,fudkukodkvfjzpfvkyfief; tppfjzpfw,fqdk&if b,folrS rxdcdkufap&ygbl;? rif;udkawmh wckowday;vdkufr,f? rif;udk wdk@v$wfay;vdkuf+yD; odyfr=umcif rif; rawmfwqr_wckckeJ@awG@r,f? 'grSr[kwfvnf; udk,fhtdrfrSm aoa=umif;}uHwmudkbJjzpfjzpf awG@&vdrfhr,f? axmufvSrf;a&;XmeawGu olwdk@bmvkyf&r,fqdkwm aumif;aumif; odw,fuG?

14) rif;udk OD;‘u’u aiGawGc%c%ay;wmigwdk@odygw,fuG tJ'DxJu wcsdK@eJ@rif;uaq;qdk;yef;&d kuftvkyf&Hkav;axmifzdk@/ usefwJhydkufqHudk txdef;odrf;cHrdom;pk


awGudk axmufyHhzdk@ayghuGm? OD; ‘u’}uD; u&dk;ygw,fuG/oluwdk@udktukefvHk;tao;pdwfajymjyw,f?a':vmeJ@taemuf*smref‘rwf’aiGawG b,frSmvJw,f? ydkvefZavmhwD b,favmuf&w,fqdkwm igwdk@tukef odw,f? rif;uol@udk vufusef &Sif;wrf;ray;vdk@eJeJawmhpdwfylaew,fuG? b,fol@udk b,favmufay;vdkuf&w,fqdkwm rif;u wdk@udkrajymbl;ayghav? at; ³³³aumif;ygw,fuGm? 0g'jzef@csda&;twGufawmh 'Dvdkjzpfwmydkaumif;wmayghuGm? rif;udk tao;pm;aiGtvGJoHk;pm;vkyfol/ vlvdrftjzpfeJ@ igwdk@u&Hk;wifr,f?odyfudkaumif;wJh tr_ayghuGm? "}uD;rdkufvl&_yf}uD;or*~ ydkufqH,l+yD;awmh ajratmufol&Jaumif; [efaqmifjcif;"ayghuGm? nuvyfawGrSm rif;b,fvdk ydkufqHjzKef;cJhw,fqdkwm usrf;}udrf+yD; oufaoxGufr,fholawGwyHk}uD;&Sdaew,fqdkwm rif;odw,fr[kwfvm;? wdk@twGuf tvkyfvkyf ay;aewJh zmawG trsm;}uD;&Sdw,fqdkwm rif;odygw,f? rif;rSm a&G;p&m(2)ckbJ&Sdw,f?wdk@ar;wmajz+yD; aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&; tzGJ@0ifawGudk&Hk;wifwJh tr_wGJxJygrvm;? EdkifiHa&;t& odyfudkta&;}uD;wJh/ xif&Sm;wJhyk*~dKvfawGeJ@ twlaygh uGm? 'grSr[kwfOD;aESmufr&SdbJ ckvdk jiif;ae+yD; w&m;cH0uf+cHxJrSm xdkifrvm;? 0gaqmw+rdK@vHk;u zmawGu rif;tr_twGuf


oufaoxGuf=urSmuG? pOf;pm;ayghuGm rif;a&G;wJhtwdkif;ygbJ?

15) rif; tckvdk acgif;rmwm/ E_wfqdwfaewm[m rif;wa,mufxJemrSm r[kwfbl;/ wjcm;vlawGvnf; emrSm? rif;tcef;u wdk@&SmawG@wJh vufurf;pmapmifa&S@tzHk;rSm a': ‘c’ acG;&Jhzkef;eHygwf awG@xm;w,fuG? wdk@u ol@udkzrf;xm;+yD;+yD? olu odyf+yD;pdwf"gwf}uH@cdkifolr[kwfbl;qdkwm rif;odygw,f? ol@rSm uav; wa,mufvnf; usefcJhw,fuG? ol@qDu xGufcsuf wdk@&xm;+yD;+yD? reufzefus&ifol@udk axmifxJrSm qufxm;rvm;§v$wfypfrvm;qdkwm wdk@qHk;jzwfr,f?uHqdk;csifawmh ol@xGufcsufawGu a0hvnfa=umifywfeJ@ odyftm;aysmhvGef;w,f? tpdk;&a&S@aeu ol@udkaxmifxJrSmbJ qufxm;awmhrSm igpdk;&drfw,fuGm?rif; wdk@ar;wmrajzbl;qdk&if/ ol@zkef;eHygwfudk b,fu&cJhw,fqdkwm rajymbl;qdk&ifawmh tpdk;&a&S@aeu'DvdkbJ vkyf&awmhrSmbJ?

16) rif;&Jh tcspfqHk;rdwfaqG r‘*’i,f&JhxGufcsufa=umifhtckvdk tzrf;cH&w,fqdkwm rif;aumif;aumif;odygw,f? olu=um=umrcHEdkifbl;avuGm?oluwdk@udk&dk;&dk;om;om;jynfhjynfhpHkpHk xGufcsufvnf;ay;+yD;a&m wcgxJ &kwfw&uf t&kyf}udK;jywfusoGm;awmhwmbJ?


owfaozd k @ }ud K;pm;awmhwmbJ? wd k @ p dwfa&m*gq&m0efuajymwmawmhpdwfusa&m*gwJh?ol@udktcktxl;aqmifrSmxm;vdkuf+yD? tJ'D taqmif&Jhtajctaeuusef;rmoefpGrf;wJh a,musfm;wa,mufawmif &ifqdkifzdk@rvG,fbl;? 'Daumifrav;udk rif;u rif;&Jh tpdk;&qef@usifa&;tkyfpkxJxnfhvdkufwmwdk@odygw,f?rif;uol@txufu/ ckawmh 'Duav;rav;&Jh aemifa&;urif;vufxJrSm? rif;qDu wdk@xGufcsuf&&if/tif; ³³³qdkygawmhuGm ³³³rif;u ol@udk *'ef@ (Gdansk) oabFmusif;udk oHk;av;acgufv$wfw,f? ajratmuf pmapmifawGjzef@cs d&mrSm eJeJyg;yg;avmuf ygcJ hw,fqdkwmavmufeJ@qdk&ifawmh wdk@u ol@udk csufcsif;v$wfvdkufrSmbJ? wdk@udk ,HkyguGm? wdk@uvnf; axmifxJrSm ckvdkowfaowmawG c%c%rjzpf apcsifygbl;? oluawmh cktcsdefrSm bmrqdkvkyfEdkifw,faem? uJ³³³wdk@wa,mufudkwa,muf em;vnfEdkif+yDvm;? tvGefoem;p&maumif;wJh pdwfusa&m*g&aewJh rdef;uav;wa,muf&Jh vGwfajrmufa&;[m rif;vufxJrSm&Sdaew,fqdkwmudk?

17) rif;eJ@aphpyfxm;wJh/ rif;eJ@twlzrf;rdwJh aumifrav;urif;ud k umuG,fz d k @awmh }ud K ;pm;aewmbJuG?oluwdk@udkajymjywmawmhtawmf=um+yDuG?ol@xGufcsufxJ


u wcsdK@udk wdk@zwfjyr,f? tcspfpdwfv$rf;aewJh rdef;rawG xHk;pHayghuGm? olvkyfcJhwmawG yHk}uD;csJ@ajym/ rif;vkyfcJhwmawG av#mhajym? 'DyHktwdkif;qdk oluawmh axmif'%ftawmfwefae+yDuG? rif;odwJhtwdkif;bJ olurvnfbl;av? vlwdkif;uvnf; rif;vdk acgif;rrmbl;?ightawG@t}uHKt&ajym&&if/ igrif;udk ajym &§r&awmhrodbl;ayghuGm? rif; Bridge zJ upm;wwfvm;? upm;wwfw,f[kwfvm;? ajymjyprf;yguGm? aumif;aumif;upm;wwfwmeJ@ nHhnHhupm;wwfwm b,f[muydkvG,fovJqdkwm em;axmifprf;? rif;om wu,faumif;aumif;upm;wwf&if yGJudk a&S@uOD;aqmif&w,fuG? rif;omajymr,fqdk&if rif;xGufcsuftwdkif;igu 'Daumifrav;udk ppf&rSmbJ? ol@xGufcsuftwdkif;ppfp&mrvdkbl;? wu,fawmh ig rif;udk tckvdk&Sif;rjy&bl;? rif;udk *k%foa&&Sdvl}uD;vlaumif;vdk@ igrxifbl;uG? zmacgif;awmif rif;xufydk+yD; udk,fhoduQmudk,fxdef;Edkifao;w,f? b,fvdkvJ? ajratmufawmfvSefa&;orm; ol&Jaumif;}uD;&Jh? xGD³³³ tvum; aumif?aumifrav;u ol@udk,folyHkcsaeor# rif;u at;at;aq;aq; xdkifapmifhvdk@?

18) tpdk;&qef@usifa&;pm&Gufpmwrf;awGudk rif;tcef;(rif;rSm tcef;vnf;r&Sdygbl;)u rdwmr[kwfbl;? rif;


rdbawG&Jhtcef;u rdw,fqdkwm rif;odw,fr[kwfvm;? rif;taz b,frSmvkyfw,f/ ol@&mxl;u bmqdkwm rif;odygw,f? rif;uawmh 'Dpm&Gufpmwrf;awGb,fu&w,fqdkwm wdk@udkckxdrajymao;bl;? 'gqdk&if'gawGudkrif; tazqDu&w,fvdk@ ajym&rSmbJ? [kwfw,f r[kwfvm;? igwdk@uawmh 'Dvrf;ajrSmifav;udk&Smzdk@ qHk;jzwfxm;+yD;+yD? igajymwm ,Hkprf;yguGm? wdk@uvkyfr,fqdk&if/ vkyf+yDqdk&if rifhtazawmh udpPtjywfbJ? igtrSwfrrSm;bl;qdk&if rif;tazu yifpif,lzdk@(2)ESpfbJ vdkawmhwmbJ? [kwfw,f r[kwfvm;?

19) rif;u i,fvnf;i,f ^m%fvnf;xufwJh rdef;uav;wa,mufbJ? rif;rSm t,ltqawG/ ,Hk=unfcsufawG/ tpDtpOfawG&SdrSmbJ? 'gayr,fh ppfa=uma&; wav#mufvHk; rif;u wu,fh iwHk;wa,muf vdkygbJvm;? wckck ,lchJw,f? wckckudk tjcm;wae&mudkv$Jay;vkdufw,f? wa,mufa,mufeJ@ awG@cJhw,f/'gbJ? wjcm;vlawGxGufcsufuwckckawmh tajzxGufwmyJ? Oyrmtm;jzifhuGm³³³ ‘u’}uD;uqdk ol@EdkifiHa&;tjrif awGudk tpD&ifcHpm t&Snf}uD; a&;ay;w,f?'gqdk wdk@uvnf; ol@udkEdkifiHa&;orm;wa,muftjzpf&Hk;wifvdk@&wmaygh?rif;usawmhol@&Jhr,m;ajratmufvkyfief;oHk;,m,Dtazmf rdef;uav;wa,muf tjzpf


bJajymvkd@&awmhrSm? 'D[murif;eJ@vdkufyghrvm;qdkwmigawmhodyfraocsmbl;?

20) ‘ajratmuftzGJ’qdkwJhxJu rif;oli,fcsif;awG vkyfaeyHkuawmh wu,fhudk taysmfwrf;qefvGef;w,f?ajratmufpnf;urf;awGudkvnf; rvdkufembl;? rif;t&ifwcgtzrf;cH&wmvnf; 'DaumifawG ayghayghqqvkyfvdk@/ toHk;rusvdk@bJ? rif;uawmh olwdk@xuftrsm;}uD;omw,f? yg&*lwa,mufbJqdkwm igwdk@odw,f? rif;a&;xm;wJh pnf;urf;awG('D[m rif;a&;w,fqdkwm igwdk@odygw,fuG? ‘u’}uD;u ajymxm;+yD;+yD?)twdkif; vdkufem&if rif;wdk@tpkudk rdzdk@rvG,fbl;?uHqdk;csifawmh rif;u tvum;aumifawGeJ@oGm;aygif;rdwmudk;uG? rif;uawmh wu,fhvlawmfyg? wdk@u tvkyfudk aocsmvkyfwwf wJholawGudk oabmusygw,f? w&m;&Hk;ppfcsuf rSwfwrf;awG[m(wjcm; rif;a&S@utpkawGvdkbJ) wcsdefus ordkif;okawoDawGtwGuf ordkif;0ifypPnf;jzpfrSm aocsmw,f? tJ'Dordkif;okawoDawGu rif;wdk@tpkudkwu,fhpnf;&Hk;r_&dSwhJEd kifiHa&;t&&ifhusufwJhtpktjzpfjrifapcsifovm;?iayg tkyfpkwpktjzpf jrifapcsifovm;? ordkif;0ifusefap csif&ifrif;wdk@tpkudktaumif;jrif apcsif&if


ajymuGm? rif;wdk@ owif;pmjzef@csda&;uGef,uf b,fvdkwnf aqmufxm;w,f qdkwmudk?

21) rif;u 'kwd,vdkif;xJrSmygw,f? aemifrSm ykvdyfeJ@ppfom;awGudk "gwfqDyHk;awGeJ@ypfr,fholawGaygh? rif;vdkaumifawG awG@zl;aygif;rsm;+yDuGm? a[haumif³³³'D'kwfudk=unfhprf;/ [dkzufvSnfhroGm;ygeJ@uG? ighvlawGu rif;udk bmrSrvkyfygbl;? wdk@rSm tcsdeftrsm;}uD;&Sdw,f?trsm;}uD;&Sdw,f/ em;axmifprf; 'gawG rif;udk b,folay;wmvJ?

22) rif;a&S@u pmtkyfudk=unfhprf;? 'gbmvJ? b,fola&;wmvJ? bmvdk@a&;wmvJ? rif;u yg;pyfydwfaew,fayghav? aumif;vdkufwmuGm³³³? rif;u ckvdk aocsmyg;pyfydwfxm;zdk@avhusifhoif=um; cHxm;&olbJ? t&ifwHk;uawmh KOR vufurf;pmapmifqdkwm &SdcJhbl;w,fuG?tJ'DxJrSm Oya'jyXmef;csufawGxJu xkwfE_wf+yD;/ trsdK;rsdK;vdrfaumuf+yD;zGifhqdkxm;wJh zGifhqdkcsufawG ygw,f? ‘EdkifiHom;ESifhv#dK@0Sufykvdyf’qdkwJh tcef;rsdK;aygh?rif;a&S@u [mbJav? tJ'g bmvnf;qdkwm rif;odvm;? 'g olv#dKvkyfief;twGuf pHuswJh !$ef=um;v$mbJ? zrf;rdwJhtcsdef olv#dKwa,muf bmvkyf&r,fqdkwJh

82 (1976 ckESpfwGif zGJ@pnf;cJhaom tvkyform;umuG,fa&;aumfrwD NOWaxkwfa0a&; vkyfief;udk &nfnGef;onf?)


vufpG JpmapmifbJ? 'DvufpG Jpmapmif&J h tajccHubmvJqdkwm rif;odvm;? 'DrSm tJ'D!$ef=um;csufrdwWL?CIA ta&S@Oa&myXmecGJuaewdk@&JhwefjyefaxmufvSrf;a&;u &cJhwm? ‘OD;aESmuftaq;cH&jcif;udk wkef@jyef&mwGif tm;xm;Edkifaom avhusifhcef;tjzpf tm&Hka=umavhusifhcef;’qdkwmbJ? rif;a&S@u pmapmifeJ@ tcktcsuftvufawGeJ@wdkuf=unfhav? tcsuf(22)csufvHk;[mtwlwlbJ? rwlbl;vm;/ rif;uawmh E_wfqdwfaewkef;bJ? olv#dKvufpG JxJu !$ef=um;csufawGtwdkif; vdkufemaewkef;bJr[kwfvm;? ?


BIBLIOGRAPHY

akcja N. Wspomnienia 1941-1944 [Action N.Recollection of 1941-1944]. Pracazbiorowa. Warszawa.Czytelnik, 1972.

Bartoszewski Wladyslaw. Tajny ruch wydawniczy wWarszawie w latach 1939-1944 [ClandestinePublishing Activity in Warsaw, 1939-1944]. Studiawarszawie, Warszawalat wojny I okupacji. Zeszyt 3,1974.

Bartoszewski Wladyslaw. Organizacja malegosabotazu "Wawer" w warszawie (1940-1944) [The"Wawer" a Small Sabotage Organization in Warsaw(1940-1944). Najnowsze dzieje Polski, Materialy I studiazolerus II wojny swiatowej.Vol. X. 1966.

Drogi cichociemnych. [Roads of Grey and SilentSoldiers] Opwiadania zebrine I opracowane przez Kolo


Spadochroniarzy Armii Krajowej. Wyd. 3. Londyn. 1972.Veritas.

Jankowski Stanislaw. Z falszywym ausweisem wprawdziwej Waszawie [With a false ID in the TrueWarsaw]. Tom 1-2. Warszawa. 1980. PIW.

Korbonski Stefan. W imieniu Rzeczpospolitej [In thename of the the Republic]. Toronto. 1979. PolskieTowarzystwo Podziemne.

Kreczmar Jan. Sytuacja aktora w okupowanejWarszawie [The Situation of an Actor in occupiedWarsaw]. Odrodzenie nr 6/7. 1944.

Kucharzewski Jan. Od bialego do czerwonego caratu[From White to Red History]. Londyn. 1958. Veritas.

Kumar Emil, Wycinek z historii jednego zycia [Part ofOne Man’s Life History]. Warszawa. 1967. Pax.

Nowak jan (Zdzislaw jezioranski). Kurier z Warszawy[A courier form warsaw] Warszawa. 1979. NOWa.


Solzenitzyn Alexander. Archipelag Gualg [The GulagArchipelago]. Paryz 1974.lnstytut Literacki.

Strzembosz Tomasz. Odbijanie Wieznioe w Warszawie1939. 1944 [The Liberation of poisoners in Warsaw1939.1944]. Warszawa 1972. PWN.

Strzembosz. Tomasz. Spoleczne I psychologizneproblemy zolnierzy warszawskie dywersji [SocialPsychlogical Problems of Soldiers in WarsawSubversive Units]. Rocznik Warszawski. Tom XIV 1976.

Szarota Tomasz. Okupowanej dzien powszedni[Everyday Life in ccupied warsaw]. Warszawa, 1978,Wyd. 2. Czytelnik.

Walka o dobra kultury. Warszawa 1939-1945 [TheStruggle Over Cultural Treasuies. Warsazawa 1939-1945]. Pod red. St. Lorentza. Tom 1-2. Warszawa. 1970.PIW.Wojewodzki Michal. W tajnych drukarniach Warszawy1939-1944. Wspomnienia [In Warsaw’s ClandestinePrinting Shops 1939-1944. Recollections]. Warszawa.1970. PIW.


Zaremba Zygmunt . Wojna I konspiracja [War andConspiravy]. Londyn. 1957. Druk. B. Swiderski.

Z dziejow podziemnego Universytetu warszawskiego[From the History of the Uniderground WarsawUniversity]. Warszawa. 1961. Iskry.

Pon Kan Thu Lay

Documents

Transcript of Pon Kan Thu Lay