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![Page 1: Polymer Chemistry PhD Halina Falfushynska. Classification Protein, Nucleic acid, Polysaccharide A. Natural B. Synthetic PET, Polyurethane, Polyethylene.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e225503460f94b0f1b7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Polymer Chemistry
PhD Halina FalfushynskaPhD Halina Falfushynska
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Classification
Protein, Nucleic acid, Polysaccharide
A. Natural
B. Synthetic
PET, Polyurethane , Polyethylene
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Application of polymeric materials
PE milk bottles Polyamide bulletproof vests Polyurethane artificial heart Fluorinated phosphazene elastomer for arctic environments
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Examples of monomers and polymers
Monomer Polymer
HOCH2CH2OH
HO CO2H
CH2CH2
CH2CH2O
CH2CH2O
O C
O
CH2 CH2
CH2 CHCl CH2CH2
Cl
H2C CH2
O
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Definitions
A. Acoording to the amount of repeating units
monomer : one unit
oligomer : few
polymer : many (poly – many, mer – part)
telechelic polymer : polymer containing reactive end group
(tele = far, chele = claw)
telechelic oligomer : oligomer containing reactive end group
macromer(=macro monomer) : monomer containing long chain
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Chain growth polymerization : Addition polymerization molecular weights increase successively, one by one monomer Ring-opening polymerization may be either step or chain reaction
Polymerization Processes B. Modern classification of polymerization according to polymerization mechanism Step growth polymerization : Polymers build up stepwise
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The total number of repeating units contained terminal group
C. The kinds of applied monomers
B. DP : Degree of polymerization
One kind : Homopolymer
Two kinds : Copolymer
Three kinds : Terpolymer
Definitions
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Representation of polymer types
(a) linear (b) branch
(c) network
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(c)ladder polymer
(b) comb polymer (a) star polymer
(d) semi- ladder (or stepladder) polymer
Representation of polymer architectures
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Representation of polymer architectures
(f) polycatenane (e) polyrotaxane
(g) dendrimer
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The swelling capacity of a polymer
• amount of liquid material that can be absorbed
• Beaker test method• Tea bag test method
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diagrammatic representation of part of the polymer network. When water is added to SAP there is a polymer/solvent interaction; hydration and the formation of hydrogen bonds are two of these interactions
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Kinetics of polymer swelling
1 – unlimited swelling polymer or/and with low M2 – polymer with high M
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Beaker test method
• A small amount of superabsorbent polymer material is taken (0.1g) and it is placed in the beaker.
• 100 ml of doionised water is poured into the beaker.
• After 20 min the swollen polymer was separated by using filter paper
• By weighing the polymer, one can find the swollen capacity of the SAP material.
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Degree of swelling
0
0
0
0
V
VV
m
mm
mo – mass of polymer at the beginning,m - mass of polymer at the end
dt
dm
Velocity of swelling
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Tea bag test method
• Take 0.1g of SAP material and put the bag suspended over the excess watered beaker
• Note the time 20 min. And weigh the bag • The percentage of swelling:• (w2-w1)/(w1) % w1= weight of the polymer (Before swelling) w2= weight of the polymer (After swelling)
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Abbreviations
PVC Poly(vinyl chloride)
HDPE High-density polyethylene LDPE Low-density polyethylene PET Poly(ethylene terephthalate)
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Codes for Plastics
• 1 – PETE – soft drink bottles• 2 – LDPE – plastic bags, toys• 3 – PVC – water pipes• 4 – HDPE – milk jugs • 5 – PP – bottle caps• 6 – PS – styrofoam
1
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Commodity Plastic
Type Abbreviation Major Uses
Low-density polyethylene
High-densityPolyethylene
Polypropylene
Poly(vinyl chloride)
Polystyrene
LDPE
HDPE
PP
PVC
PS
Packaging film, wire and cable insulation, toys, flexible bottles housewares, coatings
Bottles, drums, pipe, conduit, sheet, film, wire and cable insulation
Automobile and appliance parts, furniture, cordage, webbing, carpeting, film packaging
Construction, rigid pipe, flooring, wire and cable insulation, film and sheet
Packaging (foam and film), foam insulation appliances, housewares, toys
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a. The world consumption of synthetic polymers : 150 million metric tons per year.
1) Plastics : 56%
2) Fibers : 18%
3) Synthetic rubber : 11%
4) Coating and Adhesives : 15%
b.Styrene-butadiene copolymer
Synthetic rubber, PET Fiber (polyester)
Latex paint Plastic (bottle)
1.8 Industrial Polymers
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Plastics
1) Commodity plastics LDPE, HDPE, PP, PVC, PS
2) Engineering plastics Acetal, Polyamide, Polyamideimide, Polyarylate, Polybenzimidazole, etc.
3) Thermosetting plastics Phenol-formaldehyde, Urea-formaldehyde, Unsaturated polyester, Epoxy, Melamine-formaldehyde 4) Functional plastics Optics, Biomaterial, etc.
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Fibers
1) Cellulosic : Acetate rayon, Viscose rayon
2) Noncellulosic : Polyester, Nylon(Nylon6,6, Nylon6, etc), Olefin (PP, Copolymer(PVC 85%+PAN and others 15%;
vinyon))
3) Acrylic : Contain at least 80% acrylonitrile (PAN 80% + PVC and others 20%)
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Rubber (Elastomers)
1) Natural rubber : cis-polyisoprene
2) Synthetic rubber : Styrene-butadiene, Polybutadiene, Ethylene-propylene(EPDM), Polychloroprene,
Polyisoprene, Nitrile, Butyl, Silicone, Urethane
3) Thermoplastic elastomer : Styrene-butadiene block copolymer (SB or SBS)
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Coating and Adhesives
1) Coating : Lacquer, Vanishes, Paint (Oil or Latex), Latex
2) Adhesives : Solvent based, Hot melt, Pressure sensitive, etc.
Acrylate, Epoxy, Urethane, Cyanoacrylate
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Principal Types of Synthetic Rubber
Type
Styrene-butadiene
Polybutadiene
Ethylene- propylene
Polychloroprene
PolyisopreneNitrileButyl
Silicone
Urethane
Description
Copolymer of the two monomers in various proportions depending on properties desired; called SBR for styrene-butadiene rubberConsists almost entirely of the cis-1,4 polymer
Often abbreviated EPDM for ethylene-propylene-diene monomer; made up principally of ethylene and propylene units with small amounts of a diene to provide unsaturation
Principally the trans-1,4polymer, but also some cis-1,4 and 1,2 polymer; also known as neoprene rubber
Mainly the cis-1,4 polymer; sometimes called “synthetic natural rubber”Copolymer of acrylonitrile and butadiene, mainly the latterCopolyner of isobutylene and isoprene, with only small amounts of the LatterContains inorganic backbone of alternating oxygen and methylated silicon atoms; also called polysiloxane (Chap. 15)Elastomers prepared by linking polyethers through urethane groups (Chap. 13)
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27
You are made of biopolymer
R group varies one unit to the next
N
H
R
O
n
H
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28
The 4 levels of structure
• Primary: the sequence of the amino acids
• Secondary: helix, coil or random sheet (and a few others)
• Tertiary: folding of the unit, including –S-S- bridges
• Quaternary: how the blobs assemble
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The 4 levels of structure
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31
Biopolymers: Nucleic Acids
RNA DNA
CH2
O
PO
OH
O
OCH2
O
OH
PO O
OH
OCH2
O
PO O
OH
O
OPO
O
O
CH2
O
PO O
OH
O
OH
OH
N N
O
O
HU
N
N
N
N
NH
N N
O
NH2
OH
N
N
N
N
O
NH2
A
C
G
Ribose sugar Base
NN
NN
O
OP
O
O
OH
CH2
O
O
OPO
OH
CH2
O
O
OPO
OH
CH2
O
O
OPO
OH
CH2
O
PO O
O
N
N
CH3 O
O
H
N
NO
NH
H
N
N
NH
H
NN
O
NH
H
CH3
N
N
N
NNH
O
H
H
NN
NNH
H
N
N
O
O
H
N
NO
NH
H
O CH2
O
P OO
OH
O
O CH2
O
P O
OH
O
O CH2
O
P O
OH
O
O
O CH2
O
P O
OH
T
G
A
C
A
C
T
G
3'
5'
5'
3'
.....
......
...
........
.........
.....
........
..
.....
....
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Microencapsulation
• Micro-encapsulation is a process in which tiny particles or droplets are surrounded by a coating to give small capsules many useful properties.
• Ionotropic gelation
• In-situ polymerization
• Coacervation-phase separation
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CoacervationThe
phenomenon of forming a liquid rich in polymer phase in equilibrium with another liquid phase.
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Mechanism of coacervation
Secondary drop from primary “cluster”
Layering the solution with
coacervates top
Formation of primary droplets
with hydrated macromoleculars
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