Policy & Planning Actions to Internalize Societal Impacts of CV & AV Systems into Market Decisions
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Transcript of Policy & Planning Actions to Internalize Societal Impacts of CV & AV Systems into Market Decisions
NCHRP 20-102 (01)
Policy and Planning Actions to
Internalize Societal Impacts of
CV and AV Systems into Market
Decisions
Smart Transport Symposium
Center for Transportation Research
August 5, 2016
Research Team
TTI • Ginger Goodin,
Johanna Zmud – Co-PIs
• Trey Baker
• Jason Wagner
• Tina Geiselbrecht
• Laura Higgins
• Maarit Moran
• Mark Burris
RAND
• Nidhi Kalra
• James Anderson
• Liisa Ecola
• Paul Avery SwRI
University of Utah
• Dan Fagnant
Shelley Row Andre Weimerskirch (UMTRI)
Objective of this research
“To identify and assess policy and planning actions that state, regional, and local agencies could take to help the externalities of automated vehicle (AV) and connected vehicle (CV) technologies be internalized in market decisions made by individuals and organizations engaged in producing and consuming these technologies”
http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3934
Key Points
• Definition of AVs and CVs
– AVs: SAE Levels 3-5
– CVs: V2V, V2I
• The team did not create operating scenarios or use cases
• “Scales of implementation” important to oversight panel
– Level of government, geography, timeframe, technology driver, ownership model
Progress to Date
Task 2
CV & AV externalities
Task 3
Policy instruments
and planning actions
Task 4 Interim Report
Task 5
In-depth evaluation of policy
instruments and
planning actions
Task 6
Final deliverables
Task 1: Project Management --------------------------------------------------------------
Current Activity
Background
• AV and CV have the potential to profoundly change travel
– As producers make and sell vehicles, and as consumers purchase them, negative externalities could diminish
– They may also create risks or drawbacks, new negative externalities
• Society would benefit if governments were to implement actions to internalize externalities into decisions made by consumers or producers
Externalities of Interest
• Traffic crashes
• Congestion
• Air/noise pollution
• Land development
• Mobility for aging adults, those with disabilities
• Economic disruption
Synthesis of Enabling Actions for AVs
• Producers need to…
– Develop and sell safe and efficient AVs
– Act upon communications with road operators to ensure infrastructure to support safe and efficient operation
• Consumers need to …
– Purchase safe AVs and use them appropriately
– Not increase their appetite for travel or vehicle size
– Use shared AVs or use vehicles in coordination with transit
Synthesis of Enabling Actions for CVs
• Producers need to…
– Implement effective safety, mobility and environmental CV applications
• Consumers need to …
– Use safety, mobility and environmental CV applications widely and appropriately
Example: Policy Instruments to
Address Traffic Crashes Externality
Actions of Producers and Consumers
Economic Instruments Regulatory and Planning Instruments
Taxes Subsidies
and Grants Quotas or Targets
Mandates on
Vehicle Equipment
Mandates on
Operator Behavior
Structure of
Private Rights
Service Provision
Information Provision
Financing
and Contracting
Producers
develop and sell safe AVs
On AVs that
do not meet
the desired
safety
specifications,
standards,
guidelines, etc.
To purchasers
of AVs that
meet the
desired safety
specifications,
standards and guidelines
To AV
producers in
order to
stimulate the
production of
AVs that meet
the desired
safety
specifications,
standards and guidelines
Establishment
of production
targets (with
associated
financial
incentives) for
vehicles with
the desired
safety
specifications,
standards and guidelines
Establish
basic safety
requirements
as prerequisite
to government
registration
and/or
licensing of vehicles
Restructuring
of liability for
vehicle
producers in
the event of safety failures
Restructuring
of liability and
insurance
requirements
for the drivers
of vehicles
with the
desired safety
specifications,
standards and guidelines
Expedited
and/or
privileged
access to
existing
services for
vehicles with
the desired
safety
specifications,
standards and guidelines
Public private
partnerships
for the
development
of
infrastructure
that will
support AV
safety applications
Aligning Activities and Instruments
with Consumer / Producer Actions
• Research team evaluated the entire data set based on basic criteria:
– Which policy, regulatory and planning instruments fall within the general purview of state, regional and local governments?
– Which policy, regulatory and planning instruments have the greatest near-term applicability?
• Produced table of strategies for in-depth review
Policy Instruments Recommended for
Further Study: Direct-base Pricing
• Taxes
– Apply road pricing to reduce growth in travel demand
• Subsidies
– Accelerate CV market penetration by subsidizing equipped vehicles
– Subsidize shared vehicle services to reduce growth in travel demand and support transit services
– Create incentives to support market penetration of shared AVs near transit nodes
Planning and Regulatory Activities
Recommended for Further Study
• Mandates for Operator Behavior – Establish, codify and enforce CV and AV operator requirements
• Structure of Private Rights – Restructure liability regimes
– Implement land use regulations and parking requirements to increase density in support of market penetration of shared AVs at transit nodes
– Enact legislations to stimulate CV or AV testing
Planning and Regulatory Activities
Recommended for Further Study
• Service Provision
– Invest in CV infrastructure
– Grant AV and CV-equipped vehicles privileged access or services
• Information
– Increase public awareness to stimulate consumer action and supportive public investment
• Financing/Contracting
– Implement new contractual mechanisms with private service providers, including shared data arrangements
Viability Assessments
Potential Policy and Planning Activity Assessment Criteria
• Effectiveness: What evidence is available to evaluate the effectiveness of the strategy? What are the gaps in information? What are possible unintended consequences?
• Political: How well will the strategy likely be accepted by decision makers and the general public?
• Institutional: What are the laws and formal provisions that define roles and responsibilities of all the organizations involved in implementing the strategy?
• Operational: If the strategy is developed, will it be used? Operational issues include internal issues, such as labor objections, manager resistance, organizational conflicts, and policies.
• Geographic: At what geographic scale(s) can the strategy be implemented? Are their urban and rural differences?
• Financial: What are the rough estimates of cost to see if they match general expectations, or would have an acceptable return on investment?
• Applicability: Which technologies apply? To what levels of AV/CV market penetration would it apply? How does viability shift with market penetration levels?
• Impact on market decisions: To what degree will the strategy make a difference in market decisions made by individuals and organizations?
• Level of government: Is this strategy most appropriate at the local, regional, or state level?
• Ownership model: Is the strategy most effectively applied in a private ownership model or a subscription model?
Deliverables
• Final report, communication products
• Outcomes – How will state, regional and local agencies use the results?
• Who are the audiences?
Completion: January 2017
TTI Policy Research Center
• Challenges and Benefits of Making AV’s a Reality (primer)
• Policy Considerations for AV Testing in Texas
• Cybersecurity Considerations for CAV Policy
• Data Privacy Considerations • Liability Issues • Consumer Acceptance of AV • Implications of AV Crash Scenarios • Mobility Effects of CAV (in progress) • Vehicle Telematics as a Platform for
Road User Fees (in progress)
tti.tamu.edu/policy/technology
NCHRP 20-102 (01)
Thank you!
Ginger Goodin