Plural in English - · PDF filePlural in English singular + -s ... a bar of chocolate two...

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Plural in English

singular + -s

singular plural a car two cars a cassette two cassettes a lamp two lamps a hat two hats a cup two cups

Add -es after sibilants:

singular plural a box two boxes a sandwich two sandwiches a suitcase two suitcases a rose two roses a garage two garages

Substitute y after consonant (soglasnik) with -ies:

singular plural a city two cities a lady two ladies

Add -s after vowel (samoglasnik) + y:

singular plural a boy two boys a day two days

There are two forms of the plural of the word penny: pennies � It refers to the coins. pence � It refers to the price (How much is something).

Nouns ending in -f or -fe:

add -s substitute with -ves singular plural singular plural

a roof two roofs a thief two thieves a cliff two cliffs a wife two wives a sheriff two sheriffs a shelf two shelves EXCEPTIONS: a scarf two scarfs a scarf two scarves a hoof two hoofs a hoof two hooves

Nouns ending in -o form the plural by adding -s or -es.

add -s add -es singular plural singular plural

a disco two discos a tomato two tomatoes a piano two pianos a potato two potatoes a photo two photos a hero two heroes

Tečaj angleškega jezika 16. december 2010

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Some nouns can have two plural forms: buffalo - buffalos/buffaloes mosquito - mosquitos/mosquitoes tornado - tornados/tornadoes

Irregular plural forms: singular plural

a man two men a woman two women a child two children a person two people a mouse two mice a louse two lice a tooth two teeth a goose two geese a foot two feet an ox two oxen

singular plural a father-in-law two fathers-in-law a sister-in-law two sisters-in-law a bison two bison a deer two deer a moose two moose a sheep two sheep a swine two swine a species two species a mailman two mailmen a passer-by two passers-by

Put in the correct form of the plural. Example: one school – two schools 1) desk - _____________________ 2) pencil - _____________________ 3) bike - _____________________ 4) cat - _____________________ 5) invitation - _____________________ 6) watch - _____________________ 7) game - _____________________ 8) cage - _____________________ 9) cake - _____________________ 10) box - _____________________ 1) life - _____________________ 2) family - _____________________ 3) boy - _____________________ 4) house - _____________________ 5) city - _____________________ 6) man - _____________________ 7) child - _____________________ 8) sandwich - _____________________ 9) nurse - _____________________ 10) shelf - _____________________ 1) half - _____________________ 2) kilo - _____________________ 3) woman - _____________________ 4) mouth - _____________________ 5) foot - _____________________ 6) sheep - _____________________

7) penny - _____________________ 8) bus - _____________________ 9) day - _____________________ 10) fish - _____________________ 1) ox - _____________________ 2) roof - _____________________ 3) potato - _____________________ 4) party - _____________________ 5) deer - _____________________ 6) chief - _____________________ 7) photo - _____________________ 8) series - _____________________ 9) wife - _____________________ 10) brother-in-law - _______________ 1) tomato - _____________________ 2) tooth - _____________________ 3) aircraft - _____________________ 4) logo - _____________________ 5) mouse - _____________________ 6) crisis - _____________________ 7) passer-by - ___________________ 8) radius - _____________________ 9) grown-up - __________________ 10) crossroads - _________________ 1) computer - ___________________ 2) highway - _____________________


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3) shop - _____________________ 4) snowman -____________________ 5) horizon - _____________________ 6) house - _____________________

7) Eskimo - _____________________ 8) bay - _____________________ 9) pepper - _____________________ 10) home - _____________________

PLURAL NOUNS

• Pair nouns:

noun sentence jeans Where are my jeans? glasses She has lost her glasses. scissors These scissors don't cut well.

Other nouns: binoculars, headphones, pyjamas, scales, shorts, tights, trousers…

• Nouns that are not used in the singular.

noun sentence cattle Male cattle are called bulls. clothes He bought some new clothes yesterday. stairs The children ran down the stairs. wages The wages are paid on the last day of the month. people Three people were killed in the car crash last Friday evening. police Look! The police are coming. The following nationalities are used in the plural:

• the Dutch, • the British, • the English,

• the French, • the Spanish, • the Welsh.

The singular of the English would be: an Englishman

SINGULAR NOUNS

• Collections

noun sentence furniture She bought new furniture last week. fruit Would you like some fruit? hair Your hair looks lovely.

• Some nouns, ending in –s.

noun sentence news Good evening. Here is the news. physics Physics is our first lesson on Monday morning. progress Progress was made in developing new technologies. The United States The United States is a country with 50 federal states.


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• Special nouns

noun sentence homework My Maths homework was not easy. information

For further information on the hotel, phone us at....

knowledge His knowledge of English is excellent. FOREIGN PLURAL

singular plural analysis analyses appendix appendixes/appendices axis axes basis bases cactus cactuses/cacti criterion criteria datum data

singular plural index indexes/indices medium mediums/media oasis oases octopus octopuses/octopi phenomenon phenomena syllabus syllabuses/syllabi thesis theses

Make plurals! (Tvori množino!) 1. fry - ____________________ 2. book- ____________________ 3. arch - ____________________ 4. fire - ____________________ 5. fly - ____________________ 6. clock - ____________________ 7. dish - ____________________ 8. burger - ____________________ 9. miss - ____________________ 10. catch - ____________________

1. foot - ____________________ 2. wolf -____________________ 3. person - ____________________ 4. analysis - ____________________ 5. yourself - ____________________ 6. goose - ____________________ 7. echo - ____________________ 8. fish - ____________________ 9. octopus - ____________________ 10. thief - ___________________

Circle the right noun (singular or plural)!

1) The cat is sitting on my bed / beds. 2) There are five pencil/pencils on desk. 3) I have two sister / sisters. 4) They are riding their bike / bikes. 5) We have a dog / dogs.

6) How many book/books do you have? 7) My mother has a new computer / computers. 8) There are three windows in the room / rooms. 9) Susan has four poster / posters. 10) There is one pen / pens on the floor.

Is or Are? carrots are cat _____ baggage is luggage _____ cacti _____

physics _____ phenomenon _____ information _____ news _____ darts _____

the Swedish _____ clothes _____ furniture _____ headphones _____ advice _____


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Countable or uncountable nouns

Countable nouns can be "counted", they have a singu lar and plural form. For example:

• A book, two books, three books ... • An apple, two apples, three apples ...

Uncountable nouns cannot be counted. This means they have only a singular form. It also means that they do not take a/an before them. For example: water, coffee, wine, rice. The measurement words

a tube of toothpaste a bar of soap a loaf of bread

four bottles of wine a jar of jam a bunch of grapes

a pack of cheese a dozen of eggs a bag of potato chips

a bar of chocolate two slices of meat a cube of ice

a glass of juice a cup of coffee a piece of cake


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UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS:

THINGS MADE UP OF SMALL PIECES

grass dirt oatmeal rice flour sand pepper salt sugar hair corn popcorn

COLLECTIVE NOUNS

mail luggage cash money food clothing fruit furniture garbage jewellery machinery merchandise

SUBJECTS

history grammar engineering physics poetry law biology chemistry politics mathematics geography fine arts music economics advertising science

LIQUOR & LIQUID

cream wine gas juice blood coffee glue water beer soup tea oil

ABSTRACT IDEAS

advice crime ignorance news anger curiosity justice trouble courage help knowledge wealth peace equality strength fun happiness information enjoyment health

NATURAL PHENOMENA

chicken cotton glass gold beef wood metal bread fire plastic wool steel

SOLIDS, MINERALS AND ELEMENTS

rain snow wind fog thunder lightning cold heat

Are these nouns countable (C) or uncountable (UC)?

sugar soup music wood noodles problem chalk grass thing spoon voice fog electricity noise e-mail job meat luggage winter blood bag coin spoon war money camera ink dollar song flour


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Fill in the following words: advice, chocolate, jam , lemonade, meat, milk, oil, rice, tea, tennis, sugar

1) a piece of ____________________ 2) a packet of ____________________ 3) a bar of ____________________ 4) a glass of ____________________ 5) a cup of ____________________ 6) a bottle of ____________________ 7) a slice of ____________________ 8) a barrel of ____________________ 9) a game of ____________________ 10) a jar of ____________________ 11) a cube of ____________________ Complete the puzzle. 1. Bees collect it. H _ _ _ _

2. We use it to make bread. F _ _ _ _ 3. This fruit keeps the doctor away. A _ _ _ _ 4. We drink tea in them. C _ _ _

5. We drink it when we are thirsty. W _ _ _ _ 6. We use them to write. P _ _ _ 7. We use it to make sweets. S _ _ _ _

8. We read them. B _ _ _ _ 9. Children play on it on the beach. S _ _ _ 10. It tells us the time. C _ _ _ _ Now classify the above nouns to countable and uncou ntable nouns.

Countable Nouns Uncountable nouns

_________________ __________________

_________________ __________________

_________________ __________________

_________________ __________________

_________________ __________________

Choose the correct tense (Present Simple or Past Si mple).

1. I _______________________ (have) breakfast at home on Sundays. 2. Did you _______________________ (have) a shower last night? 3. _____________ you _____________ (have) dinner at home yesterday

evening? 4. I _______________________ (have/not) an appointment yesterday. 5. She _____________ (have/not) lunch with us last week. 6. _____________he _____________ (have) homework at weekends?


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Complete the gaps with the appropriate word. Choose from the following: bag, bottle, can, carton, glass, jar, joint, loaf, mug, packet, piece, sack, slice, spoonful, tube.

a _____________of bread

a _____________of tea

a _____________of tea

a _____________ of orange juice

a _____________of jam

a _____________ of toast

a _____________of tomato paste

a _____________of chewing gum

a _____________of

ice-cream

a _____________of lamb

a _____________of coffee

a _____________of beer

a _____________of potatoes

a _____________of wine

a _____________of orange juice


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Christmas

Christmas is Britain's the most popular holiday. Its traditions and early ceremonies were rooted in pagan beliefs and date back hundreds of years. They are still part of contemporary Christmas celebrations.

The Druids, for example, honoured the mistletoe in their religion and sacrificial rites. The red berry of the holly was believed to protect one against witchcraft. Ivy symbolised immortality. The Vikings introduced the Yule log which used to be burnt in honour of God Thor. The English adapted this practice for Christmas and today's (electric) Christmas candle is a holdover from baronial days.

The custom of sending Christmas cards to friends and family originated in Britain, too. In 1843 John Calcott Horsley designed the first one for Sir Henry Cole. Thus began a real spread of sending Christmas cards and this practice soon became an established tradition. Favoured designs were Christmas feasts, church bells, plum and turkey as well as religious themes. Every year more than a billion Christmas cards are now sent in the United Kingdom. Many of

them are sold in aid for charities.

Since 1840 the decorated and illuminated Christmas tree has gained popularity in England. Prince Albert brought this rite over from Germany. In 1848 the Illustrated London News published a picture of the Royal Family around one. The English families followed the Royal example and it can truly be called a Victorian innovation. Each year a giant Christmas tree is set up and decorated near the statue of Lord Nelson in Trafalgar Square. It commemorates Anglo-Norwegian cooperation during World War II.

On Christmas Eve carols are often sung by groups of singers walking from house to house, and children hang a stocking on the fireplace or at the foot of their bed for Father Christmas to fill. Carolling dates back to the Middle Ages when beggars were seeking for money, food or drink wandering the streets singing holiday songs.

On Christmas Day gifts are opened in the morning. Later the family will gather for the traditional Christmas dinner consisting of Brussels sprouts, fried potatoes with roast turkey, roast beef or goose. Sweet mince pie or Christmas pudding is served for dessert.

The pudding might contain coins or lucky charms for children. For afternoon tea Christmas cake is offered. It is rich baked fruit cake with marzipan and icing. A party favourite are Christmas crackers. There will be one to each plate on the Christmas dinner table. A Christmas cracker is a brightly coloured paper tube, twisted on both ends and filled with a party hat, a riddle and a toy.

The annual broadcasting of the Queen's Christmas Message is on Christmas Day afternoon. In 1932 King George brought this custom into being.

Boxing Day is on December 26th. This day takes its name from a former custom giving a Christmas box to delivery men and trades people called regularly through the year. Nowadays dustmen, milkmen, or postmen get a tip for a good service at Christmas time.


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Fill in the correct words into the gaps.

1) Hello, my name is . In America I'm also called

.

2) I come through the of the house.

3) My wait on the roof.

4) I have lots of for the children.

5) I put them under the .

6) The children in Britain like to hang up a big near the fireplace.

7) Sometimes they decorate the room with a .

8) In some rooms I also find a .

9) I like to come to houses where children have put a .


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Past Continuous

Form:

Positive Negative Question

I / he / she / it I was speaking. I was not speaking . I wasn’t speaking .

Was I speaking ?

you / we / they You were speaking . You were not speaking . You weren’t speaking .

Were you speaking ?

Use of Past Continuous

• puts emphasis on the course of an action in the past

He was playing football.

• two actions happening at the same time (in the past)

While she was preparing dinner, he was washing the dishes.

• action going on at a certain time in the past

When I was having breakfast, the phone suddenly rang.

Put the verbs into the correct form (past continuo us).

1. When I phoned my friends, they ___________ (play) monopoly. 2. Yesterday at six I ___________ (prepare) dinner. 3. The kids ___________ (play) in the garden when it suddenly began to rain. 4. I ___________ (practise) the guitar when he came home. 5. We ___________ (not / cycle) all day. 6. While Aaron ___________ (work) in his room, his friends ___________ (swim)

in the pool. 7. I tried to tell them the truth but they ___________ (listen / not). 8. What ___________ (you / do) yesterday? 9. Most of the time we ___________ (sit) in the park.

Ask for the information in the bold part of the se ntence.

1. At a quarter past six , Phil was translating the document. ______________________________________________________________ 2. Sheila was waiting in the park . ______________________________________________________________

3. The pupils were talking about the United States. ______________________________________________________________ 4. The boss was dictating a letter.

Signal words: • When

• While

• as long as


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______________________________________________________________ 5. Barbara was looking for her necklace . ______________________________________________________________

Put the verbs into the correct tense (Past simple or past continuous). 1. The receptionist ___________ (welcome) the guests and ___________ (ask)

them to fill in the form. 2. The car ___________ (break) down and we ___________ (have) to walk home. 3. The boys ___________ (swim) while the girls ___________ (sunbathe). 4. My father ___________ (come) in, ___________ (look) around and ___________

(tell) me to tidy up my room. 5. As long as one group ___________ (prepare) dinner, the others ___________

(collect) wood for their campfire. 6. While the parents ___________ (have) breakfast, their children ___________

(run) about. 7. Martha ___________ (turn) off the lights and ___________ (go) to bed.

Put the verbs into the correct tense (Past simple or past continuous). 1. When I ___________ (get) up yesterday, the sun ___________ (shine). 2. It ___________ (is) a beautiful morning. 3. So I ___________ (decide) to cycle around a little. 4. I ___________ (go) to the shed and ___________ (take) out my bike. 5. While I ___________ (cycle) past some villages, I ___________ (see) some

people in their gardens. 6. One man ___________ (mow) the grass while his wife ___________ (pick)

strawberries. 7. After one hour of cycling in sunshine, a big fat raincloud suddenly ___________

(appear) and it ___________ (start) to rain. 8. Luckily, a farmer ___________ (notice) me and ___________ (tell) me to come

in. 9. While it ___________ (rain) outside, I ___________ (sit) in the farmer's house. 10. After a while, the sun ___________ (come) out again. 11. I ___________ (thank) the farmer for his hospitality and ___________ (move) on.

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