Low-Income Households' Perceived Obstacles and Reactions ...
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This may be the author’s version of a work that was submitted/accepted for publication in the following source: O’Connor, Peter (2013) Factors that influence young people’s mental health help-seeking behav- ior: A study based on the Health Belief Model. In 13th Australian Conference on Personality and Individual Differences, 2013-11-22 - 2013-11-23. (Unpublished) This file was downloaded from: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/99762/ c Copyright 2013 [please consult the author] This work is covered by copyright. Unless the document is being made available under a Creative Commons Licence, you must assume that re-use is limited to personal use and that permission from the copyright owner must be obtained for all other uses. If the docu- ment is available under a Creative Commons License (or other specified license) then refer to the Licence for details of permitted re-use. It is a condition of access that users recog- nise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. If you believe that this work infringes copyright please provide details by email to [email protected] Notice: Please note that this document may not be the Version of Record (i.e. published version) of the work. Author manuscript versions (as Sub- mitted for peer review or as Accepted for publication after peer review) can be identified by an absence of publisher branding and/or typeset appear- ance. If there is any doubt, please refer to the published source.
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This may be the author’s version of a work that was submitted/acceptedfor publication in the following source:
O’Connor, Peter(2013)Factors that influence young people’s mental health help-seeking behav-ior: A study based on the Health Belief Model. In13th Australian Conference on Personality and Individual Differences,2013-11-22 - 2013-11-23. (Unpublished)
This file was downloaded from: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/99762/
c© Copyright 2013 [please consult the author]
This work is covered by copyright. Unless the document is being made available under aCreative Commons Licence, you must assume that re-use is limited to personal use andthat permission from the copyright owner must be obtained for all other uses. If the docu-ment is available under a Creative Commons License (or other specified license) then referto the Licence for details of permitted re-use. It is a condition of access that users recog-nise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. If you believe thatthis work infringes copyright please provide details by email to [email protected]
Notice: Please note that this document may not be the Version of Record(i.e. published version) of the work. Author manuscript versions (as Sub-mitted for peer review or as Accepted for publication after peer review) canbe identified by an absence of publisher branding and/or typeset appear-ance. If there is any doubt, please refer to the published source.
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Factors that influence young people’s mental
health help seeking behaviour: A study based on
the Health Belief Model
Peter O’Connor
School of Management
QUT Business School
Mental Illness
Mental Illness
• Peak onset of many mental health problems occurs
during adolescence
– Anxiety
– Depression
Mental Illness
• Peak onset of many mental health problems occurs
during adolescence
– Anxiety
– Depression
• This demographic is the least likely to seek help
Example: Major Depression
– Approx. 2 million adolescent sufferers in 2012 (in USA)
• Many of which ultimately committed suicide
Example: Major Depression
– Approx. 2 million adolescent sufferers in 2012 (in USA)
• Many of which ultimately committed suicide
• 9/10 young suicide victims suffer from diagnosable
mental illness – particularly depression - at the time
of death
2
Example: Major Depression
– Teen suicide is increasing in developed countries
• one of the leading causes of death
• 9/10 young suicide victims suffer from diagnosable
mental illness – particularly depression - at the time
of death
• It has been estimated that only one in three
clinically depressed adolescents seek
professional help
Research Question
• What are some predictors of mental-health help-seeking
behaviour in adolescents?
Previous Research
• Has revealed several ‘barriers’ and ‘facilitators’ of help
seeking behaviour (Gulliver et al., 2012)
Barriers
• Perceived stigma
• Trust
• Difficulty identifying
symptoms
• Preference to rely on
oneself
Facilitators
• Positive past
experiences
• Encouragement from
others
• Trust
Limitations of existing research
• There is a lack of research utilising psychological models
of behaviour in the prediction of help seeking behaviour.
3
Limitations of existing research
• There is a lack of research utilising psychological models
of behaviour in the prediction of help seeking behaviour.
• There is also a lack of quantitative research focussing on
facilitators and help seeking behaviour
– of the seven previous quantitative studies on help-
seeking behaviour, none have addressed potential
facilitators of help seeking behaviour.
• We currently know very little about the relative importance
and conditional effects of the different predictors of help
seeking behaviour
Current study Aims
• Assess the relative and unique importance of several
predictors of planned help-seeking behaviour (based on
the HBM) in a sample of adolescents.
• Assess potential conditional relationships between
perceived barriers/ benefits of help-seeking behaviour
and the intention to seek help.
Methods
• 180 student volunteers from a Sydney university
• Completed questionnaires measuring
– personality (Big Five)
– health beliefs (based on HBM)
– self efficacy
– social support
– Intention to seek help (DV)
Validation of Dependent Variable
• Intention to Seek help
– 5 item questionnaire (alpha = 0.71)
– Validated 6 months following by assessing actual help seeking behaviour within 6 months of initial data collection
• “Have you sought help from a mental health professional (e.g. counsellor, psychologist, psychiatrist, doctor, nurse, etc.), since completing part 1 of this survey?”
• n = 64
• r = .28, p = 0.02
– Of the 16 time 2 participants who scored above the 75th
percentile on Intention to Seek help at time 1, 69% actually sought help before time 2.
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Results
Predictor
DV (Intention to Seek Help)
B Beta sr2
General Health Motivation .15 .11 .01
Perceived Susceptibility .08 .06 .00
Perceived Severity .01 .01 .00
Perceived Benefits .42** .26 .05
Perceived Barriers -.21** -.19 .02
Self Efficacy .05 .05 .00
Extraversion .23** .26 .06
Mental Health Knowledge -.37 -.09 .01 R = .50**
Social Support -.26** -.31 .07 R2 = .25
Table 1
Standard Multiple Regression of HBM predictors on the Intention to Seek Help for Mental Concerns
*p < 0.05. ** p < 0.001.
Results
Predictor
DV (Intention to Seek Help)
B Beta sr2
General Health Motivation .15 .11 .01
Perceived Susceptibility .08 .06 .00
Perceived Severity .01 .01 .00
Perceived Benefits .42* .26 .05
Perceived Barriers -.21* -.19 .02
Self Efficacy .05 .05 .00
Extraversion .23** .26 .06
Mental Health Knowledge -.37 -.09 .01 R = .50**
Social Support -.26** -.31 .07 R2 = .25
Table 1
Standard Multiple Regression of HBM predictors on the Intention to Seek Help for Mental Concerns
*p < 0.05. ** p < 0.001.
Results
Predictor
DV (Intention to Seek Help)
B Beta sr2
General Health Motivation .15 .11 .01
Perceived Susceptibility .08 .06 .00
Perceived Severity .01 .01 .00
Perceived Benefits .42* .26 .05
Perceived Barriers -.21* -.19 .02
Self Efficacy .05 .05 .00
Extraversion .23** .26 .06
Mental Health Knowledge -.37 -.09 .01 R = .50**
Social Support -.26** -.31 .07 R2 = .25
Table 1
Standard Multiple Regression of HBM predictors on the Intention to Seek Help for Mental Concerns
*p < 0.05. ** p < 0.001.
Follow up analyses
• Effect of severity Conditional on Benfits?
• Effect of severity Conditional on General Health
Motivation?
Follow up analyses
• Effect of severity Conditional on Benfits?
• Effect of severity Conditional on General Health
Motivation?
Predictors DV (Intention to Seek Help)
Moderator (Perceived Benefits) Moderator (General Health
Motivation)
Step 1 – Main Effects
Perceived Susceptibility .00 -.04
Moderator .26*** -.24**
R² Ch. .06** 0.06**
Step 2 – Interaction Term
Perceived Susceptibility x
Moderator
.27*** 0.40***
R² Ch. .07*** 0.16***
Table 2
Regression coefficients (beta weights) and squared multiple correlation coefficients for the proposed moderated
relationships between Perceived Severity and Intention to Seek Help.
**p < 0.01. ***p < 0.001.
Results
5
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
Low High
Inte
nti
on t
o S
eek H
elp
Perceived Susceptibility
High Perceived
Benefits
Low Perceived
Benefits
Figure 1. The relationship between Perceived Susceptibility and Intention to Seek Help at high and low
levels of Perceived Benefits.
Predictors DV (Intention to Seek Help)
Moderator (Perceived Benefits) Moderator (General Health
Motivation)
Step 1 – Main Effects
Perceived Susceptibility .00 -.04
Moderator .26*** -.24**
R² Ch. .06** 0.06**
Step 2 – Interaction Term
Perceived Susceptibility x
Moderator
.27*** 0.40***
R² Ch. .07*** 0.16***
Table 2
Regression coefficients (beta weights) and squared multiple correlation coefficients for the proposed moderated
relationships between Perceived Severity and Intention to Seek Help.
**p < 0.01. ***p < 0.001.
Results
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
Low High
Inte
nti
on t
o S
eek
Hel
p
Perceived Susceptibility
High General Health
Motivation
Low General Health
Motivation
Figure 2. The relationship between Perceived Susceptibility and Intention to Seek Help at high and low levels of
General Health Motivation.
Predictors DV (Intention to Seek Help)
Step 1 – Main Effects
Perceived Benefits .24***
Perceived Barriers -.13
R² Ch. .08***
Step 2 – Interaction Term
Perceived benefits x Perceved barriers .26***
R² Ch. .07***
Table 3
Regression coefficients (beta weights) and squared multiple correlation coefficients for the proposed
moderated relationship between Perceived Benefits, Perceived Barriers and Intention to Seek Help.
**p < 0.01. ***p < 0.001.
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
Low High
Inte
nti
on t
o S
eek H
elp
Benefits
High Barriers
Low Barriers
Figure 3. The relationship between Perceived Benefits and Intention to Seek Help at high and low levels of
Perceived Barriers.
Discussion
• Results highlighted the importance of perceived benefits in the intention to seek help
– Those who perceive high benefits in seeking help are most likely to do so
– Those who most need help (i.e. high in susceptibility) will only seek help when they perceive benefits
– Those who perceive high barriers to seeking help (e.g. stigma) will be unlikely to seek help unless they perceive benefits
• This research is important because most health promotion campaigns still focus on removing barriers rather than emphasising benefits to seeking help.
