Plantae: Anthophyta/Angiospems

Farah and Emily

flowering plants

How taxonomists classify plants

• The plant kingdom is divided into two taxa, broyophytes (including mosses and liverworts) and vascular plants (plants with a vascular system).

• Vascular plants are divided into two subgroups: seedless and seeded.  The seeded plants divides into two taxa, Gymnospermae (Gymnosperms) and Angiospermae (Angiosperms).

• These taxa divide into Phylum.  Examples of phyla

include Ginkgophyta (ginkgo), Pinophyta (conifers), and Magnoliophyta (flowering plants).

• Gymnosperms do not produce flowers, but produce seeds on the end of modified bracts (ex: a pine cone).  Many have scale or needle-like leaves.  Arborvitae, junipers, Douglas-fir, fir, pine, and spruce are examples of gymnosperms.

• Agiosperms (broadleaf flowering plants) produce seeds through flowering. Angiosperms are divided into two taxa: monocotyledon (monocot) and dicotyledon (dicot). Distinguishing between these is a common in landscape management. 

For example: 1.Some herbicides work at the monocot/dicot

level. 2.Lawn weed sprays kill dicots (ex: dandelions)

but not monocots (ex: grass). 3.Other herbicides will kill monocots but not

dicots

Taxa Stargazer Lily (Ms. Macaskals faveeeeeeeeee)

Roses Lupins

Kingdom Plantae Plantae Plantae

Phylum Tracheophyta Tracheophyta Tracheophyta

Class Monocots Magnoliopsida Angiospermae

Order Liliales Rosales Legumales

Family Lilliaceae Rosaceae Papilionaceae

Genus Lilium Rosa Lupinus

Species orientalis gallica arboreus

Life cycle of a RoseSeed and Fruit:•Begins as a zygote (result of fertilization)•Protected by a seed coat and contains and embryonic plant and a supply of food. •Once a rose seed develops after fertilization, it is encased in a dark red fruit to attract animal dispersers.•The embryo develops a root , shoot and two cotyledons, which help digest, absorb and transfer food from the endosperm to embryo. Flower:•Mother cells developed within the flower divide via meiosis to produce two types of haploid, asexual spores: microspores in the anthers and megaspores within the ovary.Gametophyte Generation:•Multicellular haploid stage in the life cycle of a rose. •Once the sporophyte undergoes meiosis and produces haploid spores, the spores undergo mitosis and differentiation•The male gametophyte is a watertight pollen grain that needs to drift on the wind or be carried by an animal to another roses embryo sac

Pollination and Fertilization:•Once the pollen grain reaches the sticky stigma of the carpel fertilization begins. •If fertilization is successful the result will be diploid zygote, an endosperm food reserve and a seed court. •This diploid sporophyte generation will lie for months or years waiting for favorable conditions to germinate (they require warmth and moisture for growth)

Food Getting

• The green chlorophyll pigments manufactures carbohydrates (photosynthesis). This food is either stored in the roots, used to grow new plant tissue, or fuel production of flowers and seeds.

• Roses only make food when their leaves are present. In late fall and winter, the plant is dormant, although food reserves in the roots allow some root growth when the soil isn't cold. These reserves fuel the initial growth of new leaves in spring.

• Fertilizer is often marketed as plant food., Fertilizer is not food to plants but are nutrients absorbed by the roots for plant growth. The plant uses these nutrients to make its own food.

Circulation (of water)

• Water is absorbed from the soil by the roots and flows up through the xylem (Xylem is one of the two types of transport tissue in vascular plants) to escape out of the stomata (pores) in the leaves.

• The driving force behind it all is amount of water (the ability of water to move from a lot of water to not a lot of water.

• Water in a plant goes up and out because all the water is mostly down in the soil, and so it escapes up through the travel vessel, the water goes out of the leaves to transpire in the air, where there is much less water

Gas Exchange

• Unlike animals, plants have no organs specifically for its own gas exchange.

• It is only during photosynthesis that plants produce large amounts of gas. In a rose for instance, each petal takes care of its own exchange of gas.

• Most living cells in a plant have at least one of their surfaces exposed to the air in the environment, making it easier for plants to exchange gases through their leaves.

• The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the leaf occurs through a pore in the leaf called the stomata.

Digestion

• Roses and all other plants digest and make their food from the rays of the sun, which drive photosynthesis

Excretion of Wastes

• Plants excrete by giving us oxygen.The main waste that a plant needs to dispose of are O2, and water. The O2, waste product of photosynthesis, is gotten rid of by diffusion from the leaves; and the water droplets found on the edges of leaves are the physical property of the waste.

Interesting Facts

• Moon flowers bloom only at night closing during the day

• Gas plants produce a clear gas on humid warn nights. It is believed thay gas can be ignited with a matchstick.

• Bamboos produce flowers once every few years. And when they do, all flowers of the same species bloom at exactly the same time.

Changes in Classification

• Earlier classification systems put lupins in the family rosales

Bibliography

• http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/anthophyta/anthophyta.html

• http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Phylum-AnthophytaThe-Flowering-Plants.topicArticleId-23791,articleId-23775.html