Plant Development Biologi Reproduksi...

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Biologi Biologi Perkembangan Perkembangan (Tumbuhan Tumbuhan) Reproduksi Reproduksi Seksual Seksual Angiospermae Angiospermae 1 Adi Rahmat 1. Jurusan Pendidikan Biologi, Fakultas Pendidikan Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, UPI 2. Program Studi Pendidikan IPA, Sekolah Pascasarjana, UPI

Transcript of Plant Development Biologi Reproduksi...

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Biologi Biologi PerkembanganPerkembangangg gg((TumbuhanTumbuhan))

ReproduksiReproduksi SeksualSeksual AngiospermaeAngiospermae

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Adi Rahmat1. Jurusan Pendidikan Biologi, Fakultas Pendidikan Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, UPI2. Program Studi Pendidikan IPA, Sekolah Pascasarjana, UPI

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(embryo sac)

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Biologi ReproduksiBiologi ReproduksiAngiospermaeAngiospermae

Megasporangiumg p gMegasporogenesisMegagametogenesis

An overview

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nga

Bun

ktur

tr

ukSt

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Struktur dan Perkembangan AntheraStruktur dan Perkembangan Anthera

epidermisendotesiumlapisan tengah

tapetum

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Perkembangan Dinding AntheraPerkembangan Dinding Anthera

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Struktur Dinding AntheraStruktur Dinding AntheraEpidermisEpidermis: pembelahan antiklinal; merupakan jaringan : pembelahan antiklinal; merupakan jaringan protektif.protektif.EndotesiumEndotesium: memanjang radial; dinding sel dari: memanjang radial; dinding sel dari ααEndotesiumEndotesium: memanjang radial; dinding sel dari : memanjang radial; dinding sel dari αα--selulosa dan bersifat higroskopik, membantu ketika selulosa dan bersifat higroskopik, membantu ketika anthera memecah.anthera memecah.Lapisan TengahLapisan Tengah: memipih dan rusak pada awal meiosis;: memipih dan rusak pada awal meiosis;Lapisan TengahLapisan Tengah: memipih dan rusak pada awal meiosis; : memipih dan rusak pada awal meiosis; sebagai tempat cadangan makanan yang dimobilisasi sebagai tempat cadangan makanan yang dimobilisasi selama pematangan serbuk sariselama pematangan serbuk sariTapetumTapetum: sel dengan sitoplasma padat dan intinya: sel dengan sitoplasma padat dan intinyaTapetumTapetum: sel dengan sitoplasma padat dan intinya : sel dengan sitoplasma padat dan intinya dominan; berperan dalam mentransfortasikan nutrisi ke dominan; berperan dalam mentransfortasikan nutrisi ke selsel--sel bakal serbuk sari; terlibat dalam sintesis enzim sel bakal serbuk sari; terlibat dalam sintesis enzim kalase yang penting bagi pelepasan mikrospora dari kalase yang penting bagi pelepasan mikrospora dari y g p g g p p py g p g g p p ptetrad; bertanggung jawab pada sterilitas serbuk sari; tetrad; bertanggung jawab pada sterilitas serbuk sari; membantu dalam pembentukan sporopollenin yang membantu dalam pembentukan sporopollenin yang penting bagi pembentukan dinding serbuk sari; mensitesis penting bagi pembentukan dinding serbuk sari; mensitesis pollenkitt (insect attractant) dan tryphine; mensintesispollenkitt (insect attractant) dan tryphine; mensintesispollenkitt (insect attractant) dan tryphine; mensintesis pollenkitt (insect attractant) dan tryphine; mensintesis protein yang penting bagi kompatibilitas dengan stigma protein yang penting bagi kompatibilitas dengan stigma

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MikrosporogenesisMikrosporogenesis

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BentukBentuk--Bentuk TetradBentuk TetradBentukBentuk Bentuk TetradBentuk Tetrad

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tuk

tuk

ririBe

ntBe

ntSa

rSa

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i ga

i bu

k bu

k rb

agrb

agSe

rbSe

rbBeBe

SS

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Struktur Dinding Serbuk SariStruktur Dinding Serbuk SariStruktur Dinding Serbuk SariStruktur Dinding Serbuk Sari

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Perkembangan Dinding Serbuk SariPerkembangan Dinding Serbuk Sari

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Morfologi Serbuk SariMorfologi Serbuk Sarigg(Aperture)(Aperture)

Weak area on pollen surface which is Weak area on pollen surface which is directly/indirectly associated with its directly/indirectly associated with its germinationgerminationMay be simple or compoundMay be simple or compoundSimple aperture may be colpate (column) Simple aperture may be colpate (column) or porate (pore)or porate (pore)Compound aperture may be colporate Compound aperture may be colporate (compound colpi) or pororate (compound (compound colpi) or pororate (compound pores)pores)

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Number, Position, and Character of ApertureNumber, Position, and Character of Aperture(NPC(NPC--System)System)(NPC(NPC--System)System)

Cata: proximal; Ana:distal; Lept: leptoma (aperture like thin area)

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Ovulum:i ith itmegasporangium with its

protective coats, the integuments

Angiosperms

Number of integumen:

Megasporogenesis dan Gametogenesis1. Unitegmic ovule2. Bitegmic ovule

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Classification based on the position of C ass a o bas d o pos o omicropyle with respect to funiculus

Five main types of ovuleFive main types of ovule

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Relationship among the five types Relationship among the five types p g ypp g ypof of ovulumovulum

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A O l i ll d f h ti th l tA. Ovule arises as a small mound of homogenous tissue on the placentaB. Integumen arise close to the base of this tissue which forms the

nucellusC - D With the differentiation of integuments the ovule begins to curveC. D. With the differentiation of integuments, the ovule begins to curveE. The final shape of ovule is assumed by the megaspore tetrad stage.

Stages in ovule developmentStages in ovule development

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1 Nucellus reprecent the wall of megasporangium1. Nucellus reprecent the wall of megasporangium2. Archesporium (megaspore mother cell) differentiates immediately below

the nucellar epidermis3. Depend on the thickening of nucellus, ovule classified into tenuinucellate,

crassinucellate, and pseudo-crassinucellate.

Tenuinucellate ovule

NucellusNucellus

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Crassinucellate ovule

Pseudo-crassinucellate ovule

NucellusNucellus

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MegasporogenesisMegasporogenesis and and MegasporogenesisMegasporogenesis and and GametogenesisGametogenesis

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KANTUNG EMBRIOKANTUNG EMBRIO

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Stage of Stage of MegasporogenesisMegasporogenesis

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The development of embryo sac begin with elongation of the functional megaspora, which could be the calazal end or micropylar end of the tetrad (usually the calazal one)end of the tetrad (usually the calazal one)The elongation is largely in the micropyle-calazal axiscalazal axisThe Megaspore is initially has no vacuole, the large vacuole appear later as a result of small vacuoles fusionFirst nuclear division in the functional

i i t d l th i f th megaspore is oriented along the axis of the cell.

Embryo sac (Development)Embryo sac (Development)

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Micropylar end

Embryo sac (Development)Embryo sac (Development)

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The two daughter nuclei are pushed toward opposite poles (fig. A)Both nuclei divide twice forming four nuclei at each pole (fig B C)pole (fig. B, C)While the cell (megaspore) undergoing appreciable elongation, assuming a sac like appearance, the three nuclei at the micropylar end organize into three nuclei at the micropylar end organize into egg apparatus and one nuclei is left free in the cytoplasm as the upper polar nucleus. At the same time, three nuclei of the calazal pole form three antipodal cells and the fourth one function as the lower polar nucleus (fig. D, E)p ( g , )The upper and the lower polar nucleus come to lie close each other (fig. E)

Embryo sac (Development)Embryo sac (Development)

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Synergid1 K kt i tik1. Karakteristik

Dua sel yang berdampingan dengan sel telur; dindingnya tidak sempurna; memiliki aparatusfiliform (a mass of finger like projection of the filiform (a mass of finger-like projection of the wall into cytoplasm; sitoplasmanya terpolarisasi(letak vakuola lebih kearah kalaza)

2 Fungsi2. Fungsidirecting of pollen tube growth; forms a seat for pollen tube discharge in the embryo sac; absorption and transportation of materials from absorption and transportation of materials from nucellus into embryo sac

Mature Embryo SacMature Embryo Sac

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Sel Telur1 Memiliki st kt dinding sel ang elatif sama1. Memiliki struktur dinding sel yang relatif sama

dengan synergid dan central cell (polar cell)2. Dinding di daerah mikropil lebih tebal

dib di k d h k ldibandingkan daerah kalaza3. Dalam perkembangannya, sel mengalami

polarisasi sebagai akibat terjadinya agregasielemen-elemen sitoplasma pada ujung kalaza

4. Vakuola menempati ujung mikropil (kebalikandari sinergid)g )

5. Sitoplasmanya kaya dengan ribosom

Mature Embryo SacMature Embryo Sac

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Antipodal cellsAntipodal cells1. Karakternya sangat bervariasi2. Biasanya mengalami degenerasi2. Biasanya mengalami degenerasi

sebelum atau segera setelah fertilisasiterjadij

3. Pada beberapa species tumbuhanbersifat persistent (ada hubungannyap ( g ydengan nutritive role bagi kantungembrio)

4. In many plant show a haustorialbehaviour

Mature Embryo SacMature Embryo Sac

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Central cells/Polar cellsCentral cells/Polar cells1. The largest cell of the embryo sac2 Mother cell of the endosperm2. Mother cell of the endosperm3. The nuclei (polar nuclei) are very

largelarge4. The nuclei fuse before or during

double fertilizationdouble fertilization

Mature Embryo SacMature Embryo Sac

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MonosporicMonosporicThe embryo sac is derived from only one magasporeone magaspore1. Polygonum type: the embryo sac is

formed by chalazal megaspore with formed by chalazal megaspore with three time mitosis

2 Oenothera type: the embryo sac is 2. Oenothera type: the embryo sac is formed bay micropylar megaspore with two time mitosiswith two time mitosis

TipeTipe KantungKantung EmbrioEmbrio

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Bisporic- The embryo sac is derived from two - The embryo sac is derived from two

magaspore- Pembelahan meiosis pertama berlangsung

sempurna tetapi hanya salah satu sel anaksempurna, tetapi hanya salah satu sel anakyang melakukan meiosis kedua. Satu sellainnya degenerasi.

- Kedua megaspore melakukan pembelahanmitosis dua kali membentuk kantung embriodengan 8 intig

1. Alium type: the embryo sac is derived from chalazal dyad cell

2 Endymion type: the embryo sac is derived 2. Endymion type: the embryo sac is derived from micropylar dyad cell

TipeTipe KantungKantung EmbrioEmbrio

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Tetrasporic- The embryo sac is derived from four magaspore- Terjadi karena pembelahan meiosis I dan II

tidak diikuti dengan pembentukan dinding sel, g p g ,shg inti sel hasil meiosis berada dalam satu sel(coenomegaspore)

- Keempat inti dalam coenomegaspore terlibatKeempat inti dalam coenomegaspore terlibatdalam pembentuka kantung embrio

- Nuclear behaviour is quite variable (see slide 18) depend on the arrangement of the four 18), depend on the arrangement of the four nuclei (1+1+1+1 in Paperomia, Penaea, and Plumbago type; 1+3 in Drusa, Fritilaria, Plumbagella type; 2+2 in Adoxa type)Plumbagella type; 2+2 in Adoxa type)

TipeTipe KantungKantung EmbrioEmbrio

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Polinasi

Fertilisasi

Sexual IncompatibilitasSexual Incompatibilitas

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P li i d A iPolinasi pada Angiospermae

Proses pemindahan serbuk sari dari anterake kepala putik

Pecahnya antera, dipengaruhi oleh suhu dan kelembaban

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A

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Transfer Polen

1.Self Pollination/ autogami, pada bunga biseksual,

2. Cross Pollination , pada bunga uniseksual

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Self Pollination dihambat oleh antara lain:

1. Self sterility

2 Heterostily2. Heterostily

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Perantara

1 Anemofili1.Anemofili

2. Hydrofili

3. Entomofili

4. Ornitofili4. Ornitofili

5. Cheiropterofili

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FertilisasiFertilisasi

Permukaan stigma

Adhesi

g

Stigma :

Hidrasi, stigma menyediakan air

Stigma :

Basah : exudat (lipid, gula, asama amino, protein dan fenol)amino, protein dan fenol)

Kering

Berkutikula (polen menghasilkan enzim)Berkutikula (polen menghasilkan enzim)

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Polen berkecambah

dipermukaan stigma terus menembus lapisan selulosa dan

kti

Stilus

pektin

Padat : tabung membuat jalan melalui dinding dan banyak pekting y p

Berongga : tabung merayap dipermukaan stilus

Ovarium

Dib t l h k i d i lDibantu oleh sekresi dari ovulum

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Cara masuk tabung polen ke dalam ovulumCara masuk tabung polen ke dalam ovulum

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Fertilisasi

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Fertilisasi GandaFertilisasi Ganda

Inti sperma + inti sel telur Zigot ( 2n )

Inti sperma + inti polar Endosperm (3n)

Kontak membran

Prosesnya

Kontak membran

Titik kontak : membran larut, sperma masuk

Inti Sperma dibawa oleh aliran sitoplasma menuju intiInti Sperma dibawa oleh aliran sitoplasma menuju inti sel telur dan inti polar

Fusi IntiFusi Inti

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