Planned Cities on the Indus
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Transcript of Planned Cities on the Indus
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Planned Cities on the Indus
Chapter 2 section 3Page 42
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Review- chapter 2 section 2
• Which country is the Nile River located in?• Egypt• Which sea does the Nile river empty into?• The Mediterranean• What do Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt refer to?• elevation
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More review
• Who built the pyramids?• Peasants• Kings were also considered gods and
were called?• Pharaohs• How many days and months was the
Egyptian calendar based on?• 365 days, 12 months
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Geography of South Asia
• In India, another civilization developed around 2500 B.C.
• Don’t know much about it’s orgins, or why the civilization declined
• But do know that many characteristics of the Indian culture today can be traced to early civilization
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Geography of South Asia
• A large wall of mountains separate South Asia from rest of the continent
• Some geographers refer to this area (India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh) as a subcontinent
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• Fertile plain formed by 2 rivers- the Indus and the Ganges (GAN-jeez)
• 2 rivers and lands they water make up large area stretching 1500 miles across India called the Indus-Ganges Plain
• Southern part of India is a peninsula- thrusting into the Indian Ocean
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Monsoons
• Seasonal winds dominate India’s climate• October-May, winter monsoons blow dry
air from northeast across country• In June, winds shift, and spring monsoons
bring moisture from the ocean
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Indian Monsoons
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Flooding in India
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Environmental Challenges
• Indus River, like the Nile and Tigris, had yearly floods
• Spread deposits of rich soil over a wide area
• But the floods were unpredictable, and sometimes the Indus river changed its course
• Wet and dry seasons of monsoons posed problems
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The Problem with Rain
• If too much rain, floods swept away whole villages
• If too little rain, plants withered in the fields and people went hungry
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• Worlds tallest mountain to the north, and large desert provided natural barriers from invasion
• River allowed valley people to develop trade with different peoples, including the Mesopotamians
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Civilization Emerges on the Indus
• Indus valley larger area than Mesopotamia or Egypt
• Nobody is sure how settlement began in India, can’t decipher writing system, but there is evidence of agriculture and domesticated sheep and goats dating to 7000 B.C.
• By 3200 B.C. people were farming in villages along the Indus River
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Planned Cities
• 2500 B.C. people in Indus Valley were laying bricks for India’s first cities
• Found the ruins of more than 100 settlements along the Indus
• Laid out cities on a precise grid system• Featured a fortified area called citadel,
holding major buildings of a city• Had separate residential districts
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Toilets back then
• Early engineers created sophisticated plumbing and sewage systems
• See page 44
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Culture and Trade
• Social divisions not that great judging by uniform housing
• Clay and wooden toys suggest a comfortable society that could afford to produce non essential items
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Religion
• Religious artifacts reveal links to modern Hindu culture
• Religious figures found relate to: mother goddess fertility images worship of cattle representations of Shiva
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Indus Seals
• Stamps and seals made of carved stone were used by merchants to identify goods
• Shows us that Indus people conducted long distance trade
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Mysterious End• 1750 B.C. quality of buildings declined and cities
fell into decay• No one is sure why• Some historians think : *Indus River changed course and floods no longer fertilizing the field * people overused the land, overgrazed, over farmed, over cut, etc * Residents may have abandoned the city after a natural disaster or an attack
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End of Civilization