Indus Valley Indus Valley: 3500-1500 BCE Outside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to...

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Page 1: Indus Valley Indus Valley: 3500-1500 BCE Outside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to outside via trade Harrappa, Mohenjo- Daro –Largest Cities.

Indus Valley

Page 2: Indus Valley Indus Valley: 3500-1500 BCE Outside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to outside via trade Harrappa, Mohenjo- Daro –Largest Cities.

Indus Valley: 3500-1500 BCE

• Outside contact more limited

• Kyber Pass connection to outside via trade

• Harrappa, Mohenjo-Daro – Largest Cities (40K –

100K)

Page 3: Indus Valley Indus Valley: 3500-1500 BCE Outside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to outside via trade Harrappa, Mohenjo- Daro –Largest Cities.

Timeline

Ancient Indus Chronology

Period

PhaseYrs. (B.C.E.)

5 Late Harappan (Cemetery H)?1700-1300

4Harappan/Late Harappan Transitional

1900-?1700

3C Harappan Phasec. 2200-1900

3B Harappan Phasec. 2450-2200

3A Harappan Phasec.2600-2450

2 Early Harappan/Kot Diji Phasec. 2800-2600

1A/B Early Harappan/Ravi Phasec. 3300-2800

Page 4: Indus Valley Indus Valley: 3500-1500 BCE Outside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to outside via trade Harrappa, Mohenjo- Daro –Largest Cities.

Indus Valley

Page 5: Indus Valley Indus Valley: 3500-1500 BCE Outside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to outside via trade Harrappa, Mohenjo- Daro –Largest Cities.

Mohenjo-daro : aerial view

Page 6: Indus Valley Indus Valley: 3500-1500 BCE Outside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to outside via trade Harrappa, Mohenjo- Daro –Largest Cities.

Mohenjo-daro

view of the “Citadel”

Page 7: Indus Valley Indus Valley: 3500-1500 BCE Outside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to outside via trade Harrappa, Mohenjo- Daro –Largest Cities.

The “Great Bath”

Page 8: Indus Valley Indus Valley: 3500-1500 BCE Outside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to outside via trade Harrappa, Mohenjo- Daro –Largest Cities.

another view of the “Great Bath”

Page 9: Indus Valley Indus Valley: 3500-1500 BCE Outside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to outside via trade Harrappa, Mohenjo- Daro –Largest Cities.

Cities: Mohenjo Daro and Harappa

• The cities are well known for their impressive, organized and regular layout.

• They have well laid our plumbing and drainage system, including indoor toilets.

• Population of between 100-200k each

• Over one hundred other towns and villages also existed in this region.

Page 10: Indus Valley Indus Valley: 3500-1500 BCE Outside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to outside via trade Harrappa, Mohenjo- Daro –Largest Cities.

view of a small, side street

Page 11: Indus Valley Indus Valley: 3500-1500 BCE Outside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to outside via trade Harrappa, Mohenjo- Daro –Largest Cities.

looks like a small tower, but actually it is a neighborhood well

Page 12: Indus Valley Indus Valley: 3500-1500 BCE Outside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to outside via trade Harrappa, Mohenjo- Daro –Largest Cities.

A bathroom on a private residence

Page 13: Indus Valley Indus Valley: 3500-1500 BCE Outside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to outside via trade Harrappa, Mohenjo- Daro –Largest Cities.

A public well in Harappa, or perhaps an ancient Laundromat...

Page 14: Indus Valley Indus Valley: 3500-1500 BCE Outside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to outside via trade Harrappa, Mohenjo- Daro –Largest Cities.

A large drain or sewer

Page 15: Indus Valley Indus Valley: 3500-1500 BCE Outside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to outside via trade Harrappa, Mohenjo- Daro –Largest Cities.

Himalayan Mountains• Nanga Parbat and

numerous other glacier draped mountains of the Himalaya, Karakorum and Hindu Kush provide a continuous source of water for the Indus and its tributaries.

• These mountain ranges also provided important timber, animal products, and minerals, gold, silver, tin and semiprecious stones that were traded throughout the Indus Valley.

Page 16: Indus Valley Indus Valley: 3500-1500 BCE Outside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to outside via trade Harrappa, Mohenjo- Daro –Largest Cities.

Characteristics

• Literate society (writings on bricks and seals)• Master-planned cities as focal point• Water system• Strong central government• Polytheistic• Written language• Pottery, cotton, cloth • Standard weights and measurements• Grain storage

Page 17: Indus Valley Indus Valley: 3500-1500 BCE Outside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to outside via trade Harrappa, Mohenjo- Daro –Largest Cities.

Cities• Artifacts and clues discovered at Mohenjo-Daro have allowed

archaeologists to reconstruct this civilization. • The similarities in plan and construction between Mohenjo-

Daro and Harappa indicate that they were part of a unified government with extreme organization. – Both cities were constructed of the same type and shape of bricks. – The two cities may have existed simultaneously and their sizes suggest

that they served as capitals of their provinces. – In contrast to other civilizations, burials found from these cities are not

magnificent; they are more simplistic and contain few material goods. – This evidence suggests that this civilization did not have social classes. – Remains of palaces or temples in the cities have not been found.– No hard evidence exists indicating military activity; it is likely that the

Harappans were a peaceful civilization. – The cities did contain fortifications and the people used copper and

bronze knives, spears, and arrowheads.

Page 18: Indus Valley Indus Valley: 3500-1500 BCE Outside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to outside via trade Harrappa, Mohenjo- Daro –Largest Cities.

Language

• The Harappan people were literate and used the Dravidian language.

• The Indus (or Harappan) people used a pictographic script. Some 3500 specimens of this script survive in stamp seals carved in stone, in moulded terracotta and faience amulets, in fragments of pottery, and in a few other categories of inscribed objects.

• In addition to the pictographic signs, the seals and amulets often contain iconographic motifs, mostly realistic pictures of animals apparently worshipped as sacred, and a few cultic scenes, including anthropomorphic deities and worshippers.

• This material is of key importance to the investigation of the Harappan language and religion, which continue to be among the most vexing problems of South Asian protohistory.

Page 19: Indus Valley Indus Valley: 3500-1500 BCE Outside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to outside via trade Harrappa, Mohenjo- Daro –Largest Cities.

Economy-Agriculture

• The Mesopotamian model of irrigated agriculture was used to take advantage of the fertile grounds along the Indus River.

• Earthlinks were built to control the river's annual flooding. Crops grown included wheat, barley, peas, melons, and sesame.

• This civilization was the first to cultivate cotton for the production of cloth. Several animals were domesticated including the elephant which was used for its ivory.

Page 20: Indus Valley Indus Valley: 3500-1500 BCE Outside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to outside via trade Harrappa, Mohenjo- Daro –Largest Cities.

Harappan granary

Page 21: Indus Valley Indus Valley: 3500-1500 BCE Outside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to outside via trade Harrappa, Mohenjo- Daro –Largest Cities.

Decline

• Cities abandoned, reason unknown • domination of an indigenous people ?

– who rebelled ?• foreign invasion?• gradual decline ?• climate shift: the monsoon patterns• flooding• destruction of the forests• migrations of new peoples: the Aryans

Page 22: Indus Valley Indus Valley: 3500-1500 BCE Outside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to outside via trade Harrappa, Mohenjo- Daro –Largest Cities.

Recent Developments

• Climatologists have recently discovered that the monsoon patterns changed dramatically during the period 2000-1500 BC.

• Long term drought with few monsoon storms• Conclusion: Harappan civilization most likely fell

victim to climate change• Population shifted southward and eastward

towards Ganges River basin.

Page 23: Indus Valley Indus Valley: 3500-1500 BCE Outside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to outside via trade Harrappa, Mohenjo- Daro –Largest Cities.

Mohenjo-Daro

Artist’s computer generated recreation of several excavated

buildings and structures

Page 24: Indus Valley Indus Valley: 3500-1500 BCE Outside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to outside via trade Harrappa, Mohenjo- Daro –Largest Cities.
Page 25: Indus Valley Indus Valley: 3500-1500 BCE Outside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to outside via trade Harrappa, Mohenjo- Daro –Largest Cities.
Page 26: Indus Valley Indus Valley: 3500-1500 BCE Outside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to outside via trade Harrappa, Mohenjo- Daro –Largest Cities.
Page 27: Indus Valley Indus Valley: 3500-1500 BCE Outside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to outside via trade Harrappa, Mohenjo- Daro –Largest Cities.
Page 28: Indus Valley Indus Valley: 3500-1500 BCE Outside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to outside via trade Harrappa, Mohenjo- Daro –Largest Cities.

Foreign Invaders

• Beginning 2000 BC, an Indo-European group began migrating from central Asia (modern Turkmenistan) toward India.

• One branch settled in modern Iran/Afghanistan, another moved further south and eastward through the Khyber Pass into India/Pakistan.

Page 29: Indus Valley Indus Valley: 3500-1500 BCE Outside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to outside via trade Harrappa, Mohenjo- Daro –Largest Cities.

Possible route of the Aryan invasions

Page 30: Indus Valley Indus Valley: 3500-1500 BCE Outside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to outside via trade Harrappa, Mohenjo- Daro –Largest Cities.

Aryans arrive 1500 BCE

• From Caucasus Mtns. Black/Caspian Sea• Aryans – Lighter Skinned• Dravidians - Darker• Nomads who settled• Vedas, Upanashads, Rig Veda• Sacred/historical texts of Aryans

– basis for Hinduism

• Caste system• warriors, priests, peasants• later re-ordered: Brahmins (priests), warriors, landowners-merchants,

peasants, untouchables (out castes)

Page 31: Indus Valley Indus Valley: 3500-1500 BCE Outside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to outside via trade Harrappa, Mohenjo- Daro –Largest Cities.

Caste System, 1000 BC

• skin color

• ritual purity

• “Us--Them” feelings

• divine order of four castes

Page 32: Indus Valley Indus Valley: 3500-1500 BCE Outside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to outside via trade Harrappa, Mohenjo- Daro –Largest Cities.

Caste System (“Varnas”)

• Brahmins: the priests

• Kshatriyas: the warriors

• Vaisyas: merchants and peasants

• Sudras: non-Aryans

Page 33: Indus Valley Indus Valley: 3500-1500 BCE Outside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to outside via trade Harrappa, Mohenjo- Daro –Largest Cities.

Caste system, con’t

• produced by Brahmins

• literature emphasized the divine order

• hierarchical relationship

• inheritance and marriage

• the most powerful organizer of Indian society– thousand of castes today

Page 34: Indus Valley Indus Valley: 3500-1500 BCE Outside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to outside via trade Harrappa, Mohenjo- Daro –Largest Cities.

Castes

• define a person’s social universe

• define a person’s standard of conduct

• define a person’s expectations

• define a person’s future

• define how a person deals with others


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