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Piezoceramic Sensors and Infrasound Technology · infrasound sensors. • Ruggedize sensors, and...
Transcript of Piezoceramic Sensors and Infrasound Technology · infrasound sensors. • Ruggedize sensors, and...
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Piezoceramic Sensors and
Infrasound Technology
Carrick L. Talmadge
National Center for Physical Acoustics
University of Mississippi, Oxford MS
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Potential Applications of Infrasound Sensors
• monitoring potential atmospheric nuclear tests(CTBT applications)
• natural hazard detection of volcanos,tornados, tsunamis
• monitoring natural phenomena such ashurricanes and bolides
• Atmospheric science applications such asstudying structure of stratosphere, probingphysics of the lower thermosphere.
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Challenges of Atmospheric Infrasound
• Noise associated with atmospheric turbulence(“wind noise”), especially at frequencies below0.1 Hz. Conventionally this is solved by addinglarge “wind-noise filters” to sensors. The costof the filters typically far exceeds the cost of theinfrasound sensor itself.
• Environmental exposure is a hazard tocurrent, rather delicate microphones, so vaultsare constructed to stablize temperature andprotect the instrument from environmentalexposure.
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~2.6 m
28.5 m6.5 m
Microbarometer
Vault
70 m
Infrasound Pipe
Array:
State of the Art
Wind Noise
Sensor
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Goals of This Instrument Development
• Replace large pipe arrays with array ofinfrasound sensors.
• Ruggedize sensors, and construct them to beinsensitive to thermal fluctuates: Removesrequirement for instrument vault.
• Make them low-cost enough ($750 vs$5000+) to make practicable multiple arrays ofsensors.
• Low replacement cost also reduces riskassociated with damaged or destroyedsensors.
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Piezoceramic Sensors
• Resonant Frequency - 1.8kHz (hinged condition)
• Sensitivity - 3.4 mV/Pa
• TemperatureCompensation
– Reverse bimorphs
– Insulated enclosures,small openings
• Charge Generating
– Must operate into ahigh impendence
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Frequency Response of
Piezeoceramic Sensors
higher frequencies strongly
attenuated, phase becomes
incoherent
very flat amplitude/phase response below
500 Hz–ideal for long-distance sensing
3-dB cut-off for 35-mm element
Band start frequency depends on design of preamplifier. We canreliably measure pressure signals down to periods of 105s.
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Schematic of NCPA Sensors
C50 pin-
compatible
connector
This 4-element design reduces effects of temperature gradients acrosssensors. Current design has different base plate, sensor lid. Still Chaparral50 compatible.
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Characteristics of Sensor
• highly ruggedized
• 0.0005 Hz- 100 Hz operating range (3-dB).Can be calibrated to 500-Hz.
• plug compatible with Chaparral 50
• self-calibration using reciprocal calibrationmethod has been demonstrated from 0.1–100Hz, calibration chamber with calibrated volumesource.
• Sensor can be configured as accelerometer (ordual pressure/acceleration sensor with samesensing elements).
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Microphone Noise Floor
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Comparison with C50 Microphone
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Single Sensor Comparison with C50
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Single Sensor Comparison
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Comparison with Vaisala Pressure Sensor
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“High Frequency” Sensor
• Allow use of microphone for low-frequencysound, long-range propagation experiments.
• 0.1 Hz- 1000 Hz operating range, configurablegain
• Improved vibrational isolation (elevatedsensor applications).
• More compact sensor packaging.• Vertical (4-m, 8-element) portable towers arein development at the NCPA.
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Comparison of HF Sensor to B&K 4193
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2009 Nevada Field Deployment of Array
Nominal array locations were at 180–250 km, in 10 km steps
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Array Geometry
• All infrasound microphones were NCPA sensors.
• Outer sensors characteristics: 10 mHz–100 Hz, 0.13V/Pa; center mike 1 mHz–100 Hz, 0.025V/Pa
• Digitizers used were Geotech SMART 24 (“even”numbered array”) or Miltech Fence Posts (“oddnumbered arrays”).
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Field-Deployed Microphone
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Sources for Nevada Deployment
4, 20 and 80 tons-TNT equivalent explosions at the Utah Testing andTraining Range (UTTR), as part of the Trident missile disposal program.
July 14, 2009
4 ton TNT-eq explosion
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Source Capture–23 km South
Source capture used 2 co-located microphones 23-km south of source.Assuming spherical spreading, source strength was about 70-Pa at 1kilometer. Source capture used a Chaparral USB Digitizer.
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Source Spectral Content
“Scalloping” probably associated with multiple arrivals associatedwith propagation effects.
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Vertical Sound Speed Profile
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Expected Signal Transmission
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Atmospheric Absorption
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Typical Arrival Structure
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Typical Arrival Structure
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Typical Arrival Structure
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Typical Arrival Structure
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Typical Arrival Structure
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Typical Arrival Structure
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Typical Arrival Structure
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Typical Arrival Structure
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Observed Power
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Average Noise Floor
f–7/3
f–1
fc = 20 Hz (windnoise filter)
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Seismic Signals
Miltech Fence posts had 3-axis geophones (Geospace GS-32CT).Arrivals were observed on these sensors coincident with the infrasoundsensors.
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Frequency Spectrum
High-frequency tail above 20-Hz was unexpected. However, it wasobserved at all sites with two different recording systems, and withtwo different technologies (infrasound mikes, seismometer)
Peak energy was near 0.7 Hz
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Conclusions
• A new sensor technology incorporating piezoceramicsensors has been developed at the NCPA.
• This technology was successfully field tested in alarge scale deployment in Utah/Nevada from July13–September 22, 2009.
• Very few sensor related problems were encounteredduring experiment.
• Main surprise was observation of high-frequencysignals which are probably associated withnonlinear propagation effects at stratosphericelevations.