PHYSIOLOGY TUTORIAL

Dr. Zahoor Dr. Amel Eassawi

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FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

List the components of reproductive system?

1. Primary reproductive organ (Gonads)

2. Reproductive tract

3. Accessory sex glands

4. External genitelia

What are the primary reproductive organs?

Paired testes in the male and paired ovaries in the female.

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FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

What is the functions of mature gonads?

1. Producing gametes (gametogenesis)Spermatozoa (sperm) in male.

Ova (eggs) in female.2. Secreting sex hormones

Testosterone in males.Estrogen and progesterone in females.

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FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

What are the functions of the different organs of the reproductive system in males?

Testes: Production of sperm (spermatogenesis).Secretion of testosterone.

Accessory Sex GlandsSeminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glandFunction: Secretions provide bulk of semen (liquid substance that is conducive to sperm viability)

Penis: Organ used to deposit semen in female Male Reproductive Tract

Epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens: Sperm maturation Ejaculatory duct: Empty into urethra (canal running length of penis that empties into exterior)

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FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

What are the functions of the different organs of the reproductive system in females?

Ovaries: Production of ova (oogenesis). Secretion of estrogen & progesterone.

Female Reproductive TractOviducts (uterine or Fallopian tubes): Pick up ova on ovulation,

serve as site for fertilizationUterus: Responsible for maintenance of fetus during development

Responsible for expelling fetus at end of pregnancyThe lower portion of the uterus is the cervix (projects in the vagina

and contain single, small opening the Cervical canal: Serves as pathway for sperm through the uterus to the site of fertilization. Serves as passageway for delivery of baby from

uterus. Vagina: Connects uterus to external environment.

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SEX DETERMINATION

How is the genetic sex is determined?

Depends on combination of sex chromosomes. Determined at time of conception.Depends on which type of sex chromosome is contained within the fertilizing sperm.

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SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATIONDiscuss the three levels of genetic, gonadal and phenotypic differences between males and females?

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SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION

Discuss the abnormalities that might take place during sexual differentiation?

Pseudo hermaphrodite: Gonad of one sex and genitalia of other 1. Male Pseudo Hermaphrodite:1. Genetic males whose target cells lack receptors for testosterone are

feminized ( testicular feminizing syndrome)2. Defective testicular development 3. 5α reductsae deficiency ( enzyme, coverts testosteron to DHT)

Female phenotype & XY male genotype

2. Female Pseudo Hermaphrodite:Congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasiaAdministration of androgen to mother Male phenotype and XX female genotype

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SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION

Discuss the possible defects produced by maternal non-disjunction of the sex chromosomes at the time of meiosis?

(Turner’s syndrome)

(Klinefelter’s syndrome)

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Turner’s syndrome

-Turner’s Syndrome affects 1 in 2500 females. - Female has 45 XO Karyotype ( chromosome) .

-Gonadal dysgenesis (ovaries do not develop)

-There is degeneration of oocyte, decreased estrogen

-Clincally- short stature, primary amenorrhoea.

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Klinefelter's syndrome

Klinefelter's syndrome affects approximately 1 in 1000 males.

-Male has 47 XXY Karyotype . -Dysgenesis of seminiferous tubules in testis,

leydig cell function is impaired . -Clinically person is tall, gynaecomastia, small

testis, infertility.

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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMQ1 . Name the primary reproductive organ, reproductive tract, accessory sex glands and external genitalia of male reproductive system. Primary Sex Organs: TestesReproductive Tract: Epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens,Ejaculatory duct Accessory Sex Glands:Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glandexternal genitalia :Penis

Q2. Where spermatogenesis occurs ?Testes

Q3 . What is function of leydig cells ? Androgen Secretion (mainly testosterone)

Q4 . Testosterone is steriod hormone or peptide hormone ?steriod hormone 12

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Effect of Testosterone

1. Effects before Birth1. Masculinizes the reproductive

tract and external genitalia.2. Promotes descent of the

testes into the scrotum

2. Effects on Sex-Specific Tissues after Birth

Puberty

Adulthood

1. Enlargement and maturation of gonads.

2. Development of secondary sexual characteristics.

3. Essential for spermatogenesis.

4. Growth and maturation of the reproductive tract.

5. Maintains the reproductive tract throughout adulthood

Q5. What are the functions of testosterone.

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Effect of Testosterone

3. Other Reproduction-Related Effects

1. Develops the sex drive at pubert.

2. Controls gonadotropin hormone secretion by negative feedback

4. Effects on Secondary Sexual Characteristics

1. Induces the male pattern of hair growth (e.g., beard).

2. A deep voice because of thickening of the vocal folds.

3. Thick skin.4. Promotes muscle growth

responsible for the male body configuration.( as a result of protein-anabolic affect)

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Effect of Testosterone5. Non reproductive Actions 1. Exerts a protein anabolic

(synthesis) effect.2. Promotes bone growth at

puberty3. Closes the epiphyseal plates

after being converted to estrogen by aromatase.

4. Stimulates oil secretion by sebaceous glands (results in development of acne).

5. May induce aggressive behavior

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Q6. Draw the sperm and name the different parts.

Q7. What is the function of Acrosome.? containing hydrolytic enzymes that allow the sperm to penetrate

and enter the egg

Q8. In which part of sperm, genetic material is present.?

Head(nucleus)

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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Q9. What is the function of midpiece and tail of sperm.?

• MidpieceArea where mitochondria are concentrated

• TailProvides mobility for spermatozoa

Q10. Name the functions of Sertoli cells. 1. Form blood-testes barrier.

2. Provide nourishment and phagocytic function.

3. Secrete seminiferous tubule fluid which flushes released sperm from tubule into epididymis.

4. Secrete androgen-binding protein.

5. Site of action for testosterone & FSH to control spermatogenesis

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6. Release inhibin, acts in negative-feedback fashion to regulate FSH secretion

7. Released mullerian inhibiting factor ( fetal development).

Q11. What is the action of FSH and LH on testis. 1.FSH and Testosterone are required for normal spermatogenesis.

2.LH is required for normal androgen synthesis.

Q12. Inhibin hormone is secreted by ( select one ). 1) sertoli cell 2) leydig cell

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Q 13. What is average volume of semen per ejaculate . Average volume is 2.5-3.5 ml per ejaculate.

Q14. What is normal sperm count/ ml in semen. Normally 100 million sperm/ml of semen

Q15. Bulk of semen is provided by ( select one) 1) Seminal vesicle 2) Prostate gland

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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Q19. Where sperm are stored . Epididymis and vas deferens

Q20. What is cryptorchidism ? descent of testes is incomplete, testes remain in the abdomen.

1. Bilateral: Impaired Testosterone secretion and spermatogenesis.

2. Unilateral :Normal Testosterone and impaired spermatogenesis

Q21. In Klinfelter syndrome what is Karyotype (Number of chromosomes ).

47 XXY

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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

1. When ova appear in the ovary?2. How many ova are there in a ovary at

1. 5th month of gestation? 6-7 million oogonia

2. At birth? 2 million

3. At puberty? 300, 000 -- oogonia present

3. How many ova mature during a average reproductive life of a female? only 400-500 ova mature and ovulate .

4. Why ova are in millions when only about 400 are required during the reproductive life of a female?

atresia5. Define menstrual cycle.

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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

6. What are the phases of ovarian cycle?– Follicular phase(1-14 days )

• Dominated by presence of maturing follicles– Luteal phase(15-28 days)

• Characterized by presence of corpus luteum

7. Which hormones from the hypothalamus / anterior pituitary control ovarian cycle? FHS&LH

8. What is LH surge? is due to increased Estrogen level

9. Say true or False Moderate level of estrogen inhibit LH secretion where as high level of estrogen stimulate LH surge . true

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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

11. What are the uterine phases of menstrual cycle? What is the duration of each phase– Menstrual phase (3-5 or 0-6 days)– Proliferative phase (6-14 days)– Secretory or progestational phase (15-28 days)

12. What is the total duration of menstrual cycle. lasts 28 days

13.How much is the average menstrual blood loss?30-150 ml of blood is lost per cycleIn book 70ml

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14.Draw the diagram of menstrual cycle

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

15. Why there is no menstruation during1. Childhood: decrease FSH LH2. Pregnancy:increase estrogen and progstron 3. Menopause: no ovary

16. During menopause, what is the level of FSH & LH?deacreas FSH andLH

17. What types of menstrual irregularities occurs in athlete (AMI)? األخير ساليد قبل

18. What is the cause of Athlete menstrual irregularities (AMI) ?loos wight

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Thank you

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