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Emotional Empathy in Adults
By
Aliya Zahoor
Roll No.976
Department of Psychology,
LEADERSHIP COLLEGES NETWORK
MULTAN
Session 2009 - 2011
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Emotional Empathy in Adults
By
Aliya Zahoor
A research Report Submitted to department of Psychology in the
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of
Science
In
Psychology
Department of Psychology,
LEADERSHIP COLLEGES NETWORK
MULTAN
Session 2009 - 2011
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Emotional Empathy In Adults
By
Aliya Zahoor
APPROVED BY
________________
Supervisor
________________
Internal
________________
External Examiner
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CERTIFICATE
It is the certified that M.Sc. research report entitled as Emotional
Empathy in Adults presented by Miss. Aliya has been approved
for submission to Leadership College Network.
Nuzhat Rafique
Supervisor
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
By the grace of Almighty Allah I have been able to completer this
research report. I pay my special gratitude to Miss Nuzhat Rafique
for providing guidance and support to complete this research report.
I also like to thanks my parents who not only encourage me but also
provided finances to undertake this research report.
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DEDICATION
I dedicated effort to my teacher, my parents and family for their
abundant support and cooperation in completion of this.
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ABSTRACT
Present study is aimed to investigate facets of emotional empathy in
male and female adults (age20-40) for both samples. In this study it
was hypothesized that female show more empathic suffering, more
responsive crying and more feeling for others, as compare to the
males. Whereas male show more positive sharing, more emotional
attention and more emotional contagion, as compare to females. For
this purpose a questionnaire by "DAVID R. CARUSO" was used.
Sample for this study consisted of 60 people, among them were 30
males and 30 females. The result of T-Test indicates that there is a
significant between males and females experience of emotional
empathy.
So our hypothesis is accepted.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
Chapter-1 Introduction
Chapter-2 Literature Review
Chapter-3 Methodology
Research Design
Operational Definition
Sample
Instrument
Procedure
Chapter-4 Results
Chapter-5 Discussion
Limitations
Suggestion
References
Questionnaire
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CHAPTER NO.1
INTRODUCTION
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Chapter No. 1
INTRODUCTION
Statement of the Problem
This statement has been tested through this research is that females show more
emotional suffering, more responsive crying, and more feeling for other as
compare to males. Whereas males show more positive sharing, more emotional
attention, and more emotional contagion as compare to the females.
Definition of Emotional Empathy:-
Including a feeling for others, sympathetic reactions to their feeling and
imaginative involvement in how the other person might be feeling.
The empathy is define m various ways and seems to be several traditions to its
study on the one hand, empathy can be defined cognitively in relation to
perspective taking or understanding or understanding others.
"Empathy is the intellectual or imagination apprehension of other's condition or
state of mind without actually experiencing that persons feelings" in other sense
empathy has been define as "emotional arousal or the sympathy in response to the
feeling or experience of others."
Empathy is define as the "heightened responsiveness to another emotional
experience" so we can say that "empathy is the capacity for experiencing as one's
own the feeling of another". Finally there is an integrative approach to the study of
empathy. More recently empathy has been conceived of as a multi dimensional
construct." Indulging cognitive and emotional component in his view of empathy
and he believes that empathy can be best considered as asset of constructs related
in that they all concern responsively to others."
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Emotional Component of Empathy :-
In the present study of researcher focus was on the emotional component of
empathy.In this study researcher have considered 6 emotional components of empathy,
these
are listed below.
Emotional Suffering:-
One person emotional feeling about the other person who is in suffer for example,
it a
little child is treated meanly what other person will feel about child's condition.
Positive Sharing:-
One's tendency to be moved by other's positive emotional experience characteristic
of
sharing other's joy.
Responsive Crying:-
Characteristics of a person how sooner or later he cry or not in different critical
situation. For example watching a sad movie a person cry or not.
Emotional Attention :-
These are the observable acts of the individual to lead to emotional and social
attention of interaction with others.
Feel for others:-
How much some one has the characteristic of feel for others.Emotional Contagion:-
Appreciation of the feeling of the unfamiliar and distant other. For example a
crowd is
get excited while a person stand there will be get excited too? Or not?
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BACKGROUND
By the late I980's psychologist's evolutionary biologists, psychiatrists, computer
scientists and other had identified a number of human capacities involved in
identifying and understand emotion. These human capacities involved inidentifying and understand emotion. These human capacities involving emotional
information processing had been examine in score of research article. Mayer's
1997 suggested that emotions should study into four main parts and areas. Areas
of Emotions:-
Perceiving Emotions
Facilitating Thought
Understanding Emotions
Managing Emotions ^ Perceiving Emotions:-
The initial most basic area has to do with the non verbal reception and expression
such as happiness sadness anger and fear were universally recognizable in the
human beings. Emotions researchers, evolutionary biologists, specialists in non
verbal behavior and other have made tremendous in roads into understanding who
human being recognize and express emotions. The capacity to accurately perceive
emotion in the face or voice of other provides a crucial standing point for more
advanced understanding of emotion. Facilitating Thought:-
The second area appeared every bit as basic as the first. This way the capacity of
the emotions enter into and guide the cognitive system and promote thinking. In
other words some thing we respond to emotionally is some thing that grabs or
attention. Having a good system of emotion input there fore should helped directthinking
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toward mattes that are truly important. As a second example for certain kinds of
creativity to emerge, for example both mood swing and positive mood have been
implicated in the capacity to carry out creative thought. Understanding
Emotions:-
Emotions convey information happiness usually indicated are desire to join withother people anger indicates a desire to attack or harm others. Fear indicates a
desire to escape and so forth. Each emotion conveys its own pattern of possible
message and actions associated with those messages. A message of anger for
example "The individual feels treated unfairly." The anger in turn might be
associated with specific sets of possible actions. Peace making attacking retribution
and revenge seeking or with drawl to seek calmness. Fully understanding emotions
in other words in involving the comprehension of the mean of emotions with the
capacity reason about those meanings. Managing Emotions:-
Finally emotions of fun can be managed. AS person needs to understand convey
information. To the extent that is under voluntary control, a person may want to
remain open emotional signal, so long as they are not too painful and block out
those that are overwhelming. In between, with in the persons emotional comfort
zone, it becomes possible to regulate and mange one's own and other emotion, so
as to promote one's own and other personal and social goal. The mean and methods
for emotional self regulation has become a topic of increasing research in this
decade. Objective of study:-
The main objective of our study to investigation multiple facts of emotional
empathy in male and female adults.
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Chapter No.2
Literature Review
Tn the years of 1970's different researches studied different components of
emotional empathy. Important researchers are listed below. Mehrabian Research
(1996) Davis Research (1993) Epstein Research (1972) Hogan Research (1969)Mehrabian updated his previous research and create a new balanced emotional
empathies scale which contain 15 positively worded and 15 negatively worded
items and related to a 4 (very strong disagreement to +4 (very strong agreement).
Through this Mehrabian investigation Aggression and risk of violence optimism
pessimism in people.
Research on empathy divided conceptually at least in two major groups measuring
emotional responsiveness. Hogan work also included traits such as social
ascendancy even tempered disposition and humanistic socialistically attitudes. The
emotional realm of empathy seems same what different frame the cognitive and its
emotional domain with which are centrally concerned in this research. These are
advantage that emotion based measured of empathy have in relation to other
measured. These included the appropriateness of self report methodology to
understand the person's subjective response and the directness of the emotional
approach. Davis made a research to examine emotional empathy in adolescents and
adults. He took a sample of 793 (503 were adults and 290 were adolescents)
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His scale was based on 30 items. An attempt was made to include positive as well
as negative emotional situation. A 5 points response scale was used, where one was
"strongly disagree" and 5 was "strongly agreed." This research Davis found
significant sees difference. Empathy was also found to increase same what in
adolescence but not significant impact of age on empathy was noted for the adultsubject
Epstein made researches to investigate the tendency of emotional empathy in
people, for this purpose the developed "emotional empathetic tendency scales"
(EETS) to measure emotional empathy. It is consisted of 33 items which are
related on 9 points (-4 to +4) scale.
Hogan took a vey different approach for developing and empathy measure. Hogan
research is based upon a definition of empathy which he drives from a model of
moral development and defines as "the intellectual or imaginative apprehension of
another's condition or state of mind without actually experiencing that person
feeling".
Hypothesis :-
Female show more empathic suffering, more responsive crying and more feeling
for others as compare to males. While males show more positive sharing, more
emotional attention, more emotional contagion as compare to females.
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Chapter No.3
METHODOLOGY
Present study was conducted to examine multiple facets of emotional empathy in
male and female adults. Research Design:-
The present research follows the EX-POST FACTO research design. Operational
Definition of Variables:-Emotional empathy in adults is defined as a total score of the individual on the
emotional empathy assessment instrument. Emotional empathy is refers to a
cognitive awareness and understanding of emotion and feelings of another person.
Sampling Strategy:-
Researcher had used non probability convenient sampling. Sample:-
Two different samples were utilized for this study, with the total of 60 subjects
participathing in this research. Male Sampler-Subject were 30 adults with in range
of 20-40 years of age subjects were asked to report their age, sex, qualification,
name and profession from which they are belong. Subject were recruited from
several sources. Following people are included in this sample such as students,
doctors, bankers, lawyers and teachers. Female Sample:-
Female subject were 30 adults within range of 20-40 years of age. Female subjects
were asked to report their name, age, sex, qualification and profession. Student,
teachers, doctors, working women, house wife is also included in this sample.
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Research Instrument:-
For this research an already constructed questionnaire by David R Caruso was use.
These were 30 suitable statements "such as questions denote person who responds
emotionally to others, who cries when they are sad, laugh when they are happy and
feels for animals, children and so forth". There were 6 negative worded questions
in the questionnaire in the order to reduce response bias, a five point response scalewas used, where one was "strongly disagree" and fived was "strongly agree"
statements belongs to "Empathy Serving" Five belongs to "positive sharing" three
belongs crying, 4 belong to emotional. Attention and feeling for others and three
belongs to "Emotional Contagion" Scoring:-There were five categories of
responses against each item of the questionnaire.
1) Strongly Disagree
2) Disagree
3) Cannot make decision
4) Agree
5) Strongly Agree Procedure:-
People completed the 30 statements based questionnaire. They fill out
questionnaire in small group or individually. Each person received answer booklet
which contains all necessary instructions questions and responses. The instrument
stated "Mark the responses which indicate how much u agree or disagree with each
statement."
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CHAPTER-4
RESULTS
This chapter presents the results of the study in accordance with research
hypothesis. T-Test was compute in order to check the hypothesis.
Sr. No. Types of
Scale
Group N X S.D T-Values
1 Empathic
Suffering
Males 30 41.20 5.45 1.18
Females 30 42.63 9.27
2 Positive
sharing
Males 30 18.70 4.14 0.22
Females 30 18.50 3.33
3 Crying Males 30 8.30 2.73 0,80
Females 30 10.13 3.48
4 Emotional
Attention
Males 30 8.91 3.94 1.22
Females 30 7.13 3.78
5 Feelings for Others
Males 30 12.90 3.44 -0.58
Female 30 13.43 2.76
6 Emotional
Contagion
Males 30 18.13 2.56 0.47
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Females 30 8.60 1.90
The calculated value falls in the acceptance region therefore the null hypothesis is
accepted.
CHAPTER-5
DISCUSSION
The actual aim of this study was to examine multiple facets of emotional empathy
in male and female adult. It was hypothesized that females show more empathicsuffering more responsive cry and more feeling for others as compare to males.
While males show more positive sharing more emotional attention and more
emotional contagion as compare to females. For this purpose a questionnaire by
David R Caruso was used questionnaire had 30 statement. In which 6 were R
question. We reversed there score sample of study was consisted of 60 people (30
males, 30 females). Result oft-test (1.18, 0.22, 0.8, 1.22, -0.58, 0.47) show that our
hypothesis is accepted. We use convenient sample. In the present study we
measured six different component of empathy even through research was based
upon emotional view of empathy rather than on a multi dimensional view ofempathy. By the result it is proved that women shows more empathic suffering
more responsive crying and more feelings for others as compare to males. Whereas
male show more positive sharing more emotional attention and more emotional
contagion as compare to females.
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11
LIMITATION
1) The sample size is short for this issue.2) This research study is only for educate people we cannot collect data from
illiterate people.
3) Specific age group is included so we cannot apply it on all age group.
4) Data is collected from specific areas of Multan.
5) The sample size was small in size and was insufficient to represent the whole
population.
SUGGESTIONS
1) It is noted to collect data from other areas.
2) These sample size must be increase.
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REFERENCES
w_ww^unh.gdu/_emQtiQanl-iteUigence/rl8k
Www.unh._e_du/emotiQnal-it_e tl i gencer glossary -htm 1
wvyw .aparesearch ;co_m
www.americanresearch.com
httn://www.edu/emnathv-adults-dossarv.hlml
www.develoDmentofemDathv.co.uk
Davis (1983) journal of personality and social psychology.
Mehrabian (1998) emotional empathy associated individual difference current
psychology; research and review.
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QUESTIONNAIRE
For example if u think for the statement No.l i.e. I cry easily when watching a sad
movie "strongly agree" than score it as "5" and if u "cannot make decision" than
score it as "3". Plz score all the given statement in the same manner.
Bio-Data
Name
Sex
Qualification
Age
Profession
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Sr.# Question Score
1 I cry easily when I watch as sad movie.
2 Certain pieces of time music can really move me.
3 Seeing a hurt animal by the side of the road is very upsetting.
4 I don't give other feeling much thought.
5 It makes me happy when I see people being nice to each other.
6 The suffering of other deeply disturb me.
7 I get very upset when I see a young child who is being treated
meanly.
8 I always try to tune into the feeling of those around me.
9 When I am with other people who are laughing I join them.
10 Too much is made of the suffering of pets of animals.
11 If some one is upset I get upset too.
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12 It makes me mad to see some one treaded unjustly.
13 1 rarely take notice when people treat each other warmly.
14 1 feel happy when I see people to laugh and enjoy themselves.
15 It is easy for me to get carries away by others people emotions.
16 My feeling are my own and do not reflect how other feelings.
17 If a crowd get excite about some one so I do.
18 I feel good when I help other.
19 I feel good when I help other.
20 I do not cry easily.
HH I feel others people pain.
22 See other people smile make me smile.
23 Being around happy people makes me smile
24 TV or news stories about injured or sick children greatly upset me.
25 I cry at sad of the book I read.
26 Being around people who are depressed bring my mood down.
27 I find it annoying when people cry in public.
28 It hurt me see another in pain.
29 I get a warm feeling for some one it I see them helping another
person.
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30 I feel other joy.