physiology and anatomy of urinary system
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Transcript of physiology and anatomy of urinary system
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The Urinary System
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Function1. Remove nitrogenous wastes2. Maintain electrolyte, acid-base,
and fluid balance of blood3. Homeostatic organ4. Acts as blood filter5. Release hormones: calcitriol &
erythropoietin
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Kidneys as Filters
• Diuretic- loose water; coffee, alcohol• Antidiuretic- retain water; ADH• Aldosterone- sodium & water reabsorption,
and K+ excretion• GFR= 180 liters (50 gal) of blood/day• 178-179 liters are reabsorbed back into
blood• Excrete a protein free filtrate
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Organs of the
Urinary System
Organs of the
Urinary System
kidneys
ureters
urinary bladderurethra
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A KidneyBlood and waste enter through renal artery
Filtered blood leaves through renal vein
Excess water and toxic waste leaves through ureter as urine
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The Urinary System
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General Functioning of the KidneyGeneral Functioning of the Kidney
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Nitrogenous Wastes
Proteins
Amino acids
COOH -NH2
Ammonia Urea Uric Acid
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ureter
Kidney AnatomyKidney Anatomy
renal cortex
renal pelvisrenal medulla
renal pyramids
renal capsule
nephron
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renal cortex
renal medulla
Each kidney contains over 1 million nephrons and thousands of collecting ducts
Collecting duct
Loop of Henle
PCT
DCTGlomerulus
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Glomerulus
To renal pelvis
Peritubular capillaries
Collecting duct
PCT
Loop of Henle
DCT
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Glomerular FiltrationGlomerular Filtrationafferent arteriole glomerulus
efferent arteriole
Bowman’s capsule
Filters blood; proteins can’t pass through
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Composition of Glomerular Filtrate• WaterWater• Small Soluble Organic Small Soluble Organic
MoleculesMolecules• Mineral IonsMineral Ions
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Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Reabsorbs: water, glucose, Reabsorbs: water, glucose, amino acids, and sodium.amino acids, and sodium.
•65% of Na+ is reabsorbed•65% of H2O is reabsorbed
•90% of filtered bicarbonate (HCO3-)
•50% of Cl- and K+
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Loop of Henle
Creates a gradient of increasing Creates a gradient of increasing sodium ion concentration towards sodium ion concentration towards the end of the loop within the the end of the loop within the interstitial fluid of the renal pyramid.interstitial fluid of the renal pyramid.
•25% Na+ is reabsorbed in the loop•15% water is reabsorbed in the loop•40% K is reabsorbed in the loop
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Distal Convoluted Tubule
Under the influence of the hormone Under the influence of the hormone aldosterone, reabsorbs sodium and aldosterone, reabsorbs sodium and secretes potassium. Also regulates secretes potassium. Also regulates pH by secreting hydrogen ion when pH by secreting hydrogen ion when pH of the plasma is low.pH of the plasma is low.
• only 10% of the filtered NaCl and 20% of water remains
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Collecting Duct
Allows for the osmotic Allows for the osmotic reabsorption of water.reabsorption of water.
ADH (antidiuretic hormone)- makes collecting ducts more permeable to water-- produce concentrated urine
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From the original 1800 g NaCl, only 10 g appears in the urine
UrineWater- 95%Nitrogenous waste:
• urea• uric acid• creatinine
Ions:• sodium• potassium• sulfate• phosphate
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Urinary BladderUrinary Bladder
ureters
internal sphincters
external sphincters
urethra
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When bladder fills with 200 ml of urine, stretch receptors transmit impulses to the CNS and produce a reflex contraction of the bladder (PNS)
Diuresis (Micturition)
When is incontinence normal?
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Why do doctors ask for a urine sample?
Urinalysis
characteristics:• smell- ammonia-like• pH- 4.5-8, ave 6.0• specific gravity– more than 1.0;
~1.001-1.030 • color- affected by what we eat: salty
foods, vitamins
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odor- normal is ammonia-like
diabetes mellitus- smells fruity or acetone like due to elevated ketone levels
diabetes insupidus- yucky
asparagus---
Odor
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Color- pigment is urochromeYellow color due to metabolic breakdown of hemoglobin (by bile or bile pigments)
Beets or rhubarb- might give a urine pink or smoky color
Vitamins- vitamin C- bright yellowbright yellow
Infection- cloudy
Color
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Water: s.g. = 1g/liter; Urine: s.g. ~ 1.001 to 1.030
Specific Gravity
When urine has high s.g.; form kidney stones
Diabetes insipidus- urine has low s.g.; drinks excessive water; injury or tumor in pituitary
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pH- range 4.5-8 ave 6.0
vegetarian diet- urine is alkaline
protein rich and wheat diet- urine is acidic
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Normal Constitutes of Urine
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Normal Constitutes of Urine
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Glucose
Indicative of:• Excessive carbohydrate intake• Stress• Diabetes mellitus
Abnormal Constitutes of Urine
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Albumin
Abnormal Constitutes of Urine
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• Ketone
• RBC
• Hemoglobin
• Bile
• WBC
• Casts
Abnormal Constitutes of Urine
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INQUIRY1. List several functions of the kidneys.2. What does the glomerulus do?3. What are several constitutes you should not
find in urine?4. What is specific gravity?5. What two hormones effect fluid volume and
sodium concentration in the urine?6. Where are the pyramids located in the
kidney?7. What vessel directs blood into the
glomerulus?8. Where does most selective reabsorption occur
in the nephron?
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Moment of Zen