Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ______________

BIOLOGYMIDTERM EXAM REVIEW PACKET

TOOLS/MEASUREMENT/SCIENTIFIC METHOD/CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE/SAFETY

1. In the metric system of measurement, which is the basic unit of length?

meter

2. Complete the following statements:

1 km = 1000 m 1 m = 100 cm 1 m = 1000 mm

3. Complete each statement.

1 kg = 1000 g 1 g = 1000 mg

4. How many grams are in .80 kg? 800 g

5. A specimen being observed under high power of a compound microscope appears blurred and indistinct. Which part of the microscope should be adjusted to obtain a clearer image?

fine adjustment knob

6. A student viewing a specimen under low power of a compound light microscope switched to high power and noticed that the field of view darkened considerably. Which part of the compound microscope should the student adjust to brighten the field of view?

diaphragm

7. Calculate the total magnification of a specimen being viewed under low power using a compound microscope? 100x (eyepiece = 10x multiplied by low power objective = 10x)

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Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ______________

Identify the parts of the compound microscope labeled #1-5 and identify their function.

1 - eyepiece – contains a magnifying lens (10x).

2 - coarse adjustment knob – Moves the body tube to focus the image. Only used under low power.

3 - fine adjustment knob – Moves the body tube slightly to sharpen the image.

4 - high power objective – Provides a magnification of 40 X and is the longest objective.

5 - diaphragm – regulates the amount of light passing up toward the eyepiece.

9. A student created a slide of the letter “e” as seen below.

Draw the image that the student would see while viewing this slide under low power of a compound microscope.

Slide As seen under low power of a compound microscope.

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Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ______________

10.If the student moved the slide to the right while viewing under the compound microscope, which direction would the image move?The image would move to the left.

11.Which of the following objective lenses would give the SMALLEST field of view?a. 44xb. 10xc. 5xd. 20x

12.The diagram below represents a strand of algae viewed under the low power objective of a microscope.

Draw the image as seen under the high power objective.

13. List and explain the steps of the scientific method.O-bservation – use five senses to collect informationH-ypothesis – provide a possible explanation for a set of observationsE-xperimentation – test hypothesis by designing an experiment in which only one variable is changed.C-onclusion – Analyze data collected to see if it supports the hypothesis.

14.How do scientists test a hypothesis? They conduct an experiment.

15. A doctor examines a patient’s sore throat and suggests that the patient has strep throat. She takes a sample to test for the bacteria that causes strep throat. What parts of the scientific method is the doctor applying?Suggesting the patient has sore throat – hypothesisTakes a sample to test for bacteria – experimentation

16.What happens when the data in an investigation do not support the original hypothesis?The hypothesis is changed/modified and the experiment is repeated.

17.List five safety rules that apply to the biology classroom.- Always wear goggles.- No horsing around.- No eating or drinking in the lab.

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Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ______________- Always follow the teacher’s instructions.- Wash your hands after every scientific activity.

18.All of the following are examples of good laboratory preparation EXCEPTa. Knowing the safety and first aid procedures.b. Reading through the entire lab before starting it.c. Always following your teacher’s instruction.d. Rushing through the steps in the laboratory.

19. List and explain the characteristics of life.Cells – all living things are composed of a cell or cells.Homeostasis - living things maintain an internal stability.Adaptation – living things adapt to their environment.Reproduction – living things produce new organisms.Growth – all living things grow and develop.Energy – living things obtain and use materials & energy.Respond – living things respond to their environment.

20. A wolf panting after chasing its prey is an example of which characteristic of life?

Homeostasis

21. A cat giving birth to a litter of kittens is an example of which characteristic of life?

Reproduction

22. Explain the idea of spontaneous generation.

The idea that life could arise from nonliving matter.

23. Identify the independent variable and dependent variable in Redi’s experiment on spontaneous generation.

independent/manipulated variable: gauze coveringdependent/responding variable: whether maggots appeared

controlled variables: jars, type of meat, location, temperature, time

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Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ______________

CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY

24.Complete the chart.

Element Protons Neutrons ElectronsLithium 3 4 3Boron 5 6 5Carbon 6 6 6K+1 19 20 18O-2 8 8 10Neon-21 10 11 10

25.Which type of chemical bond do atoms share electrons? covalent

26.Which type of chemical bond do atoms transfer or trade electrons? ionic

27.What is the most abundant compound found in most living things? Water (H2O)

28.Which substance is an inorganic compound that is necessary for most of the chemical reactions that take place in living cells? Water (H2O)

29.Complete the following table:

Macromolecule Monomer Unit (Building Blocks) Functions Examples

Carbohydrate monosaccharidesMain source of energy in living things.

glucose, sucrose, cellulose

Lipidfatty acids & glycerol

Long term energy storage.Important parts of biological membranes.

fats, oils, waxes

Protein amino acids

Build & repair the body.Some control the rate of reactions.Others transport substances into or out of cells or to help fight disease.

keratin, collagen

Nucleic acid nucleotidesStore & transmit hereditary, or genetic,

DNA, RNA

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Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ______________information.

30.Describe the “lock-and-key” model of enzyme action.

The “lock-and-key” model of enzyme action illustrates that a particular enzyme molecule interacts with a specific type of substrate molecule.

31.Draw the general structure of an amino acid and label its four parts: R group, carboxyl group, amine group, and hydrogen.

32.What does pH measure?

A measure of hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in solution.

33.What pH values indicate an acidic substance? A basic substance?

Acidic substances have pH values below 7 and basic substances have pH values above 7.

34. Vinegar has a pH of about 3 and stomach acid (HCl) has a pH of about 1. Which substance is more acidic? Explain.

HCl with a pH of 1 is more acidic because the lower the pH the stronger the acid.

CELL THEORY/CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

35.Identify all the scientists involved in the development of the cell theory. (Include Leeuwenhoek, Hooke, Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow).Leeuwenhoek – observed tiny living organisms in drops of pond water through his simple microscope (called them animalcules)Hooke – used one of the first light microscopes to observe thin slices of cork. He called the tiny chambers he saw “cells.”Schleiden – concluded that all plants are made of cells.Schwann – concluded that all animals are made of cells.Virchow – concluded that cells come from existing cells.

36.State the cell theory.

- All living things are composed of cells.- Cells are the basic units of structure & function in living things.- New cells are produced from existing cells.

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Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ______________

37.What is the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote?Prokaryotes have cell membranes & cytoplasm but do not contain nuclei.Eukaryotes do contain nuclei. In addition to a nucleus, cell membrane, & cytoplasm, most cells of eukaryotes contain dozens of other specialized structures called organelles.

38.Which organelles are found ONLY in plant cells? Chloroplasts, cell wall

39.Label the following diagram.

40.Is this a plant or animal cell? How can you tell?Plant cell because it contains chloroplasts and has a cell wall.

41.Complete the table:Organelle Function

Golgi apparatusModifies, sorts, and packages proteins for distribution.

Ribosomes synthesizes proteins.

Cell membrane boundary between the living cell and its environment which regulates what enters and leaves the cell.

Mitochondria Uses energy from organic compounds to make ATP (sites of cellular respiration). “Powerhouse” of the cell.

Vacuole Stores water, ions, nutrients, and wastes.

Lysosome Contains specific enzymes that break down large molecules.

Nucleus Controls most of the cells activities.

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Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ______________Cell wall Provide support and protection for the

cell.

42.Which cellular organelles aid in movement of the cell? Cilia & flagella

43.What is diffusion? Osmosis?Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semi permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.Both diffusion & osmosis are forms of passive transport.

44.What will happen to an animal cell that is surrounded by fresh water and why?The animal cell will burst because the osmotic pressure causes water to move into the cell.

45.The diagram below represents which cellular structure. What is this structure composed of?

The diagram represents the cell membrane. The cell membrane is

primarily composed of lipids & proteins.

EVOLUTION/TAXONOMY/CLASSIFICATION

46.What is a fossil and what type of rock do they usually form in?Fossils are preserved remains or evidence of an ancient organism. They usually form in sedimentary rock.

47.Define index fossil.Distinctive fossil used to compare the relative ages of fossils.To be used as an index fossil, a species must be easily recognizedand must have existed for a short period but have had a widegeographic range.

48.The diagram at the right represents undisturbed rock layers. Basedon the diagram, which species existed first? What method is beingused to identify this information?Species B existed first. The method being used to identify thisis called relative dating.

49.What is binomial nomenclature?Developed by Carolus Linnaeus, binomial nomenclature is a two-word naming system where each species is assigned a two part scientific

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Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ______________name.

50.Using the system of binomial nomenclature, correctly write the scientific name of a human: homo sapiens. Which taxonomic categories are used in assigning the scientific name to an organism? Homo sapiens or Homo sapiensThe first part of the scientific name represents the genus and the second part of the scientific name represents the species.

51.How many taxonomic categories are in Linnaeus’ system of classification? Identify them in order from most specific to most general.There are seven taxonomic categories in Linnaeus’s system of classification.

species -> genus -> family -> order -> class -> phylum -> kingdom

most mostspecific general

52.What is a heterotroph? An autotroph? Give an example of each.A heterotroph is an organism that obtains energy from the food it consumes. (Ex. Humans)An autotroph is an organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food (Ex. Plants)

53.In which kingdoms are all organisms heterotrophic?Kingdom Fungi & Kingdom Animalia

54.Explain Lamarck’s principle of use and disuse.Lamarck proposed that by selective use or disuse of organs, organisms acquired or lost certain traits during their lifetime. These traits could then be passed on to their offspring. Over time, this process led to change in a species.

55.An inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in its specific environment is called a(n)

a. adaptationb. theory of acquired characteristicsc. fossil

56.The presence of gill-like slits in a human embryo is considered to be evidence for the

a. Theory that fish and mammals have a common ancestryb. Theory that the first organisms on Earth were heterotrophsc. Close relationship between fish and mammalian reproductive patterns.

57.In humans, the pelvis and thigh bone are involved in walking. Whales also have a pelvis and thigh bone. What are these structures called in the whale? Vestigial structures

58.Structures having similar origin but adapted for different purposes, such as the flipper of a whale and the arm of a human are called homologous structures.

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Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ______________

59.What is natural selection?The process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully than less well adapted individuals do. (A theory to explain the mechanism of evolution.)

60.What did Darwin observe in finches and tortoises in the Galapagos Islands?These organisms displayed different structural adaptations. One of the adaptations that Darwin noted about the species of finches he observed was that they had different-shaped beaks. He noted the different neck sizes and shell shapes in tortoises that he observed on the islands. Based on the adaptations he observed in finches & tortoises in the Galapagos, he wondered if species living on different islands had once been members of the same species.

61.What is geographic isolation?Form of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated physically by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water.

62. Define species.A group of organisms that are closely related and can mate to produce fertile offspring.

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