PhysElectro_ch01

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School of Electrical & Electronic Eng. Solid State Electronic Devices - B. G. Streetman - 담당교수 : 김창일

Transcript of PhysElectro_ch01

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School of Electrical & Electronic Eng.

Solid State Electronic Devices- B. G. Streetman -

담당교수 : 김창일

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1. 1 Semiconductor Materials•반도체→금속과절연체의중간정도의전기전도도

: 온도변화, 광학적여기상태, 불순물함유량

•원소반도체→ 4족반도체 (SiSi, GeGe)

•화합물반도체→ 3족과 5족화합물, 2족과 6족화합물

Chapter Chapter 1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors

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Chapter Chapter 1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors

•반도체초기 Ge →현재 SiSi대부분반도체소자이용: rectifier, transistor, IC

•화합물반도체 : 고속, 빛을방출, 흡수하는전자소자

• 3족-5족화합물(binary : 2원소):GaNGaN, GaPGaP, GaAsGaAs → light emitting diode (LED).

GaAsPGaAsP (ternary : 3원소), InGaAsPInGaAsP (quaternary : 4원소) compound

→다양한물질의성질을선택에기여

• 2족-6족화합물:ZnSZnS → TV 화면의형광물질

• InSbInSb, CdSeCdSe, PbTePbTe, HgCdTeHgCdTe →광감지기

• SiSi and GeGe →적외선, 방사능감지기

• GaAsGaAs, InPInP → microwave 전자소자 (Gunn diode).

• GaAsGaAs, AlGaAsAlGaAs →반도체레이저

• Energy band gap (Eg) : 도체, 절연체, 반도체구별.빛을방출하거나흡수하는파장결정

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Chapter Chapter 1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors1. Crystal Properties & Growth of SemiconductorsAppendix III. Properties of Semiconductor Materials.

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Chapter Chapter 1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors

•반도체물질의전자적광학적성질→불순물(impurities)에영향

-반도체의전도도를광범위하게변화

-음전하 carrier에서양전하 carrier로전도과정성질바꿈

• Doping →불순물의제어된첨가

1. 2 Crystal lattices

1.2.1 Periodic Structures

• Crystalline solid(결정질) →결정을구성하는원자가주기적형식배열

• Amorphous(비정질) →주기적구조이루지않음

• Polycrystalline(다결정) →작은영역내에단결정물질이여러개구성

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Chapter Chapter 1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors

• Lattice(격자) →결정내원자의주기적배열

•체적내에서원자의주기적배열방식은다양→원자사이의거리와방향은여

러가지형태

•격자는 unit cell인체적포함

: 전체격자를구성결정체전체규칙적반복배열

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Chapter Chapter 1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors

•단위셀(unit cell) (ODEF)로된원자의 2D-배열

•벡터 aa와 bb정의→ basis vectors(기본벡터)

•단위셀이이들벡터정수배이동, 처음과동일새 unit cell (O´D´E´F´)

rr = paa + qbb + scc

• Primitive cell(기본셀) →격자를형성하게반복가능한최소 unit cell

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Chapter Chapter 1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors

•가장간단한 3-D 격자는세가지 cell과같은입방체

1.2.2 Cubic Lattices

•단순입방(simple cubic;sc)→ unit cell의각모서리에한개의원자

•체심입방(body-centered cubic;bcc) →단순입방체의중심에원자하나더부가

•면심입방(face-centered cubic;fcc) → 8개모서리, 6개측면중심에원자놓인구조

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Chapter Chapter 1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors1.2.3 Planes and Directions.

• →결정축의 negative 축상에교차

•결정학적(crystallographic), 한격자내의여러평면은등가(equivalent)

:주어진밀러지수가진평면은그격자에서 unit cell의위치와방향선정이동

가능

: 등가적인평면들에대한지수는중괄호 { }

♦♦ Miller index :Miller index :1. 결정축과그면의교차점구하고, 교차점을기본벡터의정수배표현

2. 구해진세정수의역수를취하고, 최소정수 h, k, l의 set로 표현

3. 면 (hkl)로표시→ miller indexmiller index

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Chapter Chapter 1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors

•격자내의방향→세정수로표시

→입방격자에서입체대각선→ 1aa, 1bb, 1cc세성분으로구성, 대각선은 [111] 방향

[ ] →방향지수

→등가적인방향의지수는각괄호(angular brackets) < >

ex) [100], [010], [001] → <100>

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Chapter Chapter 1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors

1.2.4 The Diamond Lattice.

•주요반도체의기본적격자구조→다이아몬드격자구조( diamond lattice) (SiSi, GeGe)

•많은화합물반도체, 원자→기본적인다이아몬드격자구조배열구성원자가격자위치에교대로배열→섬아연광격자구조(zincblende

lattice)

: fcc격자구조각원자로부터 aa/4 + bb/4 + cc/4 인위치에별도원자존재

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Chapter Chapter 1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors

•제2의 fcc가 ¼, ¼, ¼만큼이동처음것속으로침투된모양→ fcc sublattices

•모든원자동일→ diamond 격자

•다른종류원자가서로번갈아인접배치→섬아연광구조( : 한 fcc 부격자는Ga 원자, 침투된부격자는 As 원자→ GaAs)

• 2족-6족화합물반도체는다소다른구조→섬유아연석(wurtzite)

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Chapter Chapter 1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors

• 3족-5족화합물→섬아연광결정의두 fcc부격자중각각의성분조성변화

• 3원소 AlGaAs, 3족부격자중 Al이나 Ga 원자의양을가변, 3원소조합변경

AlxGa1-xAs → 3족부격자중 Al → x, Ga → 1-x

Al0.3Ga0.7As → 3족부격자자리에 Al → 30 % , Ga → 70 %, 5족부격자에 As 원자존재

1. 3 Bulk Crystal Growth

1.3.1 Starting Materials

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Chapter Chapter 1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors

•• SiSi결정에사용천연재료→silicon dioxide(SiOSiO22).

• arc furnace에서고온(~1800°C)으로 coke 상태 C와반응

SiO2 + 2C → Si +2CO

: 철, 알루미늄, 중금속불순물이몇백~ 몇천 ppm(parts per million) 수준함유된

Metallurgical Grade SiSi (MGS) → Si이용 stainless 강제작가능

(1 ppm SiSi → an impurity level of 5×1016 cm-3)

• Semiconductor-grade or electronic-grade SiSi (EGS)

→반도체, 전기적응용에사용 Si제작가능토록불순물감소 (1ppb; parts per billion → 5×1013 cm-3)

Si + 3HCl (dry) → SiHCl3 +H2

: (32 °C의끓는점가진 SiHCl3(trichlorosilane;액체)형성

2SiHCl3 + 2H2 → 2Si + 6HCl

: SiHCl3가수소(H2)와반응고순도 Si

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Chapter Chapter 1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors1.3.2 Growth of Single Crystal Ingots.

•고순도다결정인 EGS는단결정 Si ingot(주괴)→ Czochralski method.

• EGS에 SiSi용융점용융점(1412 °C)까지가열, 안벽에석영을붙인흑연도가니에서용융

•시드결정을용융된도가니물질속에내린후천천히인상, 시드위에결정성장

( Fig. 1-10) → Si, Ge및일부화합물성장

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Chapter Chapter 1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors

1.3.2 Wafers.

•기계적인다듬기(mechanically grinding)

• x-ray crystallography(결정학), ingot 결정면확인

•결정면표시→Si cylinder 한쪽에작은절단면(notch) 형성

• SiSi cylinder를 diamond-tipped, inner-hole blade saw, wire saw사용개별웨이퍼

•기계적연마(mechanically lapped and ground)

• NaOH용액내에미세한 SiOSiO22입자 slurry 사용 CMP (chemical-mechanical polishing)

1.3.4 Doping.• Si전기적특성변화→ Si용융체에의도적으로불순물이나 dopants첨가

•용융체와고체와의중간층이응고하는데이들두상사이불순물분포존재

• GaAs화합물인상→휘발성원소(As) 증발방지위해, 용융상태에서밀도가높고

점도가큰 B2O3층을 GaAs표면에띄움→액상밀봉식 Czochralski방법

(liquid-encapsulated)

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Chapter Chapter 1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors•분포계수 kkdd –평형상태, 액상내불순물농도, CL에대한고체내불순물농도, CS

의비

: →물질, 불순물, 고체-액체계면의온도, 성장속도의함수1. 4 Epitaxial Growth• Epitaxial growth →기판웨이퍼위에방향성을가진단결정막성장기술

((epitaxyepitaxy)) Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)Liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE)Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)

1.4.1 Lattice Matching in Epitaxial Growth.

•• SiSi기판에 Si에피층성장→결정격자의자연적인정합, 양질단결정층성장

•기판이다른에피층의성장요구→ heteroepitaxy(이종에피성장)

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Chapter Chapter 1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors

→격자구조, 격자상수동일→성장용이

• GaAs, AlAs –섬아연광구조, 격자상수약 5.655.65ÅÅ

→ 3원소합금 AlGaAs는 GaAs위에적은격자상수차이성장가능 <Fig.1-13>

→ GaAs는 Ge기판위에성장가능 <부록 III>

•부정합이수%이고, 층이얇으면에피층이시드결정에맞추어가며격자상수가

지며성장, 이과정에서표면에압축응력이나인장응력이발생

→ pseudomorphic(부정규형) <Fig.1-14>

•에피층이격자부정합에의존하는임계층두께, tc,초과면misfit dislocation이라는

결함생성

•약간부정합된결정층교대로성장→변위층초격자(strained-layer superlattice:SLS)

→교대로성장된층들이인장응력이나압축응력가짐

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Chapter Chapter 1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors

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Chapter Chapter 1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors1.4.2 Vapor-Phase Epitaxy.

•시드, 기판위에반도체재료의 chemical vapor, 반도체물질을함유하는 chemical

vapor 혼합물에서성장가능

• 4염화실리콘가스를수소가스와반응시켜 Si와무수 HCl : (1150 ~ 1250 °C)

SiCl4 + 2H2 Si + 4HCl

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Chapter Chapter 1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors

• 1000 ~ 1100 °C 에서 dichlorosilane (SiH2Cl2), 1000 °C 에서 silane (SiH4)

SiH4 → Si + 2H2

•화합물반도체의 epi. 성장

-유기금속기상성장법metal-organic vapor-phase epitaxy (MOVPE)- organometallic vapor-phase epitaxy (OMVPE)

• 3-메틸갈륨은 As와반응, GaAs와methane 형성(700 °C).

(CH3)3Ga + AsH3 → GaAs + 3CH4

1.4.3 Molecular Beam Epitaxy.

•기판을고진공실에설치, 여러성분의분자선, 원자선을기판위에충돌증착

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Chapter Chapter 1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors1. Crystal Properties & Growth of Semiconductors→ GaAs기판위에 AlGaAs 성장, dopant와함께 Al, Ga, As 등의성분원소를각각

격리된원통형 cell 가열

→각성분의빔이진공속으로사출기판표면위에증착, 원자선이기판표면에

충돌하는비율정확히조절, 고품질결정성장달성(600 °C)