PHOTOSYNTHESIS. 2 Autotrouphs 3 Photosynthesis Anabolic (small molecules combined)Anabolic (small...
-
Upload
dwain-mason -
Category
Documents
-
view
219 -
download
2
Transcript of PHOTOSYNTHESIS. 2 Autotrouphs 3 Photosynthesis Anabolic (small molecules combined)Anabolic (small...
3
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis• AnabolicAnabolic (small molecules combined) (small molecules combined)• EndergonicEndergonic (stores energy) (stores energy)• Carbon dioxide (COCarbon dioxide (CO22)) requiring requiring
process that uses process that uses light energy light energy (photons)(photons) and and water (Hwater (H22O)O) to produce to produce organic macromolecules (glucose).organic macromolecules (glucose).
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
glucoseglucose
SUNphotonsphotons
5
PlantsPlants• Autotrophs Autotrophs – produce their own – produce their own
food food (glucose)(glucose)• Process called Process called photosynthesisphotosynthesis• Mainly occurs in the Mainly occurs in the leaves:leaves:
a.a.stoma - poresstoma - pores
b.b.mesophyll cellsmesophyll cells
StomaMesophyllCell
Chloroplast
7
Stomata (stoma)Stomata (stoma)PoresPores in a plant’s cuticle in a plant’s cuticle
through which through which water vaporwater vapor and and gasesgases (CO(CO22 & O & O22)) are are exchanged between the plant exchanged between the plant and the atmosphere.and the atmosphere.
Guard CellGuard CellCarbon Dioxide (CO2)
Oxygen (O2)
Found on the underside of Found on the underside of leavesleaves
StomStomaa
9
Chlorophyll MoleculesChlorophyll Molecules
• Located in the Located in the thylakoid membranesthylakoid membranes• Chlorophyll have Chlorophyll have MgMg++ in the center in the center• Chlorophyll pigments Chlorophyll pigments harvest energy harvest energy
(photons)(photons) by absorbing certain by absorbing certain wavelengths wavelengths (blue-420 nm and red-(blue-420 nm and red-660 nm660 nm are most important) are most important)
• Plants are Plants are greengreen because the because the green green wavelength is reflectedwavelength is reflected, not absorbed, not absorbed.
11
Wavelength of Light (nm)Wavelength of Light (nm)
400 500 600 700
Short wave Long wave(more energy) (less energy)
12
Absorption of Light by Absorption of Light by ChlorophyllChlorophyll
wavelengthwavelength
Absorption
violet blue green yellow orange red
Chlorophyll absorbs blue-violet & red Chlorophyll absorbs blue-violet & red light bestlight best
13
Question:Question:
During the fall, During the fall, what causes what causes the leaves to the leaves to
change colors?change colors?
14
Fall ColorsFall Colors• In addition to the chlorophyll In addition to the chlorophyll
pigments, there are pigments, there are other other pigmentspigments present present
• During the fall, the During the fall, the green green chlorophyll pigments are chlorophyll pigments are greatly reducedgreatly reduced revealing the revealing the other pigmentsother pigments
• CarotenoidsCarotenoids are pigments that are pigments that are either are either redred, , orangeorange, or , or yellowyellow
15
Redox ReactionRedox Reaction
The The transfertransfer of one or more of one or more electronselectrons from one reactant from one reactant to anotherto another
Two types:Two types:
1.1. Oxidation is the Oxidation is the lossloss of e of e--
2.2. Reduction is the Reduction is the gaingain of of ee--
17
Energy for Life on EarthEnergy for Life on Earth
•Sunlight is the ULTIMATE energy for all life on Earth
•Plants store energy in the chemical bonds of sugars
•Chemical energy is released as ATP during cellular respiration
18
Structure of ATPStructure of ATP
• ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate
• It is composed of the nitrogen base ADENINE, the pentose (5C) sugar RIBOSE, and three PHOSPHATE groups
• The LAST phosphate group is bonded with a HIGH ENERGY chemical bond
• This bond can be BROKEN to release ENERGY for CELLS to use
19
Removing a Phosphate from Removing a Phosphate from ATPATP
Breaking the LAST PHOSPHATE bond from ATP, will ---– Release ENERGY for cells to use– Form ADP– Produce a FREE PHOSPHATE
GROUP
21
FREE PHOSPHATE can be re-FREE PHOSPHATE can be re-attached to ADP reforming ATPattached to ADP reforming ATP
Process called Process called PhosphorylationPhosphorylation
24
Two Parts of Two Parts of PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
Two reactions make up Two reactions make up photosynthesis:photosynthesis:
1.1.Light Reaction or Light Light Reaction or Light Dependent ReactionDependent Reaction - -
Produces energy from solar Produces energy from solar power (photons) in the form power (photons) in the form of ATP and NADPH.of ATP and NADPH.
SUNSUN
25
Two Parts of Two Parts of PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
2. 2. Calvin Cycle or Light Calvin Cycle or Light Independent Independent ReactionReaction
• Also called Also called Carbon Carbon FixationFixation or or CC33 Fixation Fixation
• Uses energy (Uses energy (ATP and ATP and NADPHNADPH) from light ) from light reaction to make sugar reaction to make sugar (glucose).(glucose).
27
Light Reaction (Electron Light Reaction (Electron Flow)Flow)
• Occurs in the Occurs in the Thylakoid Thylakoid membranesmembranes
• During the During the light reactionlight reaction, , there are there are twotwo possible routes possible routes for electron flow:for electron flow:
A.A. Cyclic Electron FlowCyclic Electron Flow
B.B. Noncyclic Electron FlowNoncyclic Electron Flow
2828
Energy CarriersEnergy Carriers
• Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Phosphate (NADP(NADP++))
• NADPNADP+ = + = OxidizedOxidized Form (Empty, Form (Empty, needs e-)needs e-)
• Picks Up Picks Up 2 high-energy electrons 2 high-energy electrons and Hand H++ from the Light Reaction to from the Light Reaction to form NADPH (Full)form NADPH (Full)
• NADPHNADPH carries energy to be carries energy to be passed on to another moleculepassed on to another molecule
3030
• Occurs across the Occurs across the thylakoid thylakoid membranesmembranes
• Uses light energyUses light energy• Produce Produce OxygenOxygen from water from water• Convert Convert ADP to ATP (ATP ADP to ATP (ATP
Synthease)Synthease)
Also convert NADPAlso convert NADP++ into the into the
energyenergy carrier carrier NADPH (NADP+ NADPH (NADP+ Reductase)Reductase)
Light Dependent Light Dependent ReactionsReactions
32
ChemiosmosisChemiosmosis
• Powers Powers ATP synthesisATP synthesis• Takes place across the Takes place across the
thylakoid membranethylakoid membrane• Uses Uses ETCETC and and ATP synthase ATP synthase
(enzyme)(enzyme)• H+H+ move down their move down their
concentration gradient through concentration gradient through channels of ATP synthasechannels of ATP synthase forming forming ATP from ADPATP from ADP
35
Calvin CycleCalvin Cycle• Carbon Fixation Carbon Fixation (light independent (light independent
reaction)reaction)• CC33 plants (80% of plants on earth) plants (80% of plants on earth)• Occurs in the Occurs in the stromastroma• Uses Uses ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH from light from light
reaction as energyreaction as energy• Uses Uses COCO22
• To produce To produce glucoseglucose: it takes : it takes 6 6 turns and uses 18 ATP and 12 turns and uses 18 ATP and 12 NADPH. NADPH.
36
Calvin Cycle (CCalvin Cycle (C33 fixation) fixation)
6CO2
6C-C-C-C-C-C
6C-C-C 6C-C-C
6C-C-C-C-C
12PGA
RuBP
12G3P
(unstable)
6NADPH 6NADPH
6ATP 6ATP
6ATP
C-C-C-C-C-CGlucose
(6C)(36C)
(36C)
(36C)
(30C)
(30C)
(6C)
6C-C-C 6C-C-C
C3
glucose
37
PhotorespirationPhotorespiration
• Occurs on hot, dry, bright daysOccurs on hot, dry, bright days• Stomates closeStomates close
• Fixation of OFixation of O22 instead of CO instead of CO22
• Produces Produces 2-C molecules 2-C molecules instead of 3-C sugar moleculesinstead of 3-C sugar molecules
• Produces Produces no sugarno sugar molecules molecules or or no ATPno ATP
38
PhotorespirationPhotorespiration
Because of photorespiration, Because of photorespiration, plants have special plants have special adaptations to limit the effect adaptations to limit the effect of photorespiration:of photorespiration:
1.1. CC44 plants plants
2.2. CAM plantsCAM plants
39
CC44 Plants Plants• Hot, moist Hot, moist
environmentsenvironments• 15% of plants 15% of plants
((grasses, corn, grasses, corn, sugarcane)sugarcane)
• Photosynthesis Photosynthesis occurs in 2 placesoccurs in 2 places
• Light reactionLight reaction - - mesophyll cellsmesophyll cells
• Calvin cycleCalvin cycle - - bundle sheath bundle sheath cellscells
40
CAM PlantsCAM Plants• Hot, dry environmentsHot, dry environments• 5%5% of plants (cactus and ice of plants (cactus and ice
plants)plants)• Stomates closed during dayStomates closed during day• Stomates open during the nightStomates open during the night• Light reaction - occurs during Light reaction - occurs during
the daythe day• Calvin Cycle - occurs when COCalvin Cycle - occurs when CO22
is presentis present
41
Question:Question:
Why do CAM Why do CAM plants close plants close
their stomata their stomata during the day?during the day?