Photosynthesis - All Saints Middle School Science · 2019-10-24 · Photosynthesis •An anabolic,...
Transcript of Photosynthesis - All Saints Middle School Science · 2019-10-24 · Photosynthesis •An anabolic,...
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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Photosynthesis
• An anabolic, endergonic, carbon dioxide
(CO2) requiring process that uses light energy
(photons) and water (H2O) to produce organic
macromolecules (glucose).
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
glucose
SUN
photons
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Question:
• Where does photosynthesis take place?
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Plants
• Autotrophs: self-producers.
• Location:
1. Leaves
a. stoma
b. mesophyll cells
StomaMesophyll
Cell
Chloroplast
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Stomata (stoma)
• Pores in a plant’s cuticle through which water
and gases are exchanged between the plant
and the atmosphere.
Guard CellGuard CellCarbon Dioxide
(CO2)
Oxygen
(O2)
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Mesophyll Cell
Cell Wall
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Central Vacuole
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Chloroplast
• Organelle where photosynthesis takes place.
GranumThylakoid
Stroma
Outer Membrane
Inner Membrane
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Thylakoid
Thylakoid Membrane
Thylakoid SpaceGranum
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Question:
• Why are plants green?
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Chlorophyll Molecules
• Located in the thylakoid membranes.
• Chlorophyll have Mg+ in the center.
• Chlorophyll pigments harvest energy (photons)
by absorbing certain wavelengths (blue-420
nm and red-660 nm are most important).
• Plants are green because the green
wavelength is reflected, not absorbed.
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Wavelength of Light (nm)
400 500 600 700
Short wave Long wave(more energy) (less energy)
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Absorption of Chlorophyll
wavelength
Absorption
violet blue green yellow orange red
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Question:
• During the fall, what causes the leaves to
change colors?
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Fall Colors
• In addition to the chlorophyll pigments, there are
other pigments present.
• During the fall, the green chlorophyll pigments
are greatly reduced revealing the other
pigments.
• Carotenoids are pigments that are either red or
yellow.
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Redox Reaction
• The transfer of one or more electrons from
one reactant to another.
• Two types:
1. Oxidation
2. Reduction
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Oxidation Reaction
• The loss of electrons from a substance.
• Or the gain of oxygen.
glucose
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
Oxidation
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Reduction Reaction
• The gain of electrons to a substance.
• Or the loss of oxygen.
glucose
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
Reduction
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Breakdown of Photosynthesis
• Two main parts (reactions).
1. Light Reaction or
Light Dependent Reaction
Produces energy from solar power
(photons) in the form of ATP and NADPH.
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Breakdown of Photosynthesis
2. Calvin Cycle or
Light Independent Reaction or
Carbon Fixation or
C3 Fixation
Uses energy (ATP and NADPH) from light
rxn to make sugar (glucose).
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1. Light Reaction (Electron Flow)
• Occurs in the Thylakoid membranes
• During the light reaction, there are two
possible routes for electron flow.
A. Cyclic Electron Flow
B. Noncyclic Electron Flow
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A. Cyclic Electron Flow
• Occurs in the thylakoid membrane.
• Uses Photosystem I only
• P700 reaction center- chlorophyll a
• Uses Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
• Generates ATP only
ADP + ATPP
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A. Cyclic Electron Flow
P700
Primary
Electron
Acceptor
e-
e-
e-
e-
ATP
produced
by ETC
Photosystem I
Accessory
Pigments
SUN
Photons
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B. Noncyclic Electron Flow
• Occurs in the thylakoid membrane
• Uses PS II and PS I
• P680 rxn center (PSII) - chlorophyll a
• P700 rxn center (PS I) - chlorophyll a
• Uses Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
• Generates O2, ATP and NADPH
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B. Noncyclic Electron Flow
P700
Photosystem IP680
Photosystem II
Primary
Electron
Acceptor
Primary
Electron
Acceptor
ETC
Enzyme
Reaction
H2O
1/2O2 + 2H+
ATP
NADPH
Photon
2e-
2e-
2e-
2e-
2e-
SUN
Photon
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B. Noncyclic Electron Flow
• ADP + ATP
• NADP+ + H NADPH
• Oxygen comes from the splitting of
H2O, not CO2
H2O 1/2 O2 + 2H+
(Reduced)
P(Reduced)
(Oxidized)
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Chemiosmosis
• Powers ATP synthesis.
• Located in the thylakoid membranes.
• Uses ETC and ATP synthase (enzyme) to
make ATP.
• Photophosphorylation: addition of
phosphate to ADP to make ATP.
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Chemiosmosis
H+ H+
ATP Synthase
H+ H+ H+ H+
H+ H+high H+
concentration
H+ADP + P ATP
PS II PS IE
TC
low H+
concentration
H+Thylakoid
Space
Thylakoid
SUN(Proton Pumping)
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Calvin Cycle
• Carbon Fixation (light independent rxn).
• C3 plants (80% of plants on earth).
• Occurs in the stroma.
• Uses ATP and NADPH from light rxn.
• Uses CO2.
• To produce glucose: it takes 6 turns and
uses 18 ATP and 12 NADPH.
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Chloroplast
GranumThylakoid
Stroma
Outer Membrane
Inner Membrane
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Calvin Cycle (C3 fixation)
6CO2
6C-C-C-C-C-C
6C-C-C 6C-C-C
6C-C-C-C-C
12PGA
RuBP
12G3P
(unstable)
6NADPH 6NADPH
6ATP 6ATP
6ATP
C-C-C-C-C-CGlucose
(6C)
(36C)
(36C)
(36C)
(30C)
(30C)
(6C)
6C-C-C 6C-C-C
C3
glucose
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Calvin Cycle
• Remember: C3 = Calvin Cycle
C3
Glucose
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Photorespiration
• Occurs on hot, dry, bright days.
• Stomates close.
• Fixation of O2 instead of CO2.
• Produces 2-C molecules instead of 3-C
sugar molecules.
• Produces no sugar molecules or no ATP.
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Photorespiration
• Because of photorespiration: Plants have
special adaptations to limit the effect of
photorespiration.
1. C4 plants
2. CAM plants
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C4 Plants
• Hot, moist environments.
• 15% of plants (grasses, corn, sugarcane).
• Divides photosynthesis spatially.
• Light rxn - mesophyll cells.
• Calvin cycle - bundle sheath cells.
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C4 Plants
Mesophyll Cell
CO2
C-C-C
PEP
C-C-C-C
Malate
ATP
Bundle Sheath Cell
C-C-C
Pyruvic Acid
C-C-C-C
CO2
C3
Malate
Transported
glucose
Vascular
Tissue
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CAM Plants
• Hot, dry environments.
• 5% of plants (cactus and ice plants).
• Stomates closed during day.
• Stomates open during the night.
• Light rxn - occurs during the day.
• Calvin Cycle - occurs when CO2 is present.
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CAM Plants
Night (Stomates Open) Day (Stomates Closed)
Vacuole
C-C-C-C
Malate
C-C-C-C
Malate Malate
C-C-C-CCO2
CO2
C3
C-C-CPyruvic acid
ATPC-C-C
PEPglucose
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Question:
• Why would CAM plants close their
stomates during the day?