PHONETICS An Introduction to Linguistics. Phonetics The study of speech sounds.
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Transcript of PHONETICS An Introduction to Linguistics. Phonetics The study of speech sounds.
![Page 1: PHONETICS An Introduction to Linguistics. Phonetics The study of speech sounds.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102707/56649e425503460f94b34c18/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
PHONETICSAn Introduction to Linguistics
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•How to ‘write down’ sounds
A transcription system should be consistent and unambiguous.
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•Is English a good transcription system?
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•What do we use to transcribe the sounds?
• IPA• International Phonetic Alphabet
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•An anatomy of articulation
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•CONSONANTS
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•How to describe consonants
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•PLACE OF ARTICULATION
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•labials/bilabials
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•dentals/interdentals
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•labiodentals
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•alveolars
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•palatals
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•velars
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•glottals
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•Summary: place of articulation
category places examples
bilabials Two lips [b], [p], [m]
Labio-dentals
Lip & teeth [f], [v],
Inter-dentals
Between teeth [θ], [ð]
alveolars Alveolar ridge [t], [d], [n], [l] [s], [z]
palatals palate [ž]/[ʒ], [š]/[ʃ], [ʤ], [ʧ]/[č]
velars Velum [k]. [g], [ŋ]
glottals glottis [h]
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•MANNER OF ARTICULATION
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•Manner of articulation 1
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•Manner of articulation 2
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•Manner of articulation (1)
category distinction example
Voiced vs. voiceless
Vibration of vocal cord
[p] vs. [b]
Aspirated vs. unaspirated
The ‘timing’ of vocal cord closure
Top vs. stop
Nasal vs. oral Air thru nose [m], [n], [ŋ]
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• Phonetic flash • http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/ho
me/johnm/flash/flashin.htm
•Web Resources
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•How to describe a sound
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• [p]=voiceless bilabial stop• [v]=• [g]=• [z]=• [ʤ]= • [ŋ]=
•Exercise 1
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•Exercise 2• Voiceless interdental fricative= [ ]• Voiced palatal affricate= [ ]• Voiceless alveolar stop= [ ]• Voiceless labiodental fricative = [ ]• Bilabial nasal=[ ]• Voiceless palatal fricative= [ ]• Voiced velar stop= [ ]
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•VOWELS
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•How to describe vowels: criteria•Height of tongue
• High, mid, low• The part of the tongue is involved
• Front, central, back• Position of lips
• Rounded, non-rounded• Tense vs. lax
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•Vowel Chart
FRONT BACKROUND
HIGH [i] (T)[I]
[u] (T)[U]
MID [e] (T)[ɛ]
[o] (T)[ɔ]
LOW [æ] [a]
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•How to describe a vowel
• [vowel]=• Tense/lax + (Rounded) + High/mid/low +
front/back • [æ]= low front vowel• [o]= tense rounded mid back vowel
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•SUPRASEGMENTAL FEATURES
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•Length • The contrast of meaning due to length difference• Inherent differences
• High vowels are shorter than low vowels• [i] < [æ]
• Influenced by the sounds around. • Bead > beat
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•Tone • The pitch variation that causes the contrast of meaning.• Level tones
• A relatively fixed tone• Contour tones
• A single syllable produced with tones that glide from one level to another.
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•Mandarin Chinese: a tone language
segments Tone pattern Tone type[ma] High level Level [ma] High rising Contour [ma] Low falling rising Contour [ma] High falling Contour
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• Online Intonation • http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/ho
me/johnm/oi/oiin.htm
• Pitch • http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/cgi
-bin/wtutor?tutorial=pitch
•Web Resources
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•SOUNDS IN INTERACTION
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•Phonetics vs. phonology
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•Example • Phonetics
• [s] is a voiceless alveolar fricative.• [z] is a voiced alveolar fricative.
• Phonology• Cats, dogs • /s/ is pronounced as [s] before a voiceless sound.• /s/ is pronounced as [z] before a voiced sound.
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•Sounds that contrast• Example
• fine/dine; like/bike• Contrast between sounds/segments
• [f] and [d] are contrastive sounds
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•Minimal pairs• Example
• beat [bit]/boat [bot]/bat [baet]• lobe [lob]/load [lod]
• A pair of words whose contrast lies in only one sound. • The one-sound contrast also causes difference in meaning.
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•There is a minimal pair. What are the two words?What are the two contrastive sounds? Describe the sounds.
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•Phonological rules
S j huang
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•Assimilation
• A sound becomes more like a neighboring sound due to certain phonetic property.
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•dissimilation
• A sound becomes less like a neighboring sound due to certain phonetic property.
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•Insertion
• A phonemic segment is added to the phonetic form of a word.
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•deletion
• A phonemic segment is deleted at the phonetic level
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•metathesis
• The order of the sounds is changed.
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Questions?