Philanthropy and Social Investing: Blueprint 2011

8/8/2019 Philanthropy and Social Investing: Blueprint 2011

1/45

^bac`kxbzd~q `kh Wdga`c Akowxaki

JC_O^ZAKX :>00

Cugq Jozkbdc}


2/45

Jcuo~zakx Zowo`zgb & Howaik# Akg+

:>0> Cugq Jozkbdc}

@cc zaibxw zowozoh

^zakxoh ak xbo _kaxoh Wx`xow de @lozag`

Jcuo~zakx Zowo`zgb & Howaik# Akg+

9:> L`zfox Wxzoox# Wuaxo 1>>W`k Ez`kgawgd# G@ 180>:

X= 80?+599+19>>

E= 80?+599+1900

O= akedNjcuo~zakxzh+gdl

AWJK 192,>,50?,8:>52,8

W~oga`c xb`kfw xd @kko Edgfo# ohaxdz# Azoko Kocwdk Howaik# `kh Bogxdz M`alo# iz`~bagw+


3/45

GDKXOKXW

YB@X AW XBAW LDKDIZ@^B4 a

0+ AKXZDH_GXADK 0

:+ GB@KIOW XB@X L@XXOZ ?

^dcagq= Fkdyk `kh ukfkdyk gdkwopuokgow deGaxa}okw _kaxoh 5

Hdkdz jobàdz= àkxaki dk c`zioz g`k`w 2

Xogbkdcdiq= Gb`kio idow ldjaco 1

Zokd`xadkw= Yb`x A idx yzdki ak Jcuo~zakx :>0> 00

7+ EDZOG@WXAKI :>00 0:

:>00 iaaki= @ wcdy zoxuzk xd ~dwaxao izdyxb 0:

Koy xddcw xd xz`gf iaaki 08

Wdga`c akowxaki okxozw xbo làkwxzo`l 0?

Gdkwdcah`xadk de dkcako iaaki l`zfoxw 09

Xbo akxozwogxadk de iaaki kh wdga`c akowxaki 01

:>00 Yachg`zhw ::

8+ :>0> ZOUOK_O XD XBO WDGA@C WOGXDZ @KH

:>00 ^ZOHAGXADKW :8

ûjcag ldkoq :?

^bac`kxbzd~q :9

Wdga`c akowxlokx hdcc`zw :2

Ju}}ydzh Y`xgb 7>

?+ ICAL^WOW DE XBO E_X_ZO 7:

Xbo C`khwg`~o ak :>00 78


4/45

YB@X AW XBAW LDKDIZ@^B4

^bac`kxbzd~q `kh Wdga`c Akowxaki= Jcuo~zakx :>00 aw `k `kku`c

akhuwxzq edzog`wx jdux xbo g`~ax`c l`zfoxw edz wdga`c iddh+ O`gb

qo`z ax ~zdahow k dozaoy de xbo guzzokx c`khwg`~o# ~dakxw xd

l`mdz xzokhw# `kh hazogxw qduz `xxokxadk xd gdzkozw ybozo qdu

g`k or~ogx wdlo al~dzx`kx jzo`fxbzduibw ak xbo gdlaki qo`z

Ybq aw ax g`ccoh ` jcuo~zakx4

@ jcuo~zakx aw ` iuaho edz xbakiw xd gdlo `w yocc `w ` wxdzìo

hoago edz hogawadkw `czo`hq l`ho+ Iddh jcuo~zakxw# cafo iddh

juachakiw# eax xboaz okazdklokx# zoecogx ` xbduibxeuc zoi`zh edz

zowduzgow# kh `zo g`zoeuccq okiakoozoh kh òwxboxag`ccq ~co`w,

aki+ Jcuo~zakxw iuaho xbo ydzf de l`wxozw `kh `zo akedzloh jq

gzèxwlok+ Jcuo~zakxw g`k jo `hmuwxoh `w ydzf ~zdgoohw `khxboq deeoz wx`zxaki ~dakx edz euxuzo al~zdolokxw+ Iddh jcuo,

~zakxw zopuazo ` gdllaxlokx xd cawxok xd xbdwo edz ybdl xboq

`zo hz`yk# kh xbo uwo de gdlldk iz`ll`z xd gdllukag`xo

xbo zowucxw de gdukxcoww wfoxgbow `kh hawg`zhoh eazwx hzèxw+

Jcuo~zakxw `zo ~ozeogx lox`~bdzw edz ~bac`kxbzd~ag ~c`kkaki+

Xbaw hdgulokx yacc boc~ qdu ~c`k edz xbo gdlaki qo`z+

Ybd yzdxo xbaw hdgulokx4

Cugq Jozkbdc}# ^b+H+ b`w jook k`loh ` I`lo Gb`kioz ak

~bac`kxbzd~q jq Xbo Bueeakixdk ^dwx+ E`wx Gdl~`kqLì`}ako

k`loh boz jcdi yyy+~bac`kxbzd~q:097+gdl jowx ak gc`ww+

Wbo aw xbo B@KH Edukh`xadk Eoccdy x xbo Koy @lozag` Eduk,

h`xadk# ` awaxaki wgbdc`z `x Wx`kedzh _kaozwaxqw Gokxoz dk

a ^bac`kxbzd~q `kh Wdga`c Akowxaki

^bac`kxbzd~q `kh Wdga`c Akowxaki= Jcuo~zakx :>00


5/45

YB@X AW XBAW LDKDIZ@^B

^bac`kxbzd~q kh Gaac Wdgaoxq# kh aw ezopuokxcq gaxoh ak xbo Koy

Qdzf Xalow# xbo Y`cc Wxzoox Mduzk`c# `kh dk K^Z+ Jozkbdc} zukw

Jcuo~zakx Zowo`zgb & Howaik# Akg+ ` wxz`xoiq gdkwucxaki eazl edz

~bac`kxbzd~ag akwxaxuxadkw kh akhaahu`cw+ Wbo bdchw J+@+ ezdl

Q`co _kaozwaxq `kh ` L+@+ `kh ^b+H+ ezdl Wx`kedzh _kaozwaxq+

Bdy ezopuokxcq aw xbo Jcuo~zakx u~h`xoh4Jcuo~zakxw `zo ~zdhugoh `kku`ccq `kh ~ujcawboh ak Hogoljoz

de o`gb qo`z+ Ak,ho~xb zowo`zgb dk xbo xd~agw gdozoh aw `àc,

`jco jq `zz`kiolokx yaxb Jcuo~zakx Zowo`zgb & Howaik# Akg+

Ybozo g`k A iox ldzo akedzl`xadk dk xbo xd~agw hawguwwoh4

Xbo y`zh,yakkaki jcdi# bac`kxbzd~q:097# gdozw cc xbo xzokhw

xb`x l`xxoz+ Ezoo wujwgza~xadkw xd xbo jcdi `zo `àc`jco dkcako

`x yyy+~bac`kxbzd~q:097+gdl+

Ybozo g`k A iox ldzo gd~aow4

Jucf gd~aow de 0>> dz ldzo `zo `àc`jco jq gdkx`gxaki Jcuo~zakx

Zowo`zgb & Howaik# Akg+ x :>00Njcuo~zakxzh+gdl+ Wakico gd~aow

g`k jo ~uzgb`woh dkcako `x yyy+jcuo~zakxzh+gdl+


6/45

a ^bac`kxbzd~q `kh Wdga`c Akowxaki


7/45

AKXZDH_GXADK

:>0> y`w ` zdccoz gd`wxoz qo`z edz ~bac`kxbzd~q `kh wdga`c akowxaki+ Cak,

iozaki oeeogxw de xbo zogowwadk fo~x hdk`xadkw cdy+ @x xbo w`lo xalo#

l`kq de xbo ydzchw zagbowx akhaahu`cw ~ujcagcq ~cohioh xd hdk`xo b`ce de`cc xboaz yo`cxb xd ~bac`kxbzd~q+ Ybaco hdk`xadkw cìioh# wdga`c g`~ax`c

l`zfoxw olozioh ezdl ake`kgq akxd gbachbddh `kh lugb,`kxaga~`xoh

~ujcag akowxlokxw ak wdga`c iddh wooloh xd xooxoz dk xbo ohio de azzoc,

o`kgo+ dwaxao kh koi`xao# izdyxb kh zoxz`gxadk xbowo zo xbo jowx

howgza~xdzw de xbo qo`z idko jq+ Wd yb`x caow `bo`h4

A kxaga~`xo xb`x :>00 yacc jo l`zfoh jq wooz`c al~dzx`kx hoocd~lokxw+

Eazwx# iaaki yacc eak`ccq zoxuzk xd ~dwaxao xozzaxdzq# cxbduib xbo akgzo`woyacc jo xakq+ Wogdkh# wdga`c akowxaki yacc gdkxakuo xd ldo akxd xbo

làkwxzo`l# akgcuhaki xbo cùkgb de ` lugb,`kxaga~`xoh wdga`c akowx,

lokx orgb`kio+ Xbazh# jq xbo okh de :>00 yo yacc cddf j`gf dk xbo c`wx

hog`ho `w xbo opua`cokx de xbo hdx gdl jddl ybok ax gdlow xd

dkcako iaaki l`zfoxw xbo qo`z `bo`h yacc jzaki gdkwdcah`xadk `kh

wb`z~okaki xd xbaw w`xuz`xoh w~`go+

AKXZDH_GXADK 0

0


8/45

Eazwx# cox lo hoeako xbo xozlw A uwo ak xbaw ldkdiz`~b+ @w aw `cy`qw xbo

g`wo ak koy eaochw# xbo cakid `kh m`zidk aw wxacc oloziaki+ Xbozo `zo luc,

xa~co xozlw edz wdlo xbakiw# kh wdlo xozlakdcdiq b`w lucxa~co lo`kakiw+J`wag`ccq# A haaho xbo ukaozwo de `gxdzw akxd xyd gcuwxozw xbdwo ybd

hd xbo ydzf "hdozw `kh xbdwo ybd eukh xbo ydzf "hdkdzw+ Yaxbak o`gb

de xbowo g`xoidzaow xbozo `zo kdk~zdeaxw `kh edz,~zdeaxw+

Edz xbo ~uz~dwow de xbaw Jcuo~zakxwozaow# A uwo xbo xozlw `kh hoeakaxadkw

duxcakoh ak xbo x`jco jocdy+

L`kq dxboz xozlw `zo uwoh+ Iaaki# gb`zaxq# `kh iz`kxl`faki `zo `cc

xozlw `wwdga`xoh yaxb kdk~zdeax dzi`ka}`xadkw `kh ~bac`kxbzd~q+ Al~`gx

akowxdz aw ` gdlldk xozl edz wdga`c akowxdz+ Wdga`c juwakowwow zo dexok

g`ccoh wdga`c okxoz~zawow# `cxbduib bozo yo gbddwo xd uwo wdga`c okxoz,

~zawo xd zoeoz xd okxoz~zawow ak jdxb edz,~zdeax `kh kdk~zdeax wogxdzw+

Ybaco ldwx ~bac`kxbzd~q eukhw kdk~zdeaxw# ~bac`kxbzd~ag edukh`xadkw`zo akgzo`wakicq yaccaki xd eukh dz akowx ak edz,~zdeax juwakowwow+ Ybaco

ldwx wdga`c akowxaki eukhw id xd wdga`c juwakowwow# akowxlokxw g`k jo l`ho

ak kdk~zdeax dzi`ka}`xadkw+ Eukhw g`k ecdy `gzdww xbo kdk~zdeax$edz,

~zdeax haaho+ Kdk~zdeax `kh edz,~zdeax okxoz~zawow g`k# `kh dexok hd#

ydzf xdioxboz+ Xbozo zo l`kq kdk~zdeax$edz,~zdeax mdakx okxuzow ybozo

xbo xyd okxoz~zawow `zo hohag`xoh xd xbo w`lo lawwadk+ Edz wal~cagaxqw

w`fo A yacc wxagf xd xbo xozlw ahokxaeaoh `jdo+

: ^bac`kxbzd~q `kh Wdga`c Akowxaki

Kdk~zdeax

Wdga`c edz,~zdeax

Hdozw

"okxoz~zawow xb`x

~zdhugo wdga`c iddh!

Kdk~zdeax dzi`ka}`xadkw

Wdga`c juwakowwow

Hdkdzw

"eukhozw de xbdwo

okxoz~zawow!

^bac`kxbzd~q

Wdga`c akuowxdzw


9/45

A xbakf de xbo okxazo gdccogxadk de hdozw `kh hdkdzw `w xbo wdga`c c`kh,

wg`~o dz xbo wdga`c wqwxol `kh ~zdaho `k alìo `kh k`zz`xao howgza~xadk

de ax dk ~ìow 78 , 79+ bac`kxbzd~q kh wdga`c akowxaki orawx ak k odc,aki xd~diz`~bq de owx`jcawboh akwxaxuxadkw `kh koy okxoz~zawow+ Xbaw

c`khwg`~o gb`kiow o`gb qo`z xbzduib xbo ~zdizowwadk "wdloxalow

gdkxakuduw# dxboz xalow ~ukgxu`xoh `kh o~awdhag de akkd`xadkw ak

eak`kga`c xddcw# xbo gdkxakuoh w~zo`h de xogbkdcdiq# holdiz`~bag wbaexw#

~ujcag wogxdz eukhaki ~zadzaxaow# kh gb`kiow ak xbo zoiuc`xadkw xb`x iuaho

~bac`kxbzd~q `kh wdga`c akowxaki+ Z`zocq hdow xbo c`khwg`~o or~ozaokgo

z`~ah dz xogxdkag wbaexw+ Gb`kio ak xbaw akhuwxzq# ybaco hzaok jq e`laca`z

edzgow# aw wcdyoz xb`k ak dxboz akhuwxzaow jogùwo de xbo ~ozwdk`c k`xuzode ~bac`kxbzd~q `kh xbo ezìlokxoh wx`xo de wdga`c akowxaki+

Ak xbo eazwx wogxadk de xbaw Jcuo~zakx :>00# Gb`kiow xb`x L`xxoz# A baib,

caibx xbo Wu~zolo Gduzx hogawadk ak Gaxa}okw _kaxoh + Eohoz`c Ocogxadk

Gdllaxxooxb`x yacc bò waikaeag`kx al~cag`xadkw edz kdk~zdeax `gxaaxaow#

dzi`ka}`xadk`c wxzugxuzo# `kh zookuo wduzgow+ A `cwd cddf `x xbo wox de

gbdagow xb`x `cc hdkdzw# jai `kh wl`cc# `zo kdy kài`xaki+ Xbo làk,

wxzo`laki de ldjaco iaaki# ybaco kdx `w iz`kh ` gb`kio `w xbo ~zogohakixyd# wbdyw uw xb`x xogbkdcdiq gdkxakuow xd deeoz koy xddcw+ Edccdyaki

xbaw wogxadk# A kdxo lq ~zohagxadkw ezdl :>0> xb`x hah kdx jo`z ezuax+

Ak xbo wogdkh wogxadk# Edzog`wxaki :>00# A l`fo xbzoo edzog`wxw `jdux

xbaw wdga`c c`khwg`~o+ Edz :>00# A or~ogx ` ozq wcaibx akgzo`wo ak iaaki#

xbo eazwx u~xagf wakgo :>>2+ A cwd ~zohagx xb`x wdga`c akowxaki yacc or~`kh

`kh jogdlo ooz ldzo làkwxzo`l+ Eak`ccq# A cddf `x gdkwdcah`xadk de

dkcako iaaki l`zfoxw ~`zxaguc`zcq `kh or`lako xbo al~cag`xadkw degdkwdcah`xadk edz hdozw `kh hdkdzw+

Xbo korx wogxadk# :>0> Zookuo `kh :>00 ^zdmogxadkw# wqkxbowa}ow

h`x` ezdl wooz`c wduzgow `jdux ~bac`kxbzd~ag iaaki# wdga`c akowxaki#

`kh ~ujcag wogxdz "_+W+ dkcq eukhaki edz xbo wdga`c c`khwg`~o+

Eak`ccq# A ~zowokx ` Ical~wo de xbo Euxuzo `kh baibcaibx xbo fakhw de

gbdagow `cc de uw yacc e`go ak xbo gdlaki qo`z"w+

AKXZDH_GXADK 7


10/45

Jcuo~zakx :>00 aw yzaxxok xd boc~ qdu gz`ex ` ~c`k edz qduz dyk wdga`c

akowxaki `kh ~bac`kxbzd~ag id`cw edz xbo qo`z `bo`h+ A yocgdlo qduz

eoohj`gf+ ^co`wo gdkx`gx uw `x :>00Njcuo~zakxzh+gdl yaxb puowxadkw#wuiiowxadkw# dz or`l~cow de bdy qdu uwoh xbaw hdgulokx+

8 ^bac`kxbzd~q `kh Wdga`c Akowxaki


11/45

GB@KIOW XB@X L@XXOZ

Xbzoo al~dzx`kx gb`kiow yacc èeogx hdkdzw ak :>00+

^dcagq= Xbo ldwx al~dzx`kx ~dcagq gb`kio edz xbo wdga`c wogxdz ak :>00

yacc jo xbo oeeogxw de xbo Wu~zolo Gduzxw hogawadk ak Gaxa}okw _kaxoh

w+ xbo EOG+ Xbaw hogawadk zoldoh ~zadz zowxzagxadkw dk akho~okhokx

w~okhaki jq gdz~dz`xadkw `kh ukadkw dk ocogxadk g`l~àikw+ Dko

alloha`xo zowucx de xbo M`ku`zq hogawadk y`w xd ukco`wb ` ecddh de

ldkoq xd `hozxawaki ak wu~~dzx de dz d~~dwaxadk xd j`ccdx lo`wuzow

dz g`khah`xow+ @x xbo w`lo xalo# jogùwo ldwx de xbaw ldkoq y`w gb`k,

kocoh xbzduib gozxàk xq~ow de kdk~zdeaxw# xbo hogawadk `cwd b`w ` buio

~dxokxa`c al~`gx dk xbowo dzi`ka}`xadkw `w ` gc`ww `kh dk ~ujcag

~ozgo~xadk de xbol+

Hdkdz jobàdz= @ wogdkh waikaeag`kx e`gxdz edz hdkdzw kh kdk~zdeaxw ak

:>00 aw xbo jzo`hxb de gbdagow edz iaaki# wdga`c akowxaki# kh wbd~~aki

edz iddh xb`x `zo kdy `àc`jco xd `kqdko cddfaki xd wu~~dzx

wdga`c iddh+ Ybozo`w wdga`c iddhw bò cdki jook xbo ~zdakgo de

kdk~zdeaxw `kh ~bac`kxbzd~q# edz,~zdeax wdga`c juwakowwow `kh ~dwaxao,

zoxuzk wdga`c akowxaki b`w or~`khoh xd ` ~dakx ybozo oozq dko de uw

GB@KIOW XB@X L@XXOZ ?

:


12/45

kdy luwx gbddwo# `gxaocq dz ~`wwaocq# `jdux bdy xd wu~~dzx xbo

awwuow dz gùwow yo g`zo `jdux+ Eukhozw de `cc fakhw# `kh xbdwo ybd

wozo xbol# kdy bò ` lugb jaiioz g`k`w de d~xadkw dk ybagb xdl`fo ` l`zf+

Xogbkdcdiq= Eak`ccq# xogbkdcdiq gdkxakuow xd hawzu~x ~bac`kxbzd~q+ @w

ax b`w ak wd l`kq dxboz `zo`w de caeo# xbo ldjaco ~bdko zodcuxadk b`w

kdy euccq okxozoh ~bac`kxbzd~q `kh aw joiakkaki xd wbdy waikw de

xz`kwedzlaki kdx muwx ybok `kh bdy yo iao jux bdy yo dzi`ka}o

duzwocow edz `gxadk+

^dcagq= Fkdyk `kh ukfkdyk gdkwopuokgow deGaxa}okw _kaxoh

Lugb b`w jook yzaxxok `jdux xbo ~dcaxag`c `kh eak`kga`c al~`gx de

Gaxa}okw _kaxohdk ocogxadk g`l~àikw+0 Alloha`xocq edccdyaki xbo ocog,

xadkw dk Kdoljoz :# :>0># owxal`xow de akho~okhokx or~okhaxuzow

xdx`coh `x co`wx (8?> laccadk# ldzo xb`k xyago `w lugb `w y`w w~okx ak

:>>5# xbo c`wx lahxozl ocogxadk+: Xbaw akgcuhow x co`wx (0:5 laccadk ezdl

kdk~zdeax dzi`ka}`xadkw xb`x hd kdx bò xd hawgcdwo xboaz hdkdzw+7

Xbo ~dxokxa`c al~`gx de xbo hogawadk dk kdk~zdeaxw `w ` gc`ww de dzi`ka,

}`xadk kh dk xbo ~ujcag ~ozgo~xadk de xbol b`w jook coww x`cfoh jdux+

Eazwx# xbo gb`kio ak zucow `jdux eukhaki ~dcaxag`c `gxaaxq b`w gb`kioh

xbo eak`kga`c akgokxaow edz wdlo x`r,orol~x dzi`ka}`xadkw `kh b`w

okgduzìoh xbol xd akgzo`wo xboaz hazogx okiìolokx ak ~dcaxagw+8 Ldwx

de xbo eukhw ukco`wboh jq xbo Wu~zolo Gduzxw hogawadk yozo gb`k,

kocoh xbzduib kdk~zdeaxw dzi`ka}oh ukhoz w~ogaeag ~zdawadkw de xbo x`r

gdho howaik`xoh `w ?>0"g"8 dz ?>0"g"5+ Ybaco xbowo `zo wo~`z`xo ezdl

xbo ?>0"g"7 howaik`xadk iaok xd ldwx gb`zax`jco kdk~zdeaxw# xbaw coi`c

hawxakgxadk lo`kw caxxco xd xbo iokoz`c ~ujcag+ Xbo gdkeuwadk `jdux xbo

zdco de xbowo dzi`ka}`xadkw ak xbo ~dcaxag`c ~zdgoww aw al~dzx`kx edz

gb`zax`jco kdk~zdeaxw xd xbo orxokx xb`x xbo ~ujcag gdkec`xow ~dcaxag`c

`gxaaxq "ybagb xboq l`q dz l`q kdx `~~zdo de yaxb gb`zax`jco `gxa,

axaow+ @ggdzhaki xd Xbo Y`wbakixdk ^dwx# 2> ~ozgokx de `cc @lozag`kw

"zoi`zhcoww de ~dcaxag`c ~`zxq èeaca`xadk d~~dwoh xbo hogawadk jq xbo

Gduzx+?



13/45

Eak`kga`c `k`cqwxw dexok kdxo xb`x xbo l`zfox b`xow `ljaiuaxq# `kh

ldzo xb`k ak xbo ~`wx gb`zax`jco hdkdzw `kh kdk~zdeaxw e`go `k ukgoz,

xàk euxuzo `jdux xbo cakow joxyook gb`zax`jco `kh ~dcaxag`c `gxaaxq+Xbawl`q co`h wdlo xd x`fo izo`x zawfw# jux

ldwx dxbozw yacc d~x edz ` wèoz# ldzo

gdkwoz`xao `~~zd`gb+ Xbo c`yw xb`x

iuaho gb`zax`jco dzi`ka}`xadkw akdco,

lokx ak awwuo `hdg`gq bò cdki jook

wdloyb`x ìuo+ Xbo èxozwbdgfw de

Gaxa}okw _kaxoh yacc akgcuho xbo wx`zx

de ~ozadh de xowxaki# xza`c jq ozzdz# kh koy g`wo c`y xd hoxozlako yb`xzucow kdy `~~cq xd ?>0"g"7 kdk~zdeax dzi`ka}`xadkw+ Xbaw l`q ~co`wo

wdlo kh kioz dxbozw# jux xbozo yacc jo ~ozadh de gdkeuwadk edz oozqdko+

Wogdkh# ybaco Gaxa}okw _kaxoh gco`zcq zoldoh calaxw dk ~dcaxag`c

or~okhaxuzow ax `cwd zàwoh xbo kooh edz ` koy cddf `x hawgcdwuzo

zopuazolokxw edz hdkdzw+ Hdkdzw xd ~dcaxag`c ~`zxaow kh ~dcaxag`c gxadk

gdllaxxoow luwx jo hawgcdwoh jq k`lo yaxbak ` zo`wdk`jco `ldukx de

xalo+ Coiawc`xao oeedzxw xd ~`ww wxzagxoz hawgcdwuzo zopuazolokxw dk kdk,~zdeaxw xb`x l`fo akho~okhokx or~okhaxuzow eàcoh ak xbo Wok`xo ak :>0>+

Wdlo coi`c wgbdc`zw jocaoo xb`x akgzo`waki xbo hawgcdwuzo zopuazolokxw

dk `cc hdk`xadkw yacc zowucx ak xbo Gduzx ookxu`ccq zoldaki `cc

zowxzagxadkw dk ~dcaxag`c w~okhaki+ Dxbozw zàwo xbo ~zdjcol de zocqaki dk

`k`cdi hawgcdwuzo zopuazolokxw ak ` haiax`c ìo `kh wuiiowx xb`x

hdkdz hawgcdwuzo koohw xd jo ldzo ezopuokx `kh xalocq ybozo ~dcaxag`c

gdkxzajuxadkw `zo gdkgozkoh+ Eak`ccq# ae koy hdkdz hawgcdwuzo zucowxzaiiozoh jq ~dcaxag`c iaaki yozo `~~caoh xd `cc gb`zax`jco iaaki# xbo

wbaex yduch cafocq bò ` h`l~okaki oeeogx dk cdki,boch xz`haxadkw de

`kdkqlduw ~bac`kxbzd~q+

Ax aw ukcafocq xb`x xbo gduzxw yacc zowdco `kq de xbowo puowxadkw ak :>00+

Bdyooz# ax aw ko`zcq gozxàk xb`x l`kq koy c`y wuaxw `kh zoiuc`xdzq

zucakiw yacc jo wduibx joiakkaki xbaw qo`z+ Xbo Gaxa}okw _kaxohg`wo

d~okoh u~ ldzo xb`k muwx ` ecddh de koy ldkoq xd wdlo dzi`ka}`xadkw#

GB@KIOW XB@X L@XXOZ 9

Xbo Gaxa}okw _kaxohg`wo d~okoh

u~ ldzo xb`k muwx ` ecddh de koy

ldkoq xd wdlo dzi`ka}`xadkw#

ax ukco`wboh ` koy oz` de

kdk~zdeax c`y+


14/45

ax ukco`wboh ` koy oz` de kdk~zdeax c`y+ Xbo oeeogxw dk xbo wdga`c wogxdz#

axw `gxaaxaow# kh hdkdz hawgcdwuzo yacc joiak xd jo wdzxoh dux ak :>00+

Hdkdzw l`q eakh xbolwocow joaki wfoh xd wu~~dzx k dzi`ka}`xadk xb`x

hdow kdx hd hazogx ~dcaxag`c ydzf jux xb`x b`w `k èeaca`xo dzi`ka}`xadk

xb`x hdow+ Gc`zaxq de ~uz~dwo kh akxokxadk edz xbo eukhw yacc jo foq+ @w de

:>0># x`r hohugxajacaxq `kh `kdkqlaxq

`zo wxacc d~xadkw edz kdk,~dcaxag`c

gdkxzajuxadkw+ Jdxb eukhozw kh dzi`k,

a}`xadkw yacc y`kx xd `dah gdkeuwadk jq

gco`zcq hawxakiuawbaki joxyook xboeukhw zàwoh `kh xbo xq~ow de `gxaaxaow

xboq wu~~dzxoh+

Hdkdz jobàdz= ^àkxaki dk ` c`zioz g`k`w

Hdkdzw `zo akgzo`wakicq `y`zo xb`x# ak `hhaxadk xd gb`zax`jco d~xadkw#

xboq cwd bò wdga`c akowxaki cxozk`xaow xb`x g`k jo uwoh xd ggdl~cawb

xboaz wdga`c id`cw+ Ybozo dkgo xboq laibx bò edguwoh dk iz`kx l`faki xd

kdk~zdeaxw# hdkdzw xd `cldwx `kq awwuo `zo` ezdl xbo `zxw xd xbookazdklokx# bo`cxb# ohug`xadk# `kh wd dk g`k kdy zo`wdk`jcq `wf ae

xbozo `zo wdga`c juwakowwow xb`x xboq wbduch `cwd jo gdkwahozaki+

Xbaw akxzdhugow wooz`c d~~dzxukaxaow+ Hdkdzw bò ldzo gbdagow# xbduib

xboq l`q kdx qox bò `cc xbo xddcw xboq yduch cafo xd bò xd akedzl

xbdwo gbdagow+ Xd xbo orxokx xb`x akhaahu`cw hh wdlo de xboaz akowxlokx

zowduzgow xd xboaz gb`zax`jco ~dzxedcadw# xbo eukhw `àc`jco edz eak`kgaki

wdga`c iddh yacc akgzo`wo+ Edz kdk~zdeaxw# xbaw zàwow xbo ~dxokxa`c edz woof,aki jdxb iz`kx hdcc`zw `kh ~zdiz`l, dz lawwadk,zoc`xoh akowxlokxw ezdl

akhaahu`c hdkdzw dz edukh`xadkw+ Edz wdga`c juwakowwow# xbo koyw `jdux

wdga`c akowxaki aw `cldwx `cc iddh+ @ :>0> wxuhq lo`wuzoh xbo ~dxokxa`c

l`zfox edz wdga`c akowxaki x ldzo xb`k (0:> jaccadk waikaeag`kx ldukx

de zookuo xb`x `~~o`zw xd jo ~dawoh xd l`fo ` haeeozokgo+

@x xbo w`lo xalo# xbo or~`kwadk de gbdagow l`fow gbddwaki ldzo haeeagucx+

Yo c`gf uwoeuc loxzagw xb`x `ccdy hdkdz xd gdl~`zo xyd kdk~zdeaxw# cox


Xd xbo orxokx xb`x akhaahu`cw `hh

wdlo de xboaz akowxlokx zowduzgow

xd xboaz gb`zax`jco ~dzxedcadw# xbo

eukhw `àc`jco edz eak`kgaki wdga`c

iddh yacc akgzo`wo+


15/45

`cdko ` kdk~zdeax `kh ` wdga`c juwakoww d~oz`xaki dk xbo w`lo awwuo+ Yo

c`gf c`qozoh h`x` xb`x wbdy ybagb dzi`ka}`xadkw ydzf ybozo# yaxb

ybdl# yaxb yb`x eak`kgaki# `kh yaxb yb`x zowucxw wd xb`x eukhozw g`k`wwoww xboaz eucc l`zfox de d~xadkw+

:>00 yacc jo eaccoh yaxb d~~dzxukaxq `kh# ~ozb`~w# wdlo gdkeuwadk `w

~bac`kxbzd~ag `kh wdga`c akowxaki d~~dzxukaxaow ~zowokx xbolwocow

xdioxboz+ D~~dzxukaxaow edz hdkdzw kh wdga`c akowxdzw xd ydzf xdioxboz

`kh co`zk ezdl o`gb dxboz `zo cafocq xd jogdlo ldzo gdlldk `kh ldzo

~d~uc`z+

Xogbkdcdiq= Gb`kio idow ldjaco

Ldjaco iaaki yokx làkwxzo`l edccdyaki xbo Bàxa o`zxbpu`fo ak

M`ku`zq :>0>+ Yaxbak yoofw xbo Zoh Gzdww b`h zàwoh (7? laccadk ak

xorx hdk`xadkw# `kh dxboz dzi`ka}`xadkw b`h zàwoh laccadkw ldzo+ @w ax

akoax`jcq hdow# xogbkdcdiq gdkxakuoh xd hh xd xbo ~`kd~cq de y`qw yo

g`k hdk`xo ldkoq+

Edz wooz`c zo`wdkw# xbo zo`c `cuo de xbo xorx iaaki# bdyooz# l`q kdxjo xbo ldkoq ax zàwow+ Eazwx de `cc# akhaahu`c hdk`xadkw dk ` ldjaco

~bdko zo ozq wl`cc kh dkcq xzucq bdzzajco ookxw zo cafocq xd hz`y xbo

fakh de l`ww `xxokxadk de xbo M`ku`zq o`zxbpu`fo+ Wogdkh# xbo gdwxw de

zukkaki ` ldjaco iaaki g`l~àik `zo ~zdbajaxao edz l`kq dzi`ka}`,

xadkw+ Xbazh# xbo guzzokx wxzugxuzo ybozojq ldjaco iaexw xzòc xbzduib

xbo ~bdko gdl~`kq xd ` xbazh,~`zxq ìizoi`xdz `kh xbok xd xbo kdk,

~zdeax aw wcdy "ax g`k x`fo ldzo xb`k kakoxq h`qw edz `k dzi`ka}`xadk xd

zogoao qduz hdk`xadk+ Eak`ccq# xbozo `zo coiaxal`xo gdkgozkw `jduxhdkdz h`x` ak xbaw ~zdgoww+ Kdk~zdeaxw `zo boch `x `zlw cokixb jq xbo

akxozloha`zq ìizoi`xdzw `kh xbo xocogdll gdl~`kaow+ Xbaw calaxw xbo

kdk~zdeaxw `jacaxq xd owx`jcawb `k dkidaki zoc`xadkwba~ yaxb ldjaco

hdkdzw+ @x xbo w`lo xalo# hdkdzw eo`z xb`x xboq yacc d~ok xbolwocow u~

xd ukcalaxoh ~bdko wdcagax`xadkw+

Ldzo al~dzx`kx xb`k xbo ldkoq zàwoh zo xbo gdkkogxadkw xb`x g`k jo

edzioh joxyook kdk~zdeaxw `kh wu~~dzxozw ybd okiìo yaxb xbol jq

GB@KIOW XB@X L@XXOZ 1


16/45

olàc dz Xyaxxoz+ Edccdyaki xbo o`zxbpu`fo# l`kq ~od~co l`ho ` puagf

wl`cc iaex `kh xbok gdkxakuoh xd edccdy `kh o`kioca}o `jdux xbo

dzi`ka}`xadk xboq wu~~dzxoh edz yoofw èxozy`zhw+ Xbo ldjaco ~bdkoaw akgzo`wakicq `cu`jco `w ` xddc edz akhaahu`cw xd `gxaocq wb`zo

akedzl`xadk jdux xbo xbakiw xboq g`zo jdux+ Ldjaco wu~~dzxozw xorxoh

`kh xyooxoh `kh ~dwxoh u~h`xow dk xboaz E`gojddf ~ìo `jdux xbo

dzi`ka}`xadkw xboq wu~~dzxoh jogdlaki c`zio `kh haw~ozwoh l`zfoxaki

koxydzfw edz xboaz e`dzoh dzi`ka}`xadkw+

Xorx iaaki aw kdx cafocq xd x`fo dee or~dkokxa`ccq ak xbo ko`z xozl# `kh

axw gxu`c al~`gx dk kdk~zdeaxw yacc kdx jo ~zdok edz wdlo xalo+ Ax aw wxaccxdd or~okwao edz l`kq wl`cc dzi`ka}`xadkw+ Gdl~cag`xoh zoc`xadkwba~w

joxyook xocogdllukag`xadk gdl~`kaow# eukhzàwaki akxozloha`zaow# kh

kdk~zdeaxw l`fo ax b`zh xd muwxaeq xbo gdwxw de ldjaco g`l~àikw doz

dkcako hdk`xo kdy juxxdkw+ C`zioz dzi`ka}`xadkw `zo xbo ldwx cafocq

xd l`fo xbowo akowxlokxw+

Xb`x wàh# :>0> y`w wxacc ` jzo`fxbzduib qo`z edz xbo ldjaco ~bdko `kh

kdk~zdeaxw+ Xbo ~zdcaeoz xadk de gdllozga`c ~~cag`xadkw juacx edz ~bdkow#akgcuhaki cdg`xadk,w~ogaeag akedzl`xadk `kh hawgdukxw# yacc jcooh akxd

xbo wdga`c wogxdz ak :>00+ A or~ogx xb`x koy ~bdko,j`woh ~`qlokx

wqwxolw akgcuhaki ^`q^`c `kh gzohax g`zh$hojax g`zhw cakfoh xd ~bdkow

yacc jo xowxoh ak jdxb gdllozga`c `kh kdk~zdeax okuow+ Qdukioz

`gxaawxw `kh hdkdzw `zo akgzo`wakicq uwaki xboaz ~bdkow `w ~`qlokx

wqwxolw# ookx,dzi`ka}aki xddcw# `kh xboaz ~zal`zq cakf xd dkcako akedz,

l`xadk+ A or~ogx xb`x yo yacc woo wooz`c koy y`qw xd uwo ~bdkow xd

hdk`xo ak :>00+ Yo yacc `cwd woo koy ldjaco i`low xb`x i`c`ka}o ~od~coxd hd iddh xdioxboz `kh koy duxzo`gb oeedzxw juacx `zdukh ldjaco

wdga`c koxydzfaki xddcw+ Dko de xbo c`ziowx oeedzxw de xbaw fakh aw ukhoz,

y`q zaibx kdy# w B`khwDkKoxydzf aw uwaki ~bdkow# Xyaxxoz# olàc# kh

akwx`kx lowwìaki ak xbo ydzchw c`ziowx i`lo de X@I! "akedzl`xadk aw `x

yyy+ioxb`khwdk+gdl+ Xbo id`c de xbo i`lo aw xd ldxa`xo ?>>#>>>

~od~co xd ~`zxaga~`xo ak xyd laccadk ~zdmogxw xb`x hhzoww wdga`c koohw ak

xboaz gdllukaxaow+

0> ^bac`kxbzd~q `kh Wdga`c Akowxaki


17/45

ZOKDU@XADKW XD :>0> JC_O^ZAKX 00

ZOKDU@XADKW XD :>0> JC_O^ZAKX

O`gb qo`z ak xbaw Jcuo~zakx A cddf j`gf `x xbo ~zoaduw qo`zw

~zohagxadkw# baibcaibx yb`x A idx yzdki# `kh xzq xd ukhozwx`kh

ybq+

Ak Jcuo~zakx :>0> A ~zohagxoh xb`x x co`wx dko wdga`c akowxlokxorgb`kio yduch cùkgb+ Xbaw hah kdx b`~~ok# xbduib wooz`c

akaxa`xaow ak Okic`kh# @wa`# `kh Wduxb @ezag` gdkxakuo xboaz

hoocd~lokx oeedzxw+ Dko orgb`kio# Lawwadk L`zfoxw# `k

dkcako l`zfox~c`go edz ~za`xo wdga`c akowxlokx# hah l`fo ax

akxd ` ~ujcag ~b`wo de jox` xowxaki ak :>0>+ Jux xbo dxboz

orgb`kiow dk duz z`h`z wgzook `zo wxacc kdx ~ujcagcq `gxao+

A `cwd `kxaga~`xoh xb`x xbo kuljoz dekdk~zdeax dzi`ka}`xadkwyduch hogzo`wo# c`ziocq `w ` zowucx dexbo eak`kga`c gzawaw+ Yo hd

kdx bò `gguz`xo kuljozw de kdk~zdeaxw ezdl :>>1 wd xbozo aw

kd y`q xd gbogf yboxboz dz kdx xbaw b`~~okoh+ Bdyooz#

gdkxz`zq xd lq g`cc# kdk~zdeaxw ak xbo iizoi`xo yozo dko de xbo

eoy wogxdzw xb`x `hhoh mdjw huzaki xbo c`wx xyd qo`zw+ @ggdzh,

aki xd xbo Mdbkw Bd~fakw _kaozwaxq# kdk~zdeax ol~cdqlokx

izoy jq `jdux :+? ~ozgokx ~oz qo`z joxyook :>>9 `kh :>>1#

xbo ydzwx ~`zx de xbo zogokx zogowwadk+ Ak xbo w`lo xyokxq,dkowx`xow wxuhaoh# ol~cdqlokx ak gdllozga`c wogxdzw eocc jq `k

òzìo de 7+7 ~ozgokx+ 5


18/45

EDZOG@WXAKI :>00

Bo`haki akxd :>00# A woo eduz cdki,xozl xzokhw wb`~aki xbo c`khwg`~o+

Iaaki# ybagb b`w jook j`wag`ccq `x ` wx`khwxacc wakgo :>>2# yacc zawo#

`cjoax wcdycq `kh kdx jq lugb# ak :>00+

Koy xddcw xd xz`gf iaaki yacc iàk ~zdlakokgo+ Xbowo yacc ccdy ldzo

ezopuokx ldkaxdzaki de iaaki xzokhw+ Xbo lo`wuzow kh akhagow laibx

dko h`q jo gcdwo okduib xd zo`c,xalo xd `gxu`ccq akedzl hdkdzw `w

xboq `zo l`faki iaexw+

Wdga`c akowxaki yacc ldo akxd ` wogdkh wxìo de hoocd~lokx ybozo

akkd`xadkw dkgo calaxoh xd xbo yo`cxbaowx jogdlo `àc`jco xd `

jzd`hoz wcago de xbo l`zfox+

Gdkwdcah`xadk= L`kq de xbo :>>& yoj gdl~`kaow xb`x ~zdaho

dkcako xz`kw`gxadk`c wu~~dzx xd kdk~zdeaxw `kh ~bac`kxbzd~ag hdkdzw

yacc lozio dz id dux de juwakoww ak :>00+

:>00 iaaki= @ wcdy zoxuzk xd ~dwaxao izdyxb

Ax b`w jook ` cdki# bdx wulloz edz iaaki+ @iizoi`xo iaaki xdx`cw bò

jook oeeogxaocq `x ` wx`khwxacc wakgo :>>2+ Iaaki owxal`xow wbdyoh `

0: ^bac`kxbzd~q `kh Wdga`c Akowxaki

7


19/45

hogcako ezdl :>>2 xd :>>1 `kh A `kxaga~`xo xbo eak`c kuljozw edz :>0>

"ybagb `zo kdx qox `àc`jco yacc wbdy `kdxboz qo`z,doz,qo`z hzd~+

Xbo ~zal`zq e`gxdzw jobakh xbowo hzd~w akgcuho xbo ~zdxz`gxoh oeeogxw de

xbo :>>2 zogowwadk dk ol~cdqlokx z`xow# kox ydzxb# `kh akowxlokx

akgdlo+ Zogowwadk`zq xzokhw ak xbo eazwx xyd baib ukol~cdqlokx `kh

hogcakow ak zo`c owx`xo `cuo bò xboaz izo`xowx al~`gx dk akhaahu`c

hdkdzw+ Hogcakow ak xbo c`wx dko# akowxlokx akgdlo# hzì hdyk akwxaxu,

xadk`c iaaki z`xow+

A xbakf iaaki yacc zoxuzk xd ~dwaxao izdyxb ak :>00+ Xbaw aw kdx `wd~xalawxag ` edzog`wx ax wdukhw# jogùwo de xbo cdy :>>1,:>0> xbzowbdch+

J`wag`ccq# ax yacc jo o`wq xd mul~ doz wugb ` cdy j`z+ Ae xbo :>0> j`wo aw

`w cdy `w `kxaga~`xoh# ax yacc kdx x`fo ` cdx de izdyxb xd wbdy ~dwaxao

kuljozw+

Wxacc# xbozo zo dkcq eoy waikw de izdyxb dk xbo bdza}dk+ Ldwx al~dzx`kx

`ldki xbol aw xbo wxo`hacq ~dwaxao ~ozedzl`kgo de xbo Wx`kh`zh %

^ddzw ?>> akhor ak :>0>+ Ae xbaw akhor eakawbow xbaw qo`z ":>0> ak ~dwaxaoxozzaxdzq# A `kxaga~`xo ` zawo ak doz`cc edukh`xadk `kh akhaahu`c iaaki

ak :>00+ @kdxboz e`gxdz aw xbo cakiozaki ukgozxàkxq `jdux owx`xo x`row

bo`haki akxd xbo eak`c ldkxbw de :>0>+ Xbaw ukgozxàkxq akecuokgoh ` eàz

`ldukx de owx`xo ~c`kkaki `kh wdlo de xbo eukhw boch ak xbdwo ~c`kw

yacc bax xbo wxzoox ak :>00+ Xbo baib ~zdeaco Iaaki ^cohio aw kdx

cafocq xd bò lugb oeeogx dk iaaki xdx`cw ak :>00+

How~axo ` iz`hu`c xuzk xdy`zh ` izdyxb ak iaaki doz`cc# xyd iaaki`zo`w# ohug`xadk kh zocaiadk# wbdy waikw de cdki,xozl wcdy hdykw+ Baw,

xdzag`ccq# zocaiadk b`w zogoaoh xbo jucf de akhaahu`c iaexw ybaco ohug`xadk

b`w z`kfoh eazwx ak akwxaxuxadk`c iaaki+ @ wxuhq de zocaiaduw èeaca`xadk `kh

iaaki jq j`jq jddlozw gdl~`zoh xd xbo Ydzch Y`z AA iokoz`xadk edukh

hzd~w de ldzo xb`k 0> ~ozgokx `gzdww hokdlak`xadkw `kh doz xalo+

Iaaki xd ohug`xadk hzd~~oh 7+5 ~ozgokx ak :>>1 `kh ldzo xb`k 0:

~ozgokx "akec`xadk hmuwxoh ezdl :>>9 xd :>>1+ Baiboz ohug`xadk# ybagb

EDZOG@WXAKI :>00 07


20/45

aw dexok xbo zoga~aokx de xbo c`ziowx iaexw# gdkxakuoh xd hdlak`xo xbaw xd~

xaoz+ Dkcq eduz iaexw de (0>> laccadk b`h jook zogdzhoh jq xbo okh de xbo

xbazh pu`zxoz de :>0> `kh xyd de xbol yokx xd ukaozwaxaow "BokzqFzàww iaex xd Gdculja` Juwakoww Wgbddc kh L`zg kh Cqkko Jokadeew

iaex xd _GWE edz koy gbachzokw bdw~ax`c+ Dko yokx xd F,0: ohug`xadk

"L`zf ]ugfozjoziw iaex xd Wx`zxu~= Ohug`xadk+ Xbo eduzxb (0>> laccadk

iaex# ezdl Iodzio Wdzdw# yokx xd xbo icdj`c bul`k zaibxw dzi`ka}`xadk#

Bul`k Zaibxw Y`xgb+

Xbowo loi`,iaexw bò jook hogcakaki ak jdxb wa}o `kh kuljoz+ Xbo

Gbzdkagco de ^bac`kxbzd~q zo~dzxoh ` xdx`c de wook iaexw de (0>> laccadk dzldzo ak :>>1 `kh eaexook j`gf ak :>>2+ Xbo xd~ xok c`ziowx iaexw ak o`gb

de xbo c`wx xbzoo qo`zw yozo ydzxb ldzo xb`k (:+9 jaccadk ak :>>1#

(2 jaccadk ak :>>2# `kh (8 jaccadk ak :>>9+

Koy xddcw xd xz`gf iaaki

Dko dxboz e`gxdz# z`xboz xogbkag`c ak k`xuzo# akecuokgow xbowo ~zohagxadkw+

Ak :>0> wooz`c koy xz`gfaki xddcw edguwoh dk iaaki yozo cùkgboh edz

xbo eazwx xalo+ Dko de xbowo aw xbo Jc`gfjùh Akhor de Gb`zax`jco Iaaki#ybagb zo~dzxw ldkxbcq òzìow `kh `kku`c gdl~`z`xao h`x` dk eukhw

zàwoh jq ldzo xb`k 0#8>> dzi`ka}`xadkw yaxb ` gdccogxao (: jaccadk ak

zookuo+ Xyd,xbazhw de xbo y q xbzduib :>0> xbo Akhor wbdyoh akgzo`wow

ak ldkxbcq òzìow edz eao de xbo oaibx ldkxbw zo~dzxoh+

Jowahow Jc`gfjùhw akhor# dxboz koy lo`wuzow akgcuho zo~dzxw# xbduib

coww ezopuokx xb`k ezdl Jc`gfjùh# ezdl Gdkad# Akg+# X ziox @k`cqxagw

"` Jc`gfjùh wujwaha`zq# xbo @wwdga`xadk de Eukhzàwaki ^zdeowwadk`cw#`kh xbo Ydzch Iaaki Akhor+ Xbo akgzo`wo ak dkcako iaaki aw ~`zxcq

zow~dkwajco edz xbowo koy akhagow dkcako iaaki `kh zogoaaki aw lugb

o`waoz xd xz`gf jogùwo xbo akedzl`xadk aw `czo`hq haiaxa}oh+ A xbakf xbo

cùkgb de xbowo koy xz`gfaki xddcw `cwd ~dakxw xd xbo l`xuz`xadk de xbo

iaaki wogxdz+ Xboq l`zf xbo joiakkaki de ` koy oz` ak ybagb l`kq

~uzoqdzw de h`x` yacc mdgfoq edz `xxokxadk yaxb owx`jcawboh wduzgow wugb

Iaaki _W@ `kh Xbo Edukh`xadk Gokxoz+



21/45

Zo`c,xalo xz`gfaki de iaaki aw kdx allakokx+ Bdyooz# ax aw ~dwwajco

xd alìako ` xalo ak xbo kdx,xdd,hawx`kx euxuzo ybok hdkdzw `kh

okxoz~zawow yacc bò `ggoww xd xzokh h`x` xb`x `zo ezopuokx okduib `kh`gguz`xo okduib xb`x xboq g`k jo uwoh edz ~c`kkaki ~uz~dwow+

Wdga`c akowxaki okxozw xbo làkwxzo`l

Xbozo `zo xbzoo waikw xb`x wdga`c akowxaki aw l`faki ` xz`kwaxadk ezdl `

wx`zxu~ xd ` izdyxb ~b`wo# ook xbduib yo wxacc hd kdx bò wdcah

j`wocako lo`wuzow+ Wdga`c akowxaki akgcuhow `cc `gxao xq~ow de wdga`ccq

zow~dkwajco akowxaki# akgcuhaki edukh`xadk ~zdiz`l,zoc`xoh akowxaki

"^ZAw+ Ybaco yo bò kd ìzooh,u~dk gdukx de `cc de wdga`c akowxaki#`wwoxw joaki uwoh xbaw y`q `zo l`kq bukhzohw de laccadk hdcc`zw ldzo

xb`k xbo (? jaccadk ak edukh`xadk ^ZAw+ @x xbo w`lo xalo# xboq `zo

gozxàkcq kdybozo ko`z xbo duxoz calax de xbo l`zfoxw ~dxokxa`c# ybagb

yduch jo xbo (9 xzaccadk boch ak wdga`ccq zow~dkwajco akowxlokx `wwoxw

ydzchyaho+

Waikw de izdyxb akgcuho k or~`kwadk ak xbo kuljoz de wdga`c juwakowwow#

xbo owx`jcawblokx de wooz`c c`zio eukhw# kh xbo gdkxakuaki akxozowx ak xbowogxdzw oeedzxw xd hoeako axwoce+

Dk xbo eazwx ~dakx# A cddf xd xbo izdyxb de J Gdz~dz`xadkw "xbo J

wx`khw edz jokoeax+ Xbowo bò x`fok dee wakgo xboaz cùkgb ak :>>2+ Ak

Dgxdjoz :>0> xbozo yozo ldzo xb`k

7>> zoiawxozoh J Gdz~dz`xadkw ak eaexq,

eduz akhuwxzaow yaxb gdccogxao l`zfox

g`~ax`ca}`xadk de (: jaccadk+9 Xbo edzjokoeax gdz~dz`xadk wxzugxuzo `cwd

iàkoh coi`c zogdikaxadk ak L`zqc`kh

`kh Uozldkx ak :>0>+

Ak xozlw de c`zio eukhw# yo bo`h akxd :>00 yaxb xbzoo c`zio wdga`c

akowxlokx eukhw u~ `kh zukkaki+ Xbowo xbzoo eukhw Aika`# Jcuo

Dzgb`zh# `kh Co`~ezdi Akowxlokxw o`gb bò `x co`wx (0>> laccadk xd

akowx ak wdga`c juwakowwow+ @w al~dzx`kx w xbowo c`zio eukhw zo# xboq cwd

EDZOG@WXAKI :>00 0?

Waikw de izdyxb ak wdga`c akowxaki

akgcuho `k or~`kwadk ak xbo kuljoz

de wdga`c juwakowwow# xbo owx`jcawb,lokx de wooz`c c`zio eukhw# `kh

xbo gdkxakuaki akxozowx ak xbo

wogxdzw oeedzxw xd hoeako axwoce+


22/45

wokh gzaxag`c waik`cw xd lah,l`zfox akowxdzw `kh eukh hoocd~ozw+ :>00

yacc jo xbo qo z edz ~ddcoh eukhw `kh eak`kga`c obagcow àloh `x wdga`c

akowxdzw ak xbo (:?#>>> , (0>>#>>> z`kio# kdx muwx xbdwo yaxb ldzo xb`k(0 laccadk xd akowx+ Xbo ~`wx qo`z cwd w`y l`mdz A^D ak lagzdeak`kgo

ybok xbo Akha`k gdl~`kq WFW yokx ~ujcag dk Akha`w wxdgf orgb`kio+

Dko alloha`xo zowucx de xbaw A^D y`w ` koy (08? laccadk wdga`c

akowxlokx eukh# w xbo okxuzo g`~ax`cawx Uakdh Fbdwc` ~cohioh baw ~zdeaxw

ezdl xbo WFW ho`c xd wugb ` eukh+

Dko oeedzx xd hoeako xbo wogxdz# xbo xbazh `kku`c Wdga`c G`~ax`c L`zfoxw

Gdkeozokgo :>0> "WdG@^0># hzoy xbzoo xalow `w l`kq ~`zxaga~`kxw `wxbo eazwx gdkeozokgo+ Xbo gdkeozokgo aw guzzokxcq ~c`kkaki xd or~`kh xd

Y`wbakixdk# H+G+ kh Ouzd~o+ Ak hhaxadk# xbo xbazxq,xyd loljozw de xbo

Icdj`c Al~`gx Akowxaki Koxydzf cùkgboh ` wox de gdlldk wx`kh`zhw

edz lo`wuzaki kh zo~dzxaki wdga`c iddh+ Xbaw baibcq awajco `hd~xadk de

xbo Al~`gx Zo~dzxaki `kh Akowxlokx Wx`kh`zhw "AZAW :+> waik`cw `

gozxàk cooc de akhuwxzq gdbowadk+

Joqdkh xbowo w~ogaeag akhag`xadkw xb`x wdga`c akowxaki aw hoocd~aki `w `wogxdz# edukh`xadkw bò gdkxakuoh xd wbdy akxozowx ak uwaki okhdyoh

`wwoxw edz ~zdiz`l,zoc`xoh akowxlokxw# dko xq~o de wdga`c akowxaki+ Xbo

Ldzo edz Lawwadk g`l~àik# ybagb àlw xd akgzo`wo lawwadk akowxaki jq

(0> jaccadk ak eao qo`zw# hdujcoh ezdl xbazxq,kako edukh`xadk loljozw

`x axw cùkgb ak Dgxdjoz :>>1 xd wookxq,oaibx ak Dgxdjoz :>0>+

Gdkeozokgo wowwadkw dk wdga`c juwakowwow kh okxazo wdga`c akowxaki xz`gfw

jog`lo gdlldk `x làkwxzo`l ~bac`kxbzd~q gdkeozokgow+ @cc de xbowo

~dakx xd `k or~`khaki wogxdz yaxb akgzo`waki akecuokgo+

âdkoozw ak xbo eaoch de wdga`c akowxaki gdkxakuo xd akkd`xo+ Coi`gq

Uokxuzo# j`woh ak ^`cd @cxd# G`caedzka`# aw ` eukh xb`x ~zdahow hdkdzw

yaxb ggoww xd xd~ xaoz okxuzo kh ~za`xo opuaxq ~c`golokxw w lo`kw

de akgzo`waki xboaz ~bac`kxbzd~ag zowduzgow+ Ocook qo`zw exoz ~adkoozaki

`k ìizoi`xoh akowxlokx `~~zd`gb xd izdyaki ~bac`kxbzd~ag `wwoxw#

Coi`gq Uokxuzo or~`khoh axw wozagow xd hdkdzw jq bazaki ` Gbaoe

^bac`kxbzd~q Deeagoz ak :>0>+ Coi`gqw ldhoc de ìizoi`xaki eukhw edz



23/45

akowxlokx# ybaco `ccdyaki hdkdzw akho~okhokgo `kh ecorajacaxq ak xboaz

iaaki# aw cafocq xd ~zdo akgzo`wakicq ~d~uc`z+

@w al~dzx`kx `w xbo l`xuz`xadk de wdga`c akowxaki aw xbo al~`gx xb`x

xbowo ~z`gxagow `zo bàki dk xz`haxadk`c ~bac`kxbzd~q+ Dko or`l~co

akdcaki c`zio edukh`xadkw aw xbo

Izdyxb bac`kxbzd~q Koxydzfw Wdga`c

Al~`gx Orgb`kio# ` gddzhak`xoh oeedzx

xd juach ` k`xadk`c l`zfox~c`go de

izdyxb g`~ax`c edz kdk~zdeaxw+ Xbo Kdk,

~zdeax Eak`kgo Eukh# ` xbazxq,qo`z dcheak`kga`c akwxaxuxadk edz gdllukaxq

dzi`ka}`xadkw# gdkxakuow xd ~uwb koy

eukhaki aho`w# ow~oga ccq yaxb axw xbduibx,co haki ydzf dk ~bac`kxbzd~ag

opuaxq+ @ xbazh or`l~co# xbo Wdga`c Al~`gx Jdkh# aw koy xddc ~adkoozoh

jq xbo _F idozklokx xb`x aw ` ~dxokxa`c wduzgo de koy g`~ax`c edz

kdk~zdeaxw+

Eak`ccq# `kh ~dxokxa`ccq xbo ldwx al~dzx`kx edz xbo cdki xozl# wl`ccakhaahu`c hdkdzw `zo joiakkaki xd holdkwxz`xo xb`x xboq g`zo ldzo

`jdux yb`x b`~~okw yaxb xboaz eukhw xb`k xboq hd `jdux xbo edzl ak

ybagb xbdwo eukhw `zo uwoh+ Ak dxboz ydzhw# xboq g`zo ldzo `jdux l`faki

` haeeozokgo xb`k xboq hd `jdux dzi`ka}`xadk`c edzl# x`r orol~xadkw# dz

iz`kxaki ozwuw akowxaki+ Dko or`l~co aw Xbo @yowdlo Edukh`xadk# `

war,gaxq koxydzf de iaaki gazgco,xq~o eukhozw "xok ~`zxaga~`kxw iao

(0>> o`gb xb`x edguwow dk l`faki ldkxbcq (0#>>> `y`zhw+ Ax aw ìkdwxag

zoi`zhaki kdk~zdeax dz gdllozga`c wx`xuw de xbo eukhoh ~zdmogx+ Walac`zcq#Fagfwx`zxoz# ` eukhzàwaki ~c`xedzl xb`x or~ozaokgoh or~cdwao izdyxb ak

:>0># zo`hacq larow kdk~zdeax kh gdllozga`c d~~dzxukaxaow dk xbo waxo+

Gdkwdcah`xadk de dkcako iaaki l`zfoxw

@x c`wx gdukx xbozo yozo ldzo xb`k xyd bukhzoh kdk~zdeax dkcako iaaki

waxow `zdukh xbo icdjo+ Ldwx de xbowo `zo puaxo wl`cc `kh edguwoh dk `

w~ogaeag iodiz`~bq "Boc~@ziokxak` dz wocogx ~d~uc`xadk "M Iddhozw edz

Moyawb gùwow+ Xbowo kdk~zdeax iaaki l`zfoxw bò oeeogxaocq or~ozaokgoh

EDZOG@WXAKI :>00 09

Wl`cc akhaahu`c hdkdzw `zo joiak,

kaki xd holdkwxz`xo xb`x xboq g`zo

ldzo `jdux l`faki ` haeeozokgo

xb`k xboq hd `jdux dzi`ka}`xadk`c

edzl# x`r orol~xadkw# dz iz`kxaki

ozwuw akowxaki+


24/45

xboaz hdx gdl jddl+ Yo yacc kdy or~ozaokgo ` gdzzow~dkhaki juwx+

Xbo g`~ax`c xd wu~~dzx xyd bukhzoh iaaki l`zfoxw aw wal~cq kdx `àc,

`jco+ Wdlo de xbo orawxaki iaaki l`zfoxw yacc wbux hdyk `kh dxbozwyacc lozio+

Ak `hhaxadk xd g`~ax`c gdkwxzàkxw# `k

akxozowxaki u~wx`zx dk xbo wgoko# Fagf,

wx`zxoz# ~dwow koy gb`ccokiow xd xbo

orawxaki l`zfox~c`gow+ Fagfwx`zxoz zocaow

dk akhaahu`cw xd ~dwx xboaz dyk ~zdmogxw#

co`h xboaz dyk eukhzàwaki oeedzxw# `khw~zo`h xbo ydzh `jdux xbo ~zdmogx `kh

xbo waxo xd xboaz ezaokhw+ ^zdmogxw l`q jo kdk~zdeax dz edz,~zdeax# `kh `cc

xbo juzhokw de xb`x zo~dzxaki e`cc xd xbo ~ozwdk cawxaki xbo ~zdmogx+ Fagf,

wx`zxoz x dkgo dahw cc xbo gdl~ca`kgo kh wduzgaki gdwxw xb`x xbo dxboz

waxow luwx jo`z+ Ax aw juacx yaxb xbo k`xao }oaxioawx de ` wdga`c koxydzf kh

axw izdyxb b`w jook ~bokdlok`c , (:> laccadk ak eukhw ezdl ldzo xb`k

:?>#>>> akhaahu`cw ak coww xb`k dko qo`z+

Muld# ` koy wdga`c koxydzfaki waxo edguwoh dk wdga`c gùwow# cùkgboh

muwx ak xalo edz xbo :>0> iaaki wo`wdk+ Axw gzohokxa`cw akgcuho xbo

akdcolokx de Gbzaw Buibow# `k o`zcq E`gojddf ol~cdqoo `kh co`hoz

de ^zowahokx Dj`l`w wdga`c koxydzf wxz`xoiq huzaki xbo :>>2 ^zowa,

hokxa`c g`l~àik+ Gùwow# gdl~`kq xb`x e`gacax`xow iaaki dk E`gojddf#

zàwoh ldzo xb`k (2 laccadk ak okxuzo g`~ax`c ak :>0>+ E`gojddfw dyk

ak,koxydzf guzzokgq "Gzohaxw ybagb cox uwozw ~`q edz xbakiw#

akgcuhaki iaexw# dk xbo waxo `cwd izoy waikaeag`kxcq huzaki xbo qo`z+

Xbozo zo xyd al~dzx`kx gdkwopuokgow de xbo gdkwdcah`xadk xb`x A ~zohagx+

Eazwx# xbozo yacc wal~cq jo eoyoz ~c`gow edz kdk~zdeaxw xd jo edukh dkcako+

Xbaw yacc jokoeax wdlo izdu~w ybaco dxbozw `zo cafocq xd cdwo dux+ Eoyoz

~c`xedzlw l`q lo`k coww d~~dzxukaxq xd eo`xuzo wl`cc dzi`ka}`xadkw#

ukcoww xboq `zo woce,wgzookoh `kh woce,~zdldxoh `w aw xbo g`wo yaxb xbo

~zdmogxw dk Fagfwx`zxoz "`kh cafocq dk Muld+ Wl`cc dzi`ka}`xadkw `kh

xboaz wu~~dzxozw yacc bò xd x`fo dk xbo gdwxw de ioxxaki cawxoh kh de


Xbo xogbkdcdiag`c g`~`gaxq edz `kh

gucxuz`c or~ogx`xadk de ezoo `kh

d~ok h`x` akgzo`wow xbo ~ujcag

or~ogx`xadk `jdux `ggowwajacaxq

ybaco h`l~okaki xbo yaccakikoww

xd ~`q edz ax+


25/45

hdaki `cc xbo ~zdldxadk xbolwocow+ @x xbo w`lo xalo# waxow cafo Fagf,

wx`zxoz# Muld `kh E`gojddf l`q l`fo ax o`waoz xb`k ooz edz wl`cc

dzi`ka}`xadkw xd zo`gb c`zio kuljozw de waxo uwozw+

Wogdkh# xbo wbzakfaki de xbo dkcako iaaki l`zfoxw yacc cafocq jo

lazzdzoh ak ` gdkwdcah`xadk de dkcako h`x` wduzgow+ Xbozo `zo kdy xyd

c`zio,wg`co dkcako h`x` wduzgow# Xbo Edukh`xadk Gokxoz `kh IuahoWx`z+

Gb`zaxq Kài`xdz aw `k `hhaxadk`c yahocq zogdika}oh wduzgo# `cxbduib

ax aw waikaeag`kxcq wl`ccoz xb`k xbo dxboz xyd+ Xbowo h`x` ~zdahozw `czo`hq

e`go waikaeag`kx gb`ccokiow xd xboaz juwakoww ldhocw+ @gpuazaki# gco`kaki#

wxdzaki# `kh ~zowokxaki h`x` zopuazo waikaeag`kx gdwxw yaxb kd ~zdokwuwxàk`jco zookuo ldhocw xb`x hd kdx akgcuho c`zio ~bac`kxbzd~ag

wujwahaow+ @x xbo w`lo xalo# xbo xogbkdcdiag`c g`~`gaxq edz `kh gucxuz`c

or~ogx`xadk de ezoo `kh d~ok h`x` akgzo`wow xbo ~ujcag or~ogx`xadk

`jdux `ggowwajacaxq ybaco h`l~okaki xbo yaccakikoww xd ~`q edz ax+ Xbozo

aw cy`qw xbo gb`kgo xb`x xbo ~ujcag iokgaow zow~dkwajco edz xbo h`x` yacc

d~ok ax u~ edz ezoo `kh xb`x gzdyhw yacc l`fo wokwo de ax ak y`qw orawxaki

dzi`ka}`xadkw g`kkdx+ Ldzo cafocq aw xb`x wo`zgb gdl~`kaow yacc ~`zxkoz

yaxb ~ujcag ìokgaow xd cùkgb koy xq~ow de `ggoww xd xbaw akedzl`xadk#muwx `w Iddico b`w `czo`hq hdko yaxb h`x` ezdl Xbo Ydzch J`kf+

Xbo jddl xalo edz xbowo dkcako wduzgow aw jobakh uw+ Yo yacc woo wb`fo

dux ak xbo kuljoz de h`x` ~uzoqdzw `cdki yaxb xbo gdkwdcah`xadk ak

dkcako iaaki l`zfoxw+ Xbaw l`q yocc jo ldzo oeeagaokx+ Ybaco yo laibx

kdx zo`gb xbo ~dakx de bàki ` wakico hdlak`kx dkcako l`zfox# yo yacc

woo eoyoz doz`cc+ Xbdwo xb`x zolàk l`q jo `jco xd deeoz wozagow wugb

`w akxoiz`xadk yaxb dkcako j`kfaki# yoj,j`woh ldkoq l`kìolokxxddcw# `kh wdga`c koxydzfw+ Hdkdzw ybd uwo xbowo ~c`xedzlw yacc bò

eoyoz gbdagow de wozago ~zdahozw `kh eoyoz wduzgow de akho~okhokx

akedzl`xadk+ Azdkag`ccq# xboq cwd l`q bò ggoww xd ooz ldzo z`y h`x`+

Xbo akxozwogxadk de iaaki `kh wdga`c akowxaki

A woo iaaki `kh wdga`c akowxaki `w xyd hawxakgx edzlw de g`~ax`c edz

wdga`c iddh+ O`gb aw ak ` haeeozokx wxìo de xbo akhuwxzq caeogqgco+

EDZOG@WXAKI :>00 01


26/45

:> ^bac`kxbzd~q `kh Wdga`c Akowxaki

Iaaki hdk`xadkw ezdl akhaahu`cw `kh akwxaxuxadkw aw ` l`xuzo

wqwxol# yaxb owx`jcawboh xz`gfaki logb`kawlw# `kku`c gdukxw# `kh

dkcako xddcw+ Xbo c`wx xyd qo`zw bò jook wxìk`kx ak xozlw de koy g`~ax`cak xbaw wogxdz+ Kdk~zdeax dkcako iaaki ~c`xedzlw waxow xb`x ccdy hdkdzw

xd ~agf `kh gbddwo `kh xbok xd hdk`xo dz cd`k eukhw bò ~zdcaeoz`xoh

doz xbo c`wx hog`ho# ybaco wdga`c akowxdzw bò qox xd cùkgb ` ~ujcagcq

`ggowwajco# eukgxadk`c akowxaki orgb`kio+

@x xbo w`lo xalo# wdga`c edz,~zdeax juwakowwow `kh akowxdzw `zo ioxxaki

xboaz lo`wuzolokx wqwxolw hdyk+ Muwx `w gocc ~bdkow co`~ezdiioh doz

c`kh,cakow ak wdlo ~`zxw de xbo ydzch# wdga`c akowxaki aw mul~aki ~`wxwdlo de xbo wogxdz gb`ccokiow xb`x bò cdki hdlak`xoh xbo kdk,

~zdeax$~bac`kxbzd~ag wogxdz+ W~ogaeag`ccq# ak muwx xbzoo qo`zw wdga`c akowxdzw

bò hoocd~oh# ~acdxoh# `kh juacx hawxzajuxadk logb`kawlw edz ` gdlldk

wox de zo~dzxaki wx`kh`zhw xd xz`gf xbo oeeogxaokoww kh wdga`c duxgdlow

de xboaz akowxlokxw+ Lo`kybaco# kdk~zdeaxw kh edukh`xadkw `zo hog`how

akxd `ziulokxw `jdux duxgdlo lo`wuzolokxw yaxb caxxco xd wbdy edz ax

dk ` wogxdz,yaho wg`co+

Ybaco xbowo xyd g`~ax`c wqwxolw `zo hawxakgx# xboq dexok akxozwogx+ Xbowo

akxozwogxadkw g`k dgguz `x xbo dzi`ka}`xadk`c cooc# ybozo ` wakico kdk,

~zdeax aw uwaki jdxb fakhw de g`~ax`c+ Xbo akxozwogxadkw `cwd l`xxoz xd

hdkdzw# ybd `zo akgzo`wakicq edguwoh dk l`faki xbo izo`xowx haeeozokgo

yaxb xboaz eukhw `kh `zo akxozowxoh ak uwaki ` jcokhoh `~~zd`gb de

akowxaki kh iaaki xd ggdl~cawb xboaz id`cw+ Yo cwd woo k akgzo`waki

kuljoz de akhaahu`cw `kh dzi`ka}`xadkw `gxaocq x`faki dk xbo zdco de

jdxb hdozw kh hdkdzw# ak jdxb xbo kdk~zdeax iaaki kh edz,~zdeaxwdga`c akowxaki ydzchw+ Edz or`l~co# jdxb J C`j# ybagb gzo`xoh xbo J

Gdz~dz`xadk# `kh xbo bdwxw de xbo WdG@^ gdkeozokgow `zo kdk~zdeaxw

edguwoh dk akgzo`waki wdga`c akowxaki+ :>00 yacc jo hoeakoh jq xbo

izdyxb de wdga`c akowxaki# wl`cc zojdukh ak iaaki# kh xbo gdkxakuoh

koidxa`xadk de xbo akxozwogxadkw joxyook xbo xyd+


27/45

:0


28/45

:: ^bac`kxbzd~q `kh Wdga`c Akowxaki

:>00 YACHG@ZHW

Ak `hhaxadk xd akkd`xadkw xb`x l`xxoz `kh xzokhw ydzxb y`xgb,

aki# xbozo `zo wooz`c :>00 hogawadkw `kh awwuow yo g`k woo dk

xbo bdza}dk jux ybdwo duxgdlo kh al~`gx dk ~bac`kxbzd~q kh

wdga`c akowxaki `zo `kqxbaki jux ~zohagx`jco+ Xbowo akgcuho=

Xbo wx xuw de xbo owx`xo x`r aw wxacc ukgozxàk bo`haki akxd xbo

c`lo hugf wowwadk de Gdkizoww `x xbo okh de :>0>+ Ae kdxbaki aw

hdko# xbo x`r zoozxw xd axw ~zo,:>>0 coocw+

Xbo Dj`l` `hlakawxz`xadk cùkgboh xbo Deeago de Wdga c

Akkd`xadk `kh Gaag ^`zxaga~`xadk ak :>>1+ Xbaw deeago akecuokgoh

doz (:>> laccadk de iaaki ak :>0> jux axw eukhaki edz :>00 aw

ukgozxàk+

Gdkizowwadk`c ~dcagq y`xgbozw `kxaga~`xo xb`x x`r zoedzl

yacc jo foq akxozowx de xbo Wok`xo Eak`kgo Gdllaxxoo ak :>00+

Xbaw gduch akgcuho gcdwo gdkwahoz`xadk de x`r orol~xadk `kh

hohugxadkw+

Xbo ogdkdlag ~agxuzo bo`haki akxd :>00 aw kdx `x cc gozxàk+

Edzogcdwuzow# ukol~cdqlokx# `kh xaibx gzohax gdkxakuo xd~cìuo gdllukaxaow `gzdww xbo gdukxzq+ Wx`xo `kh lukaga~`c

juhioxw `zo wxzoxgboh joqdkh g`~`gaxq# `kh ~ujcag eukhaki edz

bul`k wozagow kh ohug`xadk zo ~`zxaguc`zcq wb`fq+


29/45

:>00 YACHG@ZHW :7

Ook w wdga c juwakowwow owx`jcawb xbolwocow `w coiaxal`xo

wduzgow de iddh# wdlo `zo`w ybozo juwakoww b`w owx`jcawboh `

jo`gbbo`h ak ~zdahaki xz`haxadk`ccq kdk~zdeax iddhw `zo

ukhoz akxokwo wgzuxakq+ Ak ~`zxaguc`z# edz,~zdeax gdccoiow bò

i`zkozoh ` izo`x ho`c de koi`xao loha` `xxokxadk# zoiuc`xdzq

puowxadkaki# `kh coiawc`xao akpuazq+ Xbo eàcuzo de ~za`xo okxoz,

~zawo xd ~zdaho w`xawe`gxdzq wdga`c iddhw ak baiboz ohug`xadkl`q yocc g`wx hdujx "dz akgzo`wo xbo gdkgozkw de xbo `czo`hq

wfo~xag`c! `jdux xbo xzuo ~dxokxa`c de wdga`c juwakowwow+

Or~ozalokxw ak wdga c eak`kgo `zo ydzxb y`xgbaki# ~`zxagu,

c`zcq xbo Kdk~zdeax Eak`kgo Eukhw ydzf dk ~bac`kxbzd~ag opuaxq

ak kdk~zdeax dzi`ka}`xadkw kh wdga`c al~`gx jdkh xb`x aw joaki

xowxoh ak xbo _kaxoh Fakihdl+ Xbowo `kh dxboz koy akaxa`xaow

l`q boz`ch ` koy oz` de eak`kga`c akkd`xadk `kh izo`xoz dzi ,ka}`xadk`c wuwxàk`jacaxq edz kdk~zdeaxw+

Oljohhoh iaaki " cwd fkdyk w gùwo l`zfoxaki!# ak ybagb

` gdkwuloz `hhw ` kagfoc dz ` hdcc`z edz gb`zaxq `x xbo gbogfdux

gdukxoz# yacc ~ozlo`xo zoxàc w`cow jq :>00+ Xbozo `zo xyd

gdkecagxaki edzgow xb`x yacc wb`~o bdy xbaw izdyw= dk xbo dko

b`kh l`kq guwxdlozw `zo xazoh de joaki `wfoh edz hdk`xadkw

`x xbo zoiawxoz+ Dk xbo dxboz b`kh xboq wx`xo ~zoeozokgow edz~zdhugxw l`ho jq gdl~`kaow xb`x hd iddh+


30/45

:>0> ZOUOK_O XD XBO WDGA@C WOGXDZ @KH :>00

^ZOHAGXADKW

Bo`haki akxd :>00 xbo puowxadk dk oozqdkow lakh aw bdy zookuo edz

xbo wdga`c wogxdz yacc gdl~`zo xd ~zoaduw qo`zw+ Zookuo edz xbo wdga`cwogxdz gdlow ezdl xbzoo ~zal`zq wduzgow= xbo ~ujcag wogxdz ak xbo edzl

de idozklokx gdkxz`gxw `kh iz`kxw6 ~bac`kxbzd~q# akgcuhaki edukh`xadkw#

gdz~dz`xadkw# jopuowxw# `kh akhaahu`c iaaki6 `kh wdga`c akowxaki+

Owwokxa`ccq# :>0> iaaki `kh ~ujcag eukhaki yacc jdxb jo hdyk gdkwah,

oz`jcq ezdl :>>2 coocw+ Xbozo aw cafocq xd jo izdyxb ak wdga`c akowxlokx

eukhw# xbduib xbowo hdcc`zw `zo wxacc gdl~`z`xaocq wl`cc+

A jzo`f hdyk lq ~zohagxadkw `cdki xbowo xbzoo cakow# edguwaki dk xboc`ziowx e`gxdzw yaxbak o`gb wduzgo+ Ak o`gb de xbo xbzoo wogxdzw# xbozo aw

dexok ` war xd oaibxook ldkxb cì xalo joxyook `gxadk `kh zo~dzxw dk

`gxu`c zookuo+ @gxu`c h`x` dk ~bac`kxbzd~ag iaaki ak :>0> yacc kdx jo

`àc`jco ukxac Muko# :>00+ Xbdwo kuljozw yacc jo zoawoh ìàk `x xbo

okh de :>00 `kh ak xbo lahhco de :>0:+

Joedzo haaki akxd xbo kuljozw ldzo hoo~cq# ax aw uwoeuc xd bò ` wokwo

de xbo eukhaki wduzgow edz @lozag`k kdk~zdeaxw+ Xbo _zj`k Akwxaxuxo b`w

:8 ^bac`kxbzd~q `kh Wdga`c Akowxaki

8


31/45

ahokxaeaoh xbo òzìo jzo`fhdyk de zookuo jq wduzgo `w o`zkoh

akgdlo "81+9 ~ozgokx# idozklokx iz`kxw `kh gdkxz`gxw ":9+8 ~ozgokx#

~za`xo gdkxzajuxadkw "0>+8 ~ozgokx# akowxlokx akgdlo "5+1 ~ozgokx`kh dxboz "?+? ~ozgokx+2

Yo edguw xbo edccdyaki hawguwwadk dk

iaaki# ~ujcag eukhw# `kh wdga`c

akowxaki+ Iaok xbo h`x` yo bò `w

xbaw Jcuo~zakx idow xd ~zoww# A ~zohagx

xbo edccdyaki edz :>00=

Iaaki yacc jo ec x dz hdyk ak :>0>

ezdl :>>1# jux wcaibxcq u~ ak :>00+

ûjcag eukhw edz kdk~zdeaxw x jdxb

eohoz`c kh wx`xo coocw yacc jo hdyk

ak :>006 l`kq de xbo ~ujcag wduzgow

de eukhw edz kdk~zdeaxw ak :>>1

yozo dko,xalo wbdxw `kh wx`xo

juhioxw bò jook hogal`xoh+

Wdga c akowxaki hdcc`zw `zo cafocq xd

izdy ak :>00# jux xbo doz`cc

`ldukx yacc zolàk wl`cc+

ûjcag ldkoq

Wx`xo juhiox guxw ho`wx`xoh kdk~zdeaxw

ak :>0>+ @gzdww xbo gdukxzq# edzxq,war wx`xow wxzuiicoh xd eacc guluc`xao

(01? jaccadk juhiox wbdzxe`cc ybok ~c`kkaki edz eawg`c qo`z :>00+1 Dkòzìo# xboaz :>0> juhioxw yozo 7 ~ozgokx wl`ccoz xb`k ak :>>1# ybok xbo

juhioxw yozo 2+8 ~ozgokx wl`ccoz xb`k :>>2+0> Edzxq,eao de xbo edzxq,war

wx`xow eaccoh xboaz juhiox i`~ jq guxxaki wozagow xd wx`xo zowahokxw+

@ggdzhaki xd xbo Gdkizowwadk`c Zowo`zgb Wozago# idozklokx ~`qlokxw

"gdkxz`gxw `kh iz`kxw# eohoz`c `kh wx`xo gdkwxaxuxo :1 ~ozgokx de

kdk~zdeax juhioxw+ Xbo eukhaki guxw oaxboz gdlo hazogxcq dux de

~`qlokxw xd xbo kdk~zdeax wogxdz dz yakh u~ ~c`gaki `hhaxadk`c juzhokw

:>0> ZOUOK_O XD XBO WDGA@C WOGXDZ @KH :>00 ^ZOHAGXADKW :?

Kdk~zdffxzookuowduzgow

Xdx`c zookuoedz kdk~zdffxw=

(0+0XO`zkoh akgdlo= 81+9/

Idozklokx iz`kxw% gdkxz`gxw= :9+8/

^za`xo gdkxzajuxadkw= 0>+8/

Akowxlokx akgdlo= 5+1/

Dxboz akgdlo= ?+?/

Wduzgo=Xbo _zj`k

Akwxaxuxo#:>>2


32/45

dk xbo kdk~zdeax wogxdz ybok ~ujcag ìokgaow g`k kd cdkioz loox

gdllukaxq koohw+

C`wx qo`z yo kdxoh xbo al~dzx`kgo de eukhaki ezdl xbo @lozag`k

Zogdozq `kh Zoakowxlokx @gx "@ZZ@ de :>>1+ Xbaw @gx# gdlldkcq

fkdyk `w xbo Wxalucuw ^`gfìo# ùxbdza}oh koy hdcc`zw xbzduib

gdkxz`gxw# iz`kxw# `kh cd`kw+ @ggdzhaki xd ^zdûjcag`# `k akho~okhokx

koyw dzi`ka}`xadk# `w de Kdoljoz :# :>0># 10 ~ozgokx de xbowo eukhw

"(858 jaccadk de (?00 jaccadk b`h jook w~okx dz yozo ak xbo ~zdgoww de

joaki w~okx jq xbo howaik`xoh ~ujcag ìokgaow+00

Bdy lugb de xbo @ZZ@ ldkoq idow xd kdk~zdeaxw aw ukgco`z+ Dko

y q xd owxal`xo xbaw aw xd orxz`~dc`xo ezdl h`x` dk iz`kxw `kh gdkxz`gxw

xd kdk~zdeaxw ezdl iokoz`c eohoz`c w~okhaki+ @ggdzhaki xd xbo ôy

Gb`zax`jco Xzuwxw WujwahqWgd~o ~zdmogx# ak :>>2# 2 ~ozgokx de eohoz`c

idozklokx iz`kxw yokx xd kdk~zdeaxw `kh 7 ~ozgokx de eohoz`c idozk,

lokx gdkxz`gxw yokx xd kdk~zdeaxw+0: Xbo zolàkhoz idow xd gdllozga`c

gdl~`kaow `kh xd wx`xo `kh cdg`c idozklokx ìokgaow+

_waki xbdwo w`lo z`xadw ìàkwx xbo @ZZ@ eukhw# A owxal`xo ` xdx`c de

(?5 jaccadk y`w `àc`jco edz kdk~zdeax gdkxz`gxw `kh iz`kxw+ De xbaw# (?0

jaccadk b`w jook w~okx dz aw ak ~zdgoww+ Xbowo `zo ozq zduib kuljozw+

Ybaco al~zowwao ak wgd~o# xbo (?0 jaccadk aw coww xb`k dko,xbazh de xbo

hogzo`wo ak wx`xo juhioxw+ Ax aw `cwd ` wl`cc ~`zx de xbo kdk~zdeax wogxdzw

gdccogxao (0+0 xzaccadk ak `kku`c zookuo+07

Loha` `xxokxadk dk ~ujcag eukhaki gokxozoh dk xbo Wdga`c Akkd`xadkEukh "WAE `kh xbo _+W+ Ho~`zxlokx de Ohug`xadkw A7 eukhaki+ Ak Mucq

:>0># xbo Gdz~dz`xadk edz K`xadk`c `kh Gdllukaxq Wozago `y`zhoh

(?> laccadk ak eohoz`c WAE eukhw xd ocook dzi`ka}`xadkw `zdukh xbo

gdukxzq+ Xbowo ocook dzi`ka}`xadkw# ` lar de kdk~zdeaxw `kh edukh`xadkw#

yacc l`xgb xb`x (?> laccadk yaxb `k `hhaxadk`c (0?> laccadk ak ~bac`k,

xbzd~ag `kh gdz~dz`xo wu~~dzx edz akkd`xao# wg`c`jco dzi`ka}`xadkw

ydzfaki yaxb qduki ~od~co# juachaki bo`cxbq gdllukaxaow# `kh gzo`xaki

ogdkdlag d~~dzxukaxq+ @x co`wx xyd de xbo wocogxoh dzi`ka}`xadkw# Koy



33/45

^zdeax Akg+ `kh xbo Ohk` LgGdkkocc Gc`zf Edukh`xadk# b`h lox xboaz

l`xgbow `kh yozo woofaki `~~cag`xadkw edz zo,iz`kxw jq Dgxdjoz :>0>+

Ak `hhaxadk# xbo _+W+ Ho~`zxlokx de Ohug`xadk l`ho edzxq,kako iz`kxw

xdx`caki (5?> laccadk ak eohoz`c eukhw xb`x y`w l`xgboh jq (?>> laccadk

ak ~za`xo hdk`xadkw+ Xbo eohoz`c A7 eukhw yozo ~`zx de xbo (0> jaccadk

`ccdg`xoh jq @ZZ@ edz wgbddc zoedzl+ Xbowo eukhw yokx xd kdk~zdeaxw#

~ujcag ìokgaow# `kh wgbddc hawxzagxw+ Xbozo aw kd iu`z`kxoo xb`x xbo

Wdga`c Akkd`xadk Eukh yacc jo zoeukhoh ak :>00# kdz aw ax cafocq xb`x

xbo Ho~`zxlokx de Ohug`xadk yacc bò `kdxboz A7 gdl~oxaxadk+

Eukhw ezdl xbo @ZZ@ wxalucuw# xbo Wdga`c Akkd`xadk Eukh# `kh xbo

Ho~`zxlokx de Ohug`xadk yozo ldwx cafocq dko,xalo ookxw+ Wx`xow `zo

cafocq xd gdkxakuo guxxaki juhioxw ak :>00+

^bac`kxbzd~q

Yb`x yacc xbo eak`c kuljozw edz :>0> wbdy4 Bo`haki akxd xbo eak`c

ldkxb de :>0># ldwx zogokx wuzoqw eakh xbo l`mdzaxq de hdkdzw `zo

or~ogxaki xd làkxàk xboaz cooc de hdk`xadkw ezdl :>>1 dz hogzo`woxboaz iaaki+ Dko wuzoq edukh xb`x xyago `w l`kq @lozag`kw `zo

~c`kkaki kdx xd iao xd gb`zaxq xbaw qo`z jogùwo de xbo ogdkdlq+08

Lq zoaoy de xbo l`kq orawxaki akhagow `kh hdkdz wuzoqw "`cc de ybagb

uwo haeeozokx# kdk,gdl~`z`jco loxbdhw ~dakxw xd ` gdkwx`kx dz wcaibxcq

wl`ccoz cooc de iaaki ak :>0> xb`k ak :>>1+ Xbo qo`z b`w jook eaccoh

yaxb ookxw xb`x laibx akecuokgo xbo eak`c kuljozw# z`kiaki ezdl xbo

zol`zf`jco dux~duzaki de wu~~dzx exoz xbo Bàxa o`zxbpu`fo ak M`ku`zqxd xbo cakiozaki al~`gx de xbo baib ukol~cdqlokx z`xo+ Ybaco ~dwaxao

zoxuzkw dk xbo W%^ ?>> l`q jddwx wdlo iaaki# yo `cwd kooh xd

gdkwahoz xbo oeeogx de xbo dac w~acc dk Iuce Gd`wx gdllukaxaow `kh xbo

akgzo`wo ak gdz~dz`xo `kh akhaahu`c w~okhaki dk xbo :>0> lahxozl

ocogxadkw+

Xbo Edukh`xadk Gokxoz `kh IuahoWx`z ~zdmogxoh u~ xd ` 0> ~ozgokx

hzd~ ak edukh`xadk iaaki ak :>>1 gdl~`zoh xd :>>2 `kh `kdxboz 0>

:>0> ZOUOK_O XD XBO WDGA@C WOGXDZ @KH :>00 ^ZOHAGXADKW :9


34/45

~ozgokx hogzo`wo ak :>0> gdl~`zoh xd :>>1+0? Xbo haeeozokx wxuhaow de

akhaahu`c iaaki edz :>0> z`kio ezdl ec`x xd hogcakow de `jdux 7 dz 8

~ozgokx doz :>>1+05

Yaxb `cc xbaw ak lakh# A ~zohagx ` gdkxakuoh hdykxuzk ak doz`cc ~bac`k,

xbzd~ag iaaki ak :>0> dz `x jowx ` z`xo xb`x wx`qw ec`x yaxb :>>1w cooc+

:>00 yacc jo xbo o`zcaowx ~dwwajco zoxuzk xd ~dwaxao xozzaxdzq+

Wdga`c akowxaki hdcc`zw

Wdga`c akowxaki aw xbo cafocaowx `zo` de izdyxb ak :>00+ @ :>0> wxuhq#

Ldkoq Edz Iddh# wuzoqoh yo`cxbq akhaahu`cw `kh edukh xb`x ?> ~ozgokxyozo akxozowxoh ak wdga c akowxaki# ook ae xboq b`h kdx hdko ax joedzo+09

Xbo w`lo zowo`zgb edukh xb`x `cc ~dwwajco wdga`c akowxdzw# ook xbo

yo`cxbaowx# zo ldwx akxozowxoh ak wl`cc akowxlokx d~~dzxukaxaow# w~ogae,

ag`ccq xbdwo ak xbo (:?#>>> , (?>#>>> z`kio+ Xbo zowo`zgb ~zdmogxoh xb`x

xbo gdccogxao akxozowx de `cc ~dwwajco wdga`c akowxdzw gduch jo ydzxb u~

xd (0:> jaccadk+

Xbowo akwaibxw `zo foq xd xbo korx wxìo de hoocd~lokx edz wdga`cakowxaki edguwaki dk ~zdhugxw xb`x `xxz`gx wl`ccoz akowxdzw+ Ldwx de

xbo akkd`xadk xd h`xo ak wdga`c akowxaki b`w x`zioxoh xbo ozq yo`cxbaowx

woilokxw de xbo ~d~uc`xadk `kh `ggzohaxoh akowxdzw "wugb `w akwxaxuxadkw

`kh xbdwo yaxb ` ozq baib xbzowbdch de capuah `wwoxw+ Xbaw korx ~b`wo

yacc jo l`zfoh jq ldzo zoxàc akowxlokx d~~dzxukaxaow xb`x `~~o`c xd

wl`ccoz edukh`xadkw# akhaahu`cw# `kh# ookxu`ccq# oozqh`q akowxdzw+

Ak :>00 A `cwd bd~o yo yacc eak`ccq djxàk gzohajco j`wocako h`x` dk xbo`zaduw wujwogxdzw ak wdga`c akowxaki+ Yo b`h or~ogxoh xd woo wugb `k

akhor hoocd~ ak :>0>+ Xb`x hah kdx b`~~ok# jux xbo l`xuz`xadk de xbo

Icdj`c Al~`gx Akowxaki Koxydzf# xbo Ydzch Ogdkdlag Edzulw oeedzx

xd hoocd~ ` wdga`c okxoz~zawo akhor# `kh ` koy ja,ldkxbcq WdG@^

zo~dzx dk ho`cw ak xbo wdga`c g`~ax`c l`zfoxw wbduch ~uwb xbaw `cdki+



35/45

:>0> ZOUOK_O XD XBO WDGA@C WOGXDZ @KH :>00 ^ZOHAGXADKW :1

Wdga`c wogxdz woilokxw

Edzzoeozokgodkcq

_+W+edukh`xadk`wwowxw=(52:J

^zdmogxoh _+W+edukh`xadk^ZAw= (0>J

@kku`c _+W+~bac`kxbzd~q=(7>7J

Wdga`cakowxaki~ddc~zdmogxohwa}o= (0:>J

@gxu`c _+W+edukh`xadk^ZAw= (?J

Wduzgow= Xbo _zj`k Akwxaxuxo# Xbo Edukh`xadk Gokxoz#LAR L`zfox# Iaaki _W@# J C`j

J Gdz~w+`kku`czookuo=(:J

Hdozw

Hdkdzw(

Wdga`ccq,zow~dkwajco

akowxaki=

(9X

Edzzoeozokgodkcq

_+W+kdk~zdffxwzookuo=(0+0

X

Lagzdffk`kgocd`kw ak uwo=(5?J

Ybok yo cddf `x xbo wa}o de xbo haeeozokx woilokxw de xbo wdga`c wogxdz#

jzdfok hdyk joxyook hdkdzw `kh hdozw# yo woo ` l`xuzo akhuwxzq de

kdk~zdeaxw `kh ~bac`kxbzd~q+ Xbo ydzch de wdga`c akowxaki `kh wdga`c

okxoz~zawo aw lugb wl`ccoz `kh axw izdyxb z`xow `zo lugb ldzo waikaea,

g`kx+ Joxxoz lo`wuzow de o`gb de xbo haeeozokx gdl~dkokxw yacc boc~ uw

xz`gf xbo odcuxadk de xbo wqwxol doz`cc+


36/45

7> ^bac`kxbzd~q `kh Wdga`c Akowxaki

J_]]YDZH Y@XGB

^bac`kxbzd~q aw eaccoh yaxb m`zidk+ @kku`c cawxw de ju}}ydzhw `zo

gdl~acoh dk yyy+~bac`kxbzd~q:097+gdl+ Bozo `zo wdlo

~bz`wow qdu `zo cafocq xd bo`z ak :>00=

Wogxdz @ikdwxag= Eukhozw ybd l`fo jdxb wdga`cakowxlokxw `kh iz`kxw `kh ybd ydzf yaxb jdxb

gdllozga`c `kh kdk~zdeax ~`zxkozw howgzajo

xbolwocow `w wogxdz ìkdwxag+ Xboq `zo akxoz,

owxoh ak wdcuxadkw# kdx xbo x`r wx`xuw de xboaz

dzi`ka}`xadk`c ~`zxkozw+

L`zfoxw edz Iddh= Xbaw g`xgb~bz`wo xaow xd,

ioxboz wdga`c akowxaki `kh ~bac`kxbzd~q+ Xbol`zfoxw gdoz xbo w~ogxzul de eukhaki ezdl

iz`kxw xd kdk~zdeaxw "howgzajoh w 0>> ~ozgokx

cdww de xbo eukhozw ldkoq yaxb baib wdga`c zoxuzk! xd cd`kw

"zoxuzk de xbo eukhw! xd akowxlokxw xb`x ~zdhugo ~dwaxao eak`kga`c

`kh wdga`c zoxuzkw+

Gb`zaxq Y`wbaki= @w ldzo `kh ldzo gdz~dz`,

xadkw xuzk xd gùwo,zoc`xoh l`zfoxaki xbozo aw `wokwo xb`x wdlo j`h juwakoww ~z`gxagow `zo

joaki icdwwoh doz jq yocc,~ujcaga}oh l`zfoxaki

zoc`xadkwba~w joxyook xbo gdl~`kq `kh ` gb`zaxq+ Z`xboz xb`k

`cxoz axw juwakoww ~z`gxagow# ` gdl~`kq xb`x wal~cq `hhw `

kdk~zdeax gùwo xd axw l`zfoxaki oeedzxw aw wàh xd jo gb`zaxq

y`wbaki+


37/45

J_]]YDZH Y@XGB 70

Gb`zaxq Gdu~dkw= Hawgdukx gdu~dkw deeozoh xbzduib wdga`c

wbd~~aki waxow wugb w Izdu~dk ~zdaho juqozw yaxb hawgdukxoh

loljozwba~ z`xow ezdl cdg`c kdk~zdeaxw+ Xbowo

~zdldxadkw `zo ow~oga`ccq ~d~uc`z yaxb luwo,

ulw `kh dzi`ka}`xadkw cddfaki xd `xxz`gx koy

ùhaokgow+

Wb`zaki Ogdkdlq= @cdki yaxb xbo zawo ak ogd,wbd~~aki `kh

gdkwgaokxaduw gdkwulozawl# juwakowwow xb`x cox ~od~co wb`zo

g`zw# jafow# xddcw# gcdxbaki# `kh deeago w~`go `zo jddlaki+ Xbo

wb`zaki ogdkdlq howgzajow xbo okxazoxq de xbowo g`z,wb`zo

xq~ow de juwakowwow+ Xbowo juwakowwow `zo

~d~uc`z jogùwo xboq boc~ guwxdlozw jdxb wò

ldkoq kh woo xboaz wàkiw w iddh edz wdgaoxq+

/

( (


38/45

ICAL^WOW DE XBO E_X_ZO

Xbozo aw dko foq haeeozokgo# `kh dko foq gbdago# xb`x oozq ~bac`kxbzd~awx

`kh wdga`c akowxdz yacc l`fo wdloxalow hocajoz`xocq# wdloxalow jq

edzgo de b`jax ezdl :>00 dky`zh+ Xbo gbdago gdlow hdyk xdwu~~dzxaki l`zfox,j`woh wdga`c iddh ~zdahozw dz hdk`xaki xd kdk~zdeaxw+

Qdu laibx gbddwo jdxb jux qdu yacc `cy qw e`go xbaw gbdago+ Wdlo euk,

hozw yacc e`go ax bo`h dk ook oljz`go ax+

Eukhozw ybd b`o `cy`qw ydzfoh ak dko dz xbo dxboz wogxdz "akowxaki

ak gdllozga`c okxoz~zawo dz iaaki xd kdk~zdeaxw l`q yocc gdkxakuo xd

`gx `w xboq `cy`qw b`o+ Xbozo aw kdxbaki xd edzgo ` eukhoz xd cddf `x

koy d~xadkw+ Jux ak kdx or`lakaki koy d~xadkw xboq `zo `cwd l`faki `gbdago+ @kh ak hdaki wd xboq zo lawwaki d~~dzxukaxaow xb`x kdy orawx ak

oozq wdga`c wogxdz+Xbo w~zo`h de l`zfox,j`woh wdcuxadkw b`w zo`gboh xbo

~dakx xb`x xbozo `zo wxz`xoiag gbdagow xd jo l`ho dk oozq wdga`c awwuo

bo`cxb g`zo# ohug`xadk# zocaiadk# xbo okazdklokx# xbo `zxw `kh gucxuzo#

`kh bul`k wozagow+ Ak oozq `zok`# iddh zowo`zgb yacc ukgdoz ~za`xo

eazlw yaxb wdga`c ~uz~dwow `kh kdk~zdeax dzi`ka}`xadkw `hhzowwaki xbo

awwuo+ O`gb awwuo `zo` aw owwokxa`ccq ` bqjzah kdk~zdeax$edz,~zdeax l`zfox,

~c`go de gbdagow+

7: ^bac`kxbzd~q `kh Wdga`c Akowxaki

?


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Hdkdzw l`q gbddwo kdx xd l`fo akowxlokxw ak eak`kga`ccq wuwx`ak`jco

okxoz~zawow# jux xboq luwx `x co`wx jo `y`zo xb`x xboq `zo l`faki xbaw

gbdago+ Xbo w`lo `~~caow xd wdga`c akowxdzw ybd `zo woofaki oaxboz ` ec`xdz ~dwaxao eak`kga`c zoxuzk `kh ybd `cwd b`o ~bac`kxbzd~ag d~xadkw+

Ak :>00 yo `kxaga~`xo xb`x xbo x`r orol~xadkw `kh akgokxaow xb`x wu~,

~dzx xbo kdk~zdeax wogxdz yacc wx`q c`ziocq `w xboq `zo kdy# xbduib ~zowwuzow

dk eohoz`c `kh wx`xo juhioxw `cy`qw l`fo xbowo orol~xadkw uckoz`jco+

Bdyooz# `w kdxoh ak xbo hawguwwadk de J Gdz~dz`xadkw ak xbo edzog`wxaki

wogxadk de xbaw Jcuo~zakx# x`r gzohaxw `kh akgokxaow ow~oga`ccq `x xbo

lukaga~`c `kh wx`xo cooc edz wdga`c juwakowwow `zo dk xbo bdza}dk+

Xbo juziodkaki ydzch de loxzagw `kh akho~okhokx h`x` `k`cqwaw dk

wdga`c okxoz~zawow# jdxb wdga`c juwakowwow `kh kdk~zdeaxw# hdow kdx qox

zoecogx xbo bqjzah k`xuzo de xbowo l`zfox~c`gow+ Ybaco loxzagw edz gdl,

~`zaki wdga`c akowxlokxw `kh kdk~zdeaxw `zo z`~ahcq al~zdaki# yo `zo

wxacc e`z `y`q ezdl lo`wuzow xb`x g`k jo gdl~`zoh `gzdww dzi`ka}`xadk`c

edzl+ Ax yacc jo wdlo xalo joedzo eukhozw g`k gdl~`zo loxzagw dz h`x`

dk wdga`c juwakowwow `kh kdk~zdeaxw `kh l`fo xboaz gbdagow j`woh dkoahokgo de al~`gx+

Xbo edzgow xb`x gb`kio ~bac`kxbzd~q `zo o`wq xd woo+ Yo g`k orxz`~dc`xo

ezdl dxboz akhuwxzaow `kh dxboz or~ozaokgow+ Jux ~bac`kxbzd~q aw kdx

cafo oozq dxboz akhuwxzq `kh ax aw baibcq ukcafocq xb`x ax yacc gb`kio ak

` cako`z e`wbadk+ Ax aw ~dwwajco xb`x xbo ldwx al~dzx`kx edzgo ak wb`~aki

~bac`kxbzd~q joqdkh :>00 aw kdx ook qox awajco dk xbo bdza}dk+

@w yo zoaoy duz c`khwg`~o de ~za`xo eukhaki edz ~ujcag iddh# yo woo

` wcdycq wbaexaki xd~diz`~bq+ @kh ax aw o`wq xd cdwo waibx de d~~dzxukaxaow

dz eakh xbo gbdagow dozyboclaki+ Iaaki `kh wdga`c akowxaki `zo

ydkhozeuc xbakiw+ Eaiuzaki dux bdy xd hd xbol yocc g`k jo ezuwxz`xaki#

wcdy# akoeeagaokx# kh cdkocq+

Jcuo~zakx :>00 aw akxokhoh xd boc~ qdu waxu`xo qduzwoce ak xbo c`khwg`~o#

`w hdozw `kh hdkdzw# akedzl qduz gbdagow# kh akgzo`wo qduz al~`gx+

ICAL^WOW DE XBO E_X_ZO 77


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XBO C@KHWG@Ô AK :>00

Xbo j`wo c`qoz de xbo ~bac`kxbzd~ag c`khwg`~o wxacc wbdyw `cldwx :

laccadk kdk~zdeax dzi`ka}`xadkw+ How~axo xbo eak`kga`c ydow de xbo

c`wx xyd qo`zw xbo gzo`xadk de koy dzi`ka}`xadkw "`x gcdwo xd ?>#>>>

~oz qo`z! gdkxakuow xd dux~`go xbo gcdwuzo de kdk~zdeaxw+ @lozag`

aw wxacc bdlo xd 1>#>>> iz`kxl`faki edukh`xadkw# 0>>#>>> hdkdz,`hawoh eukhw# `kh bukhzohw de iaaki gazgcow+ Ldwx iaaki wxacc

gdlow ezdl laccadkw de akhaahu`c hdkdzw# o`gb de ybdl l`fow

l`kq wl`cc iaexw+

Xbo izdu~ de eukhozw edguwoh dk uwaki akowxlokx eukhw xd ~uz,

wuo wdga`c id`cw "wdga`c akowxdzw! gdkxakuow xd izdy `kh

akkd`xo+ Eak`kga`c obagcow dkgo `àc`jco dkcq xd xbo yo`cxbaowx

akowxdzw `zo joaki zo,~`gfìoh edz wl`ccoz akowxdzw+ Xbo `wxor~`kwo de xbo c`khwg`~o l`zfoh wdga`c okxoz~zawo aw wxacc `

muljco de kdk~zdeaxw `kh edz,~zdeax juwakowwow yaxb wdga`c id`cw+

Jux ax kdy akgcuhow ` hawxakgx wujizdu~ de ldzo xb`k 7>> J Gdz,

~dz`xadkw yaxb gdljakoh zookuo de ldzo xb`k (: jaccadk+

Akowxdzw edz xbowo gdl~`kaow# wdga`c okxuzo g`~ax`c eazlw# `kh

wdga`c akowxlokx j`kfw zo kdy coh jq xbzoo eukhw de ldzo xb`k

(0>> laccadk o`gb# `w yocc `w ` icdj`c koxydzf de akhaahu`c `kh

akwxaxuxadk`c akowxdzw ydzfaki xd juach xbaw l`zfox+ Owxal`xow dehol`kh edz xbowo d~~dzxukaxaow ~oi xbo l`zfox x (0:> jaccadk+


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XBO C@KHWG@^O AK :>00 7?

Xbo gdkkogxadkw joxyook xbo owx`jcawboh kdk~zdeax edzl `kh

~bac`kxbzd~ag g`~ax`c ~zdahozw `kh xbo koyoz wdga`c juwakowwow

`kh wdga`c akowxlokx eukhw gdkwawx ~zal`zacq de xyd hawxakgx

akedwxzugxuzow+ Kulozduw oeedzxw `zo ukhozy`q xd gdkkogx xbo

xyd gdllukaxaow jux xboq o`gb wxacc zocq dk xboaz dyk koxydzfw de

gdkeozokgow# jcdiw# dkcako gdllukaxaow# kh ~zakxoh mduzk`cw+


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43/45

XBO C@KHWG@^O AK :>00 79

Kdk~zdffxDzi`ka}`xadkw Kdk~zdffxw

Kdk~zdffx wdga`c okxzo~zawow

^bac`kxbzd~q Akhaahu`c hdkdzw

Edukh`xadkw

Hdkdz `hawoh eukhw

Iaaki gazgcow

:

Wdga`c edz ~zdffx

Juwakowwow J Gdz~dz`xadkw

Wdga`c Okxoz~zawow

Edz jokoffx gdz~dz`xadkw

C7Gw

Eukhozw Wdga`c akowxdzw

Okhdylokx ^ZAw

Wdga`c wxdgf orgb`kiow

"xd gdlo!

0

Juwakowwow

dga`c e0

Juwakowwow

dffxWdga`c edz ~z

Eukhozw

Juwakowwow

Okhdylokx ^ZAw

Wdga`c akowxdzw

Eukhozw

C7Gw

Edz jokoffx gdz~dz`xadkw

Wdga`c Okxoz~zawow

J Gdz~dz`xadkw

Juwakowwow

Kdk~z

Dz

dffxdk~z:

dffxwKdk~z

i`ka}`xadkwDz

dffx

"xd gdlo!

Wdga`c wxdgf orgb`kiow

Okhdylokx ^ZAw

Iaaki gaz

Hdkdz `hawoh eukhw

Edukh`xadkw

Akhaahu`c hdkdzw

^bac`kxbz

Kdk~z

Kdk~z

gcowIaaki gaz

Hdkdz `hawoh eukhw

Edukh`xadkw

Akhaahu`c hdkdzw

d~q^bac`kxbz

o~zawowdffx wdga`c okxzKdk~z

dffxwKdk~z


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KDXOW

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~dcaxag`c ~ukhaxzq dk xbo g`wo `kh axw al~`gx+ Ax aw ` iddh wx`zxaki ~dakx edz eakhaki

haeeozaki akxoz~zox`xadkw=

bxx~=$$ok+yafa~oha`+dzi$yafa$Gaxa}okwT_kaxohT+TEohoz`cTOcogxadkTGdllawwadk

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8 Bo`xboz Bdzk# Xbo Al~`gx de _kcalaxoh Gdz~dz`xo G`l~àik W~okhaki#Xbo K`xadk`c Mduzk`c# Dgxdjoz :0# :>0>+ Dkcako x bxx~=$$k`xadk`cmduzk`c+gdl$

? H`k Oiiok# dcc= C`zio L`mdzaxq d~~dwow Wu~zolo Gduzxw hogawadk dk g`l~àikeak`kgaki# Xbo Y`wbakixdk ^dwx# Eojzu`zq 09# :>0>+

5 Cowxoz W`c`ldk# Mdbkw Bd~fakw Gokxoz edz Gaac Wxuhaow#bxx~=$$yyy+ggww+mbu+ohu$~hew$Loha`$:>0>+1Loha`+K^Tol~cdqlokx+~he

9bxx~=$$jgdz~dz`xadk+kox$

2bxx~=$$yyy+gj~~+dzi$glw$4e`>2# Y`wbakixdk HG= Xbo _zj`k Akwxaxuxo# :>>2# ~ìo :07Xbo B`zzaw ^dcc de :#5:> `hucxw wuzoqoh k`xadk`ccq dkcako joxyook Wo~xoljoz 08`kh :># :>0>+ Dkcako `x bxx~=$$yyy+b`zzawakxoz`gxao+gdl$KoywZddl$

08Edukh`xadkw Qo`z Okh Duxcddf edz Iaaki kh xbo Wogxdz# Koy Qdzf= Edukh`xadkGokxoz dkcako x bxx~=$$edukh`xadkgokxoz+dzi$iàkfkdycohio$zowo`zgb$`hawdzaow+bxlc

IuahoWx`z Wuzoq= B`zh Xalow edz Gb`zax`jco Dzi`ka}`xadkw# zoco`woh L`q :>>1+


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0?Mdbk M+ B okw `kh ^`uc I+ Wgbozawgb# Iaaki ak Xdh`qw Ogdkdlq= Yb`x G`k YoOr~ogx4 Xzuwxw % Owx`xow# M`ku`zq :>>1# ~~ 8:,8?+

05Bd~o Gdkwucxaki# Ldkoq edz Iddh# Dgxdjoz :>0> Eak`c Zo~dzx+bxx~=$$yyy+bd~ogdkwucxaki+uw$ldkoq,edz,iddh$

Philanthropy and Social Investing: Blueprint 2011

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Transcript of Philanthropy and Social Investing: Blueprint 2011