Phenotyping for plant performancechenlab.njau.edu.cn/__local/9/1A/4B/7DB7CF85499FFE...Beech forest,...

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Department of Agriculture and Ecology

Eva RosenqvistSection for Crop Science

Nanjing, 24 February 2012

Phenotyping for plant performance

Eva Rosenqvist, Phenotyping for plant performance, Nanjing, 24 February 2012 (2)

What is phenotyping?

A phenotype is any observable trait of a plant:• morphology• development• biochemical composition e.g. secondary metabolites (vitamins, antioxidants, taste)• physiological properties

Phenotype (P) = Genotype (G) x Environmental factors (E)

What is optimal? What is stressful?

Used to detect stress tolerance

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Agricultural and horticultural crops

FoodStaple food (starch based)Cash crops (vegetables, fruits)

Animal feedOrnamental plants

Divers origins from all over the world – wide range of ecophysiological adaptations

Cultivation in similar climate zones or greenhouses


Köppen-Geiger climate zones

A TropicalB DryC TemperateD ContinentalE Polar

en.wikipedia.org

A B C C C D D D E

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Wheat production of the world


Abiotic plant stress

What is stress?• Some definitions

What is the effect on the crop?• Water• Nutrients• Temperature• Light

ü PAR (Photosynthetic Active Radiation)ü UV-B

• Air pollution (O3, SOx, NOx, ethylene, phtalates)

Biotic plant stressInsects MitesVirus BacteriaFungi Herbivores

Softenersfor plastic

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What is plant stress?

00 Physical/chemical parameter

(light integral, temperature, water, nutrients)

Phys

iolo

gica

l res

pons

e

Biochemicalregulation

Death Death

Accli-mation

Accli-mation

R

epair,

d

e no

vo

synt

hesis

Repair,

de novo

synthesis

Adaptation


What is plant stress?

00 Physical/chemical parameter

(light integral, temperature, water, nutrients)

Phys

iolo

gica

l res

pons

e

Optimum

Eustr

ess

Dist

ress

Elastic

strain

Plastic

strain

(Lewitt, 1980; B

eck and Lüttge, 1990)

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What is plant stress? – some definitions

Too much or too little of one thing creates imbalance

Regulation

Regulation of metabolism follows the daily/seasonal fluctuations in theabiotic environment (temperature, light, water availability etc.).

Adaptation

Genetic adaptation to the environment/biotope/climate zone.

Plants are specialists (narrow) or generalists (broad); obligate (all thetime) or facultative (sometimes) adaptations are possible.

Acclimation

Biochemical modifications of adaptation to better survive when thedaily regulation is not enough.

The environment puts a strain on the plant, which becomes stressed(eustress) and triggers acclimation.


Ecological adaptations

Some examples…

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Danish forest in the spring– wood anemones (Anemone nemorosa)


North American forest in the spring– Phacelia sp.

Different places – same ecological niche

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Forest light environments

Open pine forest, Sweden



Closed spruce forest, Sweden

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Regeneration of spruce under mature canopy, Sweden


Fruit orchards (pears, DK) – man made forest

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Aloe Forest Nature Reserve, Quiver Tree Forest, South Africa

Aloe dichotoma


Tropical lowland rainforest, Costa Rica

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Spathiphyllu wallisii, obligate shade plant from South America


Mountain cloud forest, Monte Verde, Costa Rica

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Tropical rainforest, Maliau Basin, Sabah, Borneo


Plants from the tropical rain forest (Borneo)

Phalaenopsis amabilis Nepenthes veichii

Used as ornamental pot plant Can’t grow outside rainforest

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Competition for light

Beech forest, Sweden


Light in forests – photosynthesis operates on chloroplast level

Beech, Denmark Heliconia, Costa Rica

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CO2

Growthrespiration

BiosyntheticcompoundsStructural

compounds

Defencecompounds

The carbon flow in a plant - the basis for growth

Modified from Dewar et al. 1994,Ecol. Bull. 43, pp. 92-101

Storagecompoundse.g. starch

Transportwithin

the plant

CO2Maintenancerespiration

Sugars

Photo-respiration

CO2CO2

Photo-synthesis

Storagecompoundse.g. starch

Sugars

Metabolic balanceHight efficiency =

CO2Ion uptakerespiration


Coffea arabica ’Costa Rica 95 Dwarf’ grown in the field

Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density, PPFD = PAR

Moresugars,

morerespiration

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Light acclimation of photosynthesis

50 µm

Quercus pyrenaicaHigh light

Low light

Rodríguez-Calcerradaet al. (2008) Tree

Physiol. 28: 761-771


Coffea arabica ’Costa Rica 95 Dwarf’ grown in the field

Thickerleaves,higher

[Rubisco]

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Differences in the capacity of light acclimation

Aug.–Sept.

Obligate versusfacultative...


Photosynthetic gradients through Eucalyptus leaves andtheir light acclimation

Adaxial (o)andabaxial (•)surface

Ögren &

Evans (1993)Planta 189:182-190C

alcu

late

d ra

te o

f O

2 ev

olut

ion

(µm

ol m

-2 s

-1)

Absorbed irradiance (µmol m-2 s-1)

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Photoprotection

Photon intensity Photosynthesis

Excess photonsHeat

Toxic photoproducts (ROS)

Damage to D1 of PSII

Oxidized D1

Photoinhibition

2nd line of defence:Scavenging systems

1st line of defence:Supressing mechanisms

Repair, de novo synthesis

3nd line of defence:Acclimation


Energy balance of photosynthesis

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Photoprotection

Excess light

Æ excess excitation energy in thephotosynthetic light reaction

Æ down-regulation and/or

damage to PSII

Æ decreasing photosynthesis dueto photoinhibition, which isreversible

Defence: controlled heatdissipation, changed pigmentation,high light acclimation

Nys

sa s

ylva

tica


Photosynthetic light acclimation in Toona australis (Meliaceae)

High N

Low N

Thompson et al. (1992) Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 19: 19-42

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Light saturated photosynthesisdepends on leaf [N]

Evans (1989) Oecologia 78: 9-19Triticum aestivum (wheat)

Oryza sativa (rice)Raphanus raphanistrum (wild radish)

Death valley annualsIllinois annuals

Alocasia macrorrhiza (tropical arum)Lepechinia calycina (hairy leaves)

Californian evergreen trees & shrubsSouth African shrubs

Prunus ilicifolia (evergreen)


06:00 12:00 18:00Solar time, h

No.

of

2-m

in p

erio

ds d

urin

g th

e da

y

Irradiance, µmol m-2 s-1

Irra

dian

ce, µm

ol m

-2 s

-1

A sunny day in August with scattered clouds

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Photosynthesis in real life

Photosynthesis in Chrysanthemum ’Surf’ a warm summer day at 350 ppm CO2, 9:30 - 15:00

Blue = 23 - 27°CGreen = 28 - 32°CRed = 33 - 35°C

Time, minutes from 9:30


Photosynthesis in real life

Chrysanthemum'Surf' at350 ppm CO2

PPFD, µmol/m2 s

Rat

e of

pho

tosy

nthe

sis,

µm

ol/m

2 s

Blue = 23 - 27°CGreen = 28 - 32°CRed = 33 - 35°C

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Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance ofAbies normandianna

Two measurements on the same needles


Chlorophyll fluorescence used to evaluate the effect oftemperature on photosynthesis in Phalaenopsis (CAM)

Irradiance, µmol m-2 s-1

ETR =

ele

ctro

n tr

ansp

ort

thro

ugh

PSII

Room temperature In situ in greenhouse

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LED for Phalaenopsis in growth chambers

Low light species

Precise and ‘low’ (19°C)temperature needed forflower induction


Day of registration Day of registration

Leaf

leng

th, m

m

blue in red red

Plant growth per week in Phalaenopsis in LED light

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Photosynthesis (measured by fluorescence)– effect of the colour of light

Red light-> larger andthinner leaves-> morephotosynthesisper plant

Elec

tron

tra

nspo

rt m

easu

red

in t

he c

limat

e ch

ambe

rs

blue in red

blue in red

White

red


Flower spikes in 40% blue in red (left) and 100% red light

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Shape of flowerspike andinflorescence inLED light

White 100% red


Shape of the inflorescence in LED light

White light Red light

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Mechanical stress to reduce plant height – changed phenotype

More details thanyou may think of,

affects themorphology and

physiology of plants– so how to you

create a “stress free”standard climate for

phenotyping ofplants of diverse

origin?

Department of Agriculture and Ecology

Eva RosenqvistSection for Crop Science

Nanjing, 24 February 2012

Phenotyping for plant performance

Thank you for your attention – questions?

Phenotyping for plant performancechenlab.njau.edu.cn/__local/9/1A/4B/7DB7CF85499FFE...Beech forest,...

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