Phenology, Networks and Climatic Change · PHENOLOGY “Phainestai”, the ancient Greek word...
Transcript of Phenology, Networks and Climatic Change · PHENOLOGY “Phainestai”, the ancient Greek word...
unesp
Patrícia Morellato
Laboratório de Fenologia Phenology LaboratoryDepartamento de Botânica
UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo Brazil
Phenology, Networks and
Climatic Change
PHENOLOGY
“Phainestai”, the ancient Greek word meaning to show or to appear.
Modern phenology is the study of the timing of recurring biological
events in the animal and plant world, the causes of their timing with
regard to abiotic and biotic forces, and the interrelation among phases
of the same or different species.Following the definition of Lieth (1974), which goes back to Schnelle (1955).
“The scientific study of
periodic biological
phenomena, such as
flowering, breeding, and
migration, in relation to
climatic conditions.”The American Heritage Dictionary
WHY PHENOLOGY?
The timing of seasonal
activities of animals and plants
– is perhaps the simplest
process in which to track if
changes in ecology of species
is responging to climatic
changes
Starting flower of Horse
chestnut (Aesculus
hippocastanum) -
Wageningen,
Neederlands, from 1901
to 2000.
Phenology and Climatic Change
Dates of leaf bud burst of the
horse-chestnut in Geneva,
1808–2000. Smoothing:
Gauss low-pass filter with a
period of 20 years (extended
according to Defila 1996)
In recent years phenology has changed its image from a traditional
data collection to a very important integrative parameter to assess
the impact of climate change on ecosystems.
Long phenological data series, historical (legacy) data or those
originating from the plant-observation networks, have become the
basis of several climate change research projects
Actually, the observation networks are a priority and phenological
observations integrate several national meteorological services and
long term ecological projects
Phenology, Networks and Climatic Change
Action 725-Establishing a European Phenological Data
Platform for Climatological Applications
http://www.dow.wau.nl/msa/epn/education.asp
http://www.naturescalendar.org.uk
http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/Geography/npn/
PlantwatchCanadian Phenology Network
http://plantwatch.sunsite.ualberta.ca/
http://topshare.wur.nl/cost725
Observations
• Phenology Networks
• Legacy data sets
• Experimental sites
Measurements
• Remote sensing
• Near-surface
remote sensing
• Leaf Area Index
• Flux measurements
• Environmental parameters
Models
• Mechanistic models
• Prognostic phenology
• Statistical models
Phenology
Events & Phases
Tropical phenology has not contributed much for climatic
change research since the
• historical or legacy data sets are scarce or absent
• the lack of a restrictive season and of a distinctive
factor driving phenology
• High within site species diversity
make difficult the detection of changes over time.
One way to have insights on climate
driven phenology shifts on tropical
plants is through the comparison of
plant species phenology under
different environmental conditions.
Local Environment
Cannopy openess: Fisheye photos
Temperature , relative humidity
Tree density, next neighbor,
Canopy heigth,
interior
borda
Abiotic effects
Direct biotic effects
Indirect biotic effects
Edge effects include both abiotic and biological changes
on environmental conditions that likely affect plant
phenological patterns.
I. Machado
T. Nadia
Since local environmental
conditions and biological factors
affect plant reproductive
phenology, we expect that plant
phenological responses to edge
effects (such as increasing
temperature and dryness) may
be similar to some extent to shifts
induced by climatic change on
plant phenology
Study Site
Cerrado
EAST
SOUTH
EDGE INTERIOR
we monitored the reproductive
phenology of Miconia rubiginosa
(Melastomataceae) weekly on
edges and interiors facing east
(high light incidence) and south
(lower light incidence) of the
cerrado savanna.
(Andreu-Ureta 2005, Reys 2008)
Miconia ruibiginosa (Melastomataceae)
Miconia rubiginosa (Bonpl.)DC (Melastomataceae),
Comparisons of the reproductive phenology of Miconia rubiginosa, a common treelet at the study site,
between edges and interiors of a cerrado savanna vegetation in Southeastern Brazil during 2004
reproductive season (after Adreau-Ureta 2005). (a) and (b) Flowers and fruits of M. rubiginosa (photos by
M.G.G. Camargo); (c) and (d) Box-plot showing the median and standard deviation of the starting (left) and
peak (right) weeks of flowering (c) and fruiting (d) of M. rubiginosa on the edges and interiors (east faced and
south faced) of the cerrado savanna; (e) Comparison of temperature sum at the starting date of flowering
between forest edges and interiors; Threshold: 5 C; edge-interior temperature difference: 3 C.
Effects of cardinal orientation and light on the reproductive phenology of the
cerrado savanna tree Xylopia aromatica (Annonaceae)
whether local environment variability such as natural edges
along the river affect the reproductive phenology of Myrtaceae
natural edges affect the reproduction of Myrtaceae
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A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M
natural edge forest interiorOPEN FLOWER
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A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M
Perc
en
tag
e o
f sp
ecie
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months
natural edge forest interior
2006 2007 2008 2009
RIPE FRUIT
Percentage of
Myrtaceae species
(n=46) flowering and
fruiting on the edge of
the Fazenda river, and in
the interior of the atlantic
rain forest at Parque
Estadual da Serra do
Mar, Núcleo Picinguaba,
Ubatuba, São Paulo
State, Brazil.
The blue shadow
represents the rainy
season (October to April)
whether local environment variability such as natural edges
along the river affects the reproductive phenology of Myrtaceae
Gomidesia blanchetiana
9,7% 52,7%
37,6%
Effective PollinatorsFlower visitors
INTERIOR
30,1%
58,2%
11,8%
Flower visitors
EDGE
Effective pollinators
%
Occasional Pollinators Occasional Pollinators
natural edges affect the reproduction of Myrtaceae
Observations
• Phenology Networks
• Legacy data sets
• Experimental sites
Measurements
• Remote sensing
• Near-surface
remote sensing
• Leaf Area Index
• Flux measurements
• Environmental parameters
Models
• Mechanistic models
• Prognostic phenology
• Statistical models
Phenology
Events & Phases
Observations
• Phenology Networks
• Legacy data sets
• Experimental sites
Measurements
• Remote sensing
• Near-surface
remote sensing
• Leaf Area Index
• Flux measurements
• Environmental parameters
Models
• Mechanistic models
• Prognostic phenology
• Statistical models
Phenology
Events & Phases
Remote phenology
e-phenology: The application of new
technologies to monitor plant phenology and
track climate changes in the tropics
(a) use of new technologies of environmental monitoring -
remote phenology monitoring systems;
(b) creation of a protocol for a Brazilian Network - long
term phenology monitoring program; and
(c) provide models, methods and algorithms to support
management, integration and analysis of remote
phenology data.
Monitoring local environment
Quantify temporal
(seasonal, annual) and
spatial patterns of variation
in phenology
• Interannual variation
• Across different ecosystems
• Correlate to environmental factors
Monitoring phenology with a network of wewbcams
Ju
ne 2
8
May 1
8
M
ay 1
A. Richardson website
Tower mounted webcams offer
great potential for quantifying
patterns of canopy phenology
across sites, without the need for
intensive field monitoring by an
observer.
PHENOCAM
http://phenocam.sr.unh.edu/
0,28
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rac
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f R
OI_
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DOY 2008
%_Red
%_Green
%_Blue
0,335
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Co
lou
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rac
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f R
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DOY 2008
THANKS!
whether Myrtaceae reproductive phenology across sites is
constrained by phylogeny and what is the shared influence of
phylogeny and ecology on phenology
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J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
Ano 1 Ano 2 Ano 3
Pre
cip
itação
(m
m)
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% d
e in
div
ídu
os
Precipitação Floração Frutificação
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months
5
months
4
months
A late fruiting season
reduces the amount of
fruits available for
frugivoresLower seed dispesal, seed germination and
seedling establishment
Flowering is
displaced due to a
climatic change
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
rainfall flowering fruiting
pre
cip
itation
% o
f tr
ees
Global warming
Increase FrequencyEl Niño droughts ?
Less (dry season) rainfall Higher surface mperatures
Reduction in the % of species and trees fruiting
Synergic effects
Land use changes -Deforestation-Forest fragmentation
Plant-animal interactionsForest regenerationGenetic diversity
Less evapotranspirationEdge effects, fire, logging
Forest managementSustainable use of natural products
Climatic Change and Tropical Phenology