PHASE I ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION

©TRC SDMS Document

114221

Index Number CERCLA 02-2003-2025

PHASE I ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION

WOODBROOK ROAD DUMP SITE SOUTH PLAINFIELD, NEW JERSEY

TRC Job No. 05C2335ES / 106647

Prepared by:

TRG Environmental Corporation 9056 Chevrolet Drive

Ellicott City, Maryland 21042

TRC Environmental Corporation 57 East Willow Street

Millbum, New Jersey 07041

November 2007

R2-0007795

Index Number CERCLA 02-2003-2025

PHASE I ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION

WOODBROOK ROAD DUMP SITE SOUTH PLAINFIELD, NEW JERSEY

TRC Job No. 05C2335ES /106647

Prepared by:

TRC Environmental Corporation 9056 Chevrolet Drive

Ellicott City, Maryland 21042

Robert D. Wall, Phi)., Principal Investigator

TRC Environmental Corporation S7 Fnrt Willo^treet

llbjgn>.N«-w Jersi?ÛgQ41

Danielâ6ân, Project Coordinator

November 2007

R2-0007796

#

ABSTRACT

This report presents the fmdings of a Phase IA Archaeological Investigation of the, Woodbrook Road Dump Site (project area) in the Borough of South Plainfield, Middlesex County, New Jersey. The project area consists of two properties located north of Woodbrook Road (South Plainfield Block 388, Lots 1 and 26). The properties cover approxirnately 70 acres, are heavily wooded and imdeveloped and lie within the Dismal Swamp. The surrounding area consists of a mixture of undeveloped, residential and industrial properties. The project area is transected by the northwest flowing Bound Brook, which forms the boundary between Lot 1 on the east and Lot 26 on the west. The two lots were reportedly operated as unauthorized dumps by previous owners during the 1940s and 1950s, accepting household and industrial refuse until they were shut down by the State of New Jersey in 1958. The two lots were purchased by Texas Eastem Transmission Corporation (Texas Eastem) in 1972. Texas Eastem never used the properties for industrial or waste disposal activities. In September 1999, partially buried, leaking capacitors were discovered on the westem lot and subsequent soil investigations revealed contamination with polychlorinated biphenyis (PCBs). The project area was added to the National Priority List in April 2003. In August ofthe same year, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and Texas Eastem entered into an Administrative Order on Consent (AOC) to conduct a Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study (RI/FS) to address the site contamination. In Febmary 2007, the USEPA approved the RL/FS Workplan for the Woodbrook Road Dump Superfund Site.

This Phase IA investigation addressed the potential for archaeological resources to exist within the project area and to determine the presence of known resources in the surrounding locations. The study was conducted in accordance with the New Jersey Historic Preservation Office Guidelines for Phase I Archaeological Investigations: Identification of Archaeological Resources (NJHPO 2007), the Secretary ofthe Interior's Standards and Guidelines for Archaeology and Historic Preservation (NPS 1983) and in compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended and implemented in 36 CFR Part 800, and the National Enviroimiental Policy Act. A background investigation ofthe project area included a review of historical maps, a literature search, archaeological site files and county historical documents at the New Jersey Historic Preservation Office. In addition, Robert Wall, Ph.D. of TRC Environmental, who served as Principal Investigator for this study, conducted a field inspection at the project area in April 2007.

The results of the pedestrian survey of the entire project area indicate that it is unlikely any archaeological sites remain intact within the project area. The soils observed at the Site are typical of marshy settings (e.g., wet, loosely packed muck) and are not well suited for prehistoric occupations. The project area was observed to be either wetlands (unsuitable for habitation) or completely disturbed fi"om past site operations. Based on historical data and cartographic evidence, it appears that no historic resources will be disturbed by fiature, proposed project activities. Mapped historic sites, including those that have been subjected to archaeological testing, lie primarily to the south ofthe project area. Consequently, due to the lack of archaeological sites in the project area, no further archaeological work is recommended.

R2-0007797

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ; :.i LIST OF FIGURES iii

1.0. INTRODUCTION 1

2.0. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING ,...; 4 2.1 Paleoenvironment 4 2.2 Topography 4 2.3 Hydrology ...-. ,. 5 2.4 Geology J 5 2.5 Soils 6

3.0. CULTURAL OVERVIEW 8 3.1 Prehistoric Context 8

3.1.1 The Paleoindian Period (ca. 10,000-7500 B.C.) 8 3.1.2 The Archaic Period (ca. 7500-1000 B.C.) 9 3.1.3 The Woodland Period (ca. IOOOB.C.-A.D. 1600) 8

3.2 Historic Period Context 10 3.2.1 Early European Settlement, Revolution and Post-Revol.(A.D. 1600-1670) 10 3.2.2 Rural Agrarian Intensification (A.D. 1670-1815) 11 3.2.3 Agricultural-Industrial Transition (A.D. 1815-1870) 11 3.2.4 hidustrial/Urban Dominance (A.D. 1870-1930) 12 3.2.5 Modem Period (A.D. 1930-Present) 13

3.3 Site Distributions and Previous Archeological Research 13

4.0. RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY 20

4.1 Field Investigations 20

5.0. RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 21

6.0. REFERENCES CITED 25

APPENDIX A - CURRICULUM VITAE OF PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR

R2-0007798

FIGURES

1-1. Site Location 2 1-2. Project Area 3 3-1. 1781 Hills Map of Middlesex County 16 3-2. 1850 J.W. Otley and J. Keily Map of Middlesex County, New Jersey 17 3-3. 1876 Everts and Stewart Atlas of Piscataway Township, Middlesex County 18 3-4. 1905 USGS 15-Minute Plainfield Quadrangle Showing Approximate Location : 19 5-1. Bound Brook Floodplain Showing Low-lying Alluvium 22 5-2. Channelized Tributary to Bound Brook 22 5-3. East Side of Project Area Near Pipeline 23 5-4. Typical Modem Refuse Deposit, NE Side of Project Area ....23 5-5. Typical Wetland View in NW Part of Project Area 24 5-6. Typical Low-lying Landscape, SW Side of Project Area 24

Ul

R2-0007799

1.0 INTRODUCTION

This report presents the findings of a Phase IA Archaeological Investigation of the Woodbrook Road Dimip Site (project area) in the Borough of South Plainfield, Middlesex County, New Jersey (Figures 1-1 and 1-2). The project area consists of two properties located north of Woodbrook Road (identified on South Plainfield tax maps as Block 388, Lots 1 and 26). The properties cover approximately 70 acres, are heavily wooded and undeveloped and lie within the Dismal Swamp. The surrounding area consists of a mixture of undeveloped, residential and industrial properties. The project area is transected by the northwest flowing Bound Brook, which forms the boundary between Lot 1 on the east and Lot 26 on the west.

The properties comprising the project area were operated as dumps by landowners during the 1940s and 1950s, at which time both household and industrial refuse were accepted. The dxmip was shut down by the State of New Jersey in 1958. The two lots were purchased by Texas Eastem Transmission Corporation (Texas Eastem) in 1972. Texas Eastem never used the properties for industrial or waste disposal activities. In September 1999, partially buried, leaking capacitors were discovered at the westem lot and subsequent soil investigations revealed contamination with polychlorinated biphenyis (PCBs). The Site was added to the National Priority List in April 2003. In August of the same year, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and Texas Eastem entered into an Administrative Order on Consent (AOC) to conduct a Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study (RI/FS) to address the site contamination. In Febmary 2007, the USEPA approved the RI/FS Workplan for the Woodbrook Road Dump Superfimd Site.

This Phase IA investigation addresses the potential for archaeological resources to exist within the project area and to determine the presence of known resources in the surrounding locations. The study was conducted in accordance with the New Jersey Historic Preservation Office Guidelines for Phase I Archaeological Investigations: Identification of Archaeological Resources (NJHPO 2007), the Secretary of the Interior's Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation (NPS 1983) and in compliance with Section 106 ofthe National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended and implemented in 36 CFR Part 800, and the National Enviroimiental Policy Act. A background investigation of the project area included a review of historical maps, a literature search, archaeological site files and county historical documents at the New Jersey Historic Preservation Office. In addition, Robert Wall, Ph.D. of TRC Environmental (TRC), who served as Principal Investigator for this study, conducted a field inspection ofthe project area in April 2007.

This report is organized as follows: Section 2.0 describes the physical characteristics of the project area. Prehistoric and historic contexts along with previous studies and site records are presented in Section 3.0. Field methods are described in Section 4.0. The results ofthe current investigation and recommendations are presented in Section 5.0. Appendix A lists the qualifications ofthe Principal Investigator.

R2-0007800

10 O Ui

in • *

CM I

o

SOURCE: USGS TOPOGRAPHIC MAP. PLAINFIELD, N.J. QUADRANGLE 1995 7.5 MINUTE SERIES

2000 FT. NEW

JERSEY

APPROXIMATE SCALE •0 QUADRANGLE LOCATION

CTRC TRC ENVIRONMENTAL CORP. 57 East Willow Street Millbum, New Jersey 07041

SITE LOCATION

WOODBROOK ROAD DUMP SITE - SOUTH PLAINFIELD. NJ

JOB NO.: 2335ES.2450-106647.0000.0000

DC/LB DATE: MAY 2007 FIGURE: 1-1

R2-0007801

s*)

EXPLANATION

SITE BOUNDARY

SURFACE WATER AND FLOW DIRECTION

DISTURBED AREA

SWAMP AREA

SCALE: 1 = 5 0 0

I I I IJII I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I l i i i i i i i i l l l RAIL LINE

F FIBER OPTIC LINE

G GAS PIPELINE

SOURCE: (1) ALL SURVTf INFORMATION TAKEN FROM A PLAN BY NEILAN ENGINEERS, INC.. SOMERSET. PA. DATED 2 / 2 5 / 2 0 0 0 . •PROPERTY STAKEOUT PLAN FOR DUKE ENERGY SOUTH PLAINFIELD NEW JERSEY*.

(2) TAX MAP INFORMATION 05TAJNED FROM ASSESSMENT MAP, MIDDLESEX COUNTY, NJ. JUNE 30, 1965.


PROJECT AREA

WOODBROOK ROAD DUMP SrTE - SOUTH PLAINFIELD, NJ

JOB NO,: 2335ES,2410-106647.0000.0000

DC/LB DATE: NOVEMBER 2007 FIGURE: 1-2

FILE: M:\CAD FILES\W0RK\2335ES\CRI\2335ES-CRI-4.DWG, DATE: 11/16/2007 12:21:09PM

R2-0007802

2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

2.1 Paleoenvironment

The Holocene environmental changes that occurred over the past 12,000 years are described by Carbone (1976) for the Middle Atlantic region. Joyce (1988) builds on the work of Carbone using a broader array of pollen data to address the post-Pleistocene environmental sequence. He suggests, for example, an earlier mid-Holocene xerothermic interval which would negate previously inferred effects of such a climatic episode on Late Archaic lifeways (Joyce 1988, p. 204). At the most general level, works by Carbone, Joyce, Gaudreau, and others demonstrate that approximately 15,000 years ago, rising sea levels had begun to transgress the exposed Atlantic continental shelf. It was about this time that the region's vegetational landscape changed from a coniferous forest dominated by spruce, pine, and fir interspersed with open meadow areas, to a mixed coniferous-deciduous hickory, chestnut, and oak forest with a reduced open character (Owens, Stefansson, and Sirken 1974, p.399-400).

The pollen record at Szabo Pond and Helmetta Bog in the Inner Coastal Plain of New Jersey contain supportive data relevant to this sequence (Watts 1979, p.447-449), reflecting a transition from pine-spruce to oak-hickory dominated forests (Whitehead 1972, p. 308). From 8,500 to 3,000 B.P.\ the continuation of a warming pattem resulted in a drier and obviously warmer climate that was characterized by marked seasonal trends. This brought about an oak-chestnut maximum and the spread of grassland and open meadow areas. Toward the end of this period, however, dry conditions led to the reduction in forests dominated by species of oak and the development of estuarine environments in coastal regions. After 3,000 B.P. the climate and its floral and faunal associations assumed a relatively modem character, with fluctuations being attributed to minor climactic episodes, such as variation in the amount of precipitation.

Shelford (1963) includes the project area within the temperate deciduous forest biome (or oak-deer-maple biome). The predominant species of flora in this forest region include red maple, black gum, white oak, sassafras, greenbrier, American holly, and Virginia pine. The region would have provided aboriginal populations with rich and varied biotic resources in the form of nuts, seeds, berries, fish, large and small mammals, and birds. The project area is lightly wooded with a mix of deciduous and coniferous species. The modem climate in the region is humid continental, with local variations affected by differences in elevation, slope, and valley position. Precipitation averages about 49.6 inches per year. Summer average temperatures reach the 90s while winter lows are in the 20s.

2.2 Topography

The elevation ofthe project area is approximately 65 to 70 feet above mean sea level (ft msl). Portions ofthe project area were used as unauthorized dumps for household and industrial refiise during the 1940s and 1950s. The areas that have been filled with refuse have groimd surfaces that have been artificially elevated by approximately 4 to 7 feet.

BP = Before Present. This archaeological term is used in reference to radiocarbon ages and radiometric dating results. The Present is conventionally defined to be calendar year AD 1950.

4

R2-0007803

•

#

2.3 Hydrology

The project area is transected by the northwest flowing Bound Brook, which forms the boundary between Lot 1 on the east and Lot 26 on the west. Bound Brook flows into central South Plainfield and ultimately discharges to Green Brook and the Raritan River. Three tributaries (referred to as "Main Tributary", "Secondary Tributary" and "Raihoad Tributary") and a body of standing water (referred to as "Westem Pond") also bound portions of the project area and discharge to Bound Brook. There are also some smaller areas containing seasonally standing water. The project area occupies approximately 70 acres ofthe Dismal Swamp, which has been designated as "Priority Wetlands" by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and the USEPA. Much ofthe project area consists of wetlands that are situated within the Bound Brook floodplain and are subject to frequent inundation. Habitat cover include primarily a mixture of palustrine forested wetlands, open water/emergent wetlands, and scmb-shrub wetlands. The remaining areas of the project area are covered by a mixture of successional scmb-shrub fields and upland woods located within former dumping areas. The depth to ground water across the project area is very shallow (at groimd surface to a few feet below ground surface); with flow toward the surface water bodies (Bound Brook, Main Tributary and the Westem Pond).

2.4 Geology

The project area lies within the Piedmont Physiographic Province ofthe eastem United States. Bedrock underlying the project area consists ofthe Passaic Formation ofthe Bmnswick Group. The Passaic Fonnation consists of reddish-brown to brownish-purple and grayish-red siltstone, shale, and mudstone of late Triassic/early Jurassic age with a thickness of as much as 11,810 feet. Bedrock generally occurs within 50 feet of depth. Shallow bedrock (<10 feet below grade) locally occurs to the west and southwest of the project area. The surficial soils overlying the shallow bedrock generally consist of weathered bedrock.

Approximately 1 mile northeast ofthe project area, the ground surface steadily rises to the top of a ridge formed by a northwest-southeast oriented terminal moraine, which marks the southernmost advance of the Wisconsin continental ice sheet that melted and refreated approximately 10,000 years ago. The surficial geologic materials between the terminal moraine and the project area consist of glaciofluvial deposits of sand and gravel formed by meltwater streams issuing from the front ofthe melting glacier. In some places, these glaciofluvial deposits can be up to 100 feet thick.

Artificial Fill containing household and industrial refiise covers most ofthe project area. Within . the central portion ofthe Site, along Bound Brook and the adjoining tributaries, the Artificial Fill is underlain and surrounded by Freshwater Swamp and Marsh Deposits. These deposits consist of peat, organic silts, sands, and clays that average about 10 feet in thickness. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) describes these soils in greater detail, stating that the peat is comprised of partly decomposed plant material that is interbedded with and overlying laminations of silt, clay and minor sand. These marsh deposits overlie the outwash sands in some portions ofthe project area and weathered bedrock in others.

R2-0007804

The very southem edge ofthe project area is covered in alluvium. The New Jersey Geological Survey (NJGS) indicates that the alluvium is composed of silt, sand, gravel, clay and some organic matter and can be as much as 20 feet thick. Along smaller streams, the alluvium is composed of sand and gravel derived from adjacent glacial, meltwater, colluvial or weathered bedrock materials. In areas of Late Wisconsinan glacial deposits, it locally includes and grades laterally into swamp and marsh deposits.

A small area encompassing both sides of Woodbrook Road, just northeast of the former house and in the vicinity of the Triple-C Ranch, is covered by weathered shale, mudstone and sandstone (silty clayey to sandy silty sandstone, siltstone and shale residuum). The layer can be as much as 10 feet thick.

Many types of rock were available to prehistoric occupants of the region, with several types of stone being translocated in cobble form such as the Pensauken and Bridgeton gravel cherts which are found in Middlesex County (Holland 2005). Such rock types include quartzite, quartz, sandstone, argillite, chert, and shale (Owens and Minard 1975). Pre-Triassic rocks, including quartzite, granite, gneiss, and metagabbro, occur in outcrops along the Delaware River and Assunpink Creek (Widmer 1965:14) and would have been available for the manufacture of pecked and groundstone implements. Also bedded locally is argillite, a fine-grained cryptocrystalline mudstone that was used in the manufacture of points, as well as steatite, a material that was commonly used by prehistoric peoples for the production of containers, weights, and omaments.

2.5 Soils

The NJDEP and the NJGS offer downloadable soil maps in Geographic Information System (GIS) format derived from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Soil Conservation Service. These maps show in detail the different types of soils found on and in the vicinity ofthe project area. These soils are composed primarily of silts, silty sands, sands and mixtures of silt, sand and clay materials with some gravel. All of the soils are poorly drained and occur in relatively flat, low lying areas.

The majority of the project area is covered by the Parsippany very poorly drained variant silt loam with 0 to 3 percent slopes (Powley 1987). The USDA describes it as a surface layer of black silt loam that is about 3 inches thick. A layer of black clay approximately 16 inches thick underlies the Parsippany soil layer. A layer of gray silty clay approximately 7 inches thick underlies the black clay. At greater depths the substratum has been described as black, dark brown, and dark reddish gray stratified loamy sand, fine sandy loam and sandy loam that can extend to a depth of 60 inches. The permeability of this soil is slow and water availability is high, as demonstrated by the high water table, which varies from the ground surface to 1 foot below ground surface (bgs), and the presence of significant areas of wetlands.

On both sides of Bound Brook and just south ofthe landfill, the soils are designated the Dunellen variant sandy loam with 0 to 2 or 2 to 5 percent slopes. According to the USDA, the surface is normally covered in black muck that is about 2 inches thick. Brown to light brown sandy loam

R2-0007805

that extends in depth about 11 inches underlies the black muck. Underlying the loam is brown and reddish-brown sandy loam that is mottled in the upper 14 inches and then a reddish brown sandy loam that can extend down for another 60 inches. The permeability of this soil is moderate to fairly rapid. Available water capacity is also moderate and runoff is slow. The surface and subsoil layers are normally very strongly acidic.

-m

R2-0007806

3.0 CULTURAL OVERVIEW

3.1 Prehistoric Context

The prehistoric occupation sequence for Middlesex and surrounding counties is based on research conducted on a variety of sites in the Middle Atlantic region. Since there are still some gaps in our understanding of the cultural sequences in this part of the Middle Atlantic, the prehistory of this region is partially reconstmcted from data derived from adjacent locations. The general sequence for the region begins with the Paleoindian period, followed by the Archaic period and ending with the Woodland period. The following sections describe these periods in more detail.

3.1.1 The Paleoindian Period (ca. 10,000-7500 B.C.)

On the New Jersey coastal plain, the Paleoindian period spans a time range from 10,000 to 7500 BC and it is the earliest recognized period of human occupation in the area. Paleoindian settlement pattems may be described as semi-nomadic within a defined territory. The subsistence focus was on hunting both large and small game and it is assumed that wild plants were exploited for their food potential as well. Pleistocene megafauna, such as mammoth and mastodon, were mostly extinct by this time, so the emphasis in hunting was most likely toward deer and elk, and perhaps caribou.

Known site types for the Paleoindian period in the Middle Atlantic region include base camps located near high-quality lithic sources and smaller transient hunting camps near game-attractive areas. Paleoindian technology is distinguished by the distinctive fluted projectile points and specialized tool kit that included scrapers, burins, and gravers (Marshall 1982). Surface finds of fluted points are not uncommon in the inner coastal plain with a variety of high quality raw materials utilized such as chert, jasper, grey chert, and quartz. Kraft (1986) notes that fluted points diminished in size after Clovis, ultimately being replaced by the notched Early Archaic points. Examples of late Paleoindian sites in New Jersey include Turkey Swamp, located in a headwaters area east ofthe project area (Cavallo 1981). Gardner (1977) notes that the distinction between Paleoindian and Early Archaic technology is somewhat obscure, suggesting uniformity in subsistence and settlement systems through the Early Archaic Palmer and Kirk phases until around 6500 BC. The continuity begins to break down with the Kirk phase as a greater variety of lithic raw materials were used for tool manufacturing rather than the previous exclusive reliance On high quality crypto-crystalline materials.

3.1.2 The Archaic Period (ca. 7500-1000 B.C.)

The Archaic period (7500 to 1000 BC) in the region is characterized by increasing sedentism and more efficient adaptation to locally available resources. Stratigraphic data used as a basis for a local sequence of projectile point styles has been derived mainly from sites in the Ohio Valley (Broyles 1971), Meadowcroft (Adovasio et al. 1975), and the Shenandoah Valley (Gardner 1974). This has been periodically updated with new finds, but the basic sequence remains

8

R2-0007807

relatively the same. Diagnostic artifacts representing Early Archaic occupations in the region include primarily Palmer comer-notched. Kirk notched and stemmed, MacCorkle, and a variety of lesser known types.

Early Archaic settlements tend to be located adjacent to rivers, ponds, and wetland terrain such as is present in the project area. Recorded Early Archaic sites (e.g., 28MR43 on Lake Hopatong) are found in such settings throughout the region.

Middle Archaic sites (6000 to 2000 BC) are marked by the diagnostic bifurcate projectile point style. Again, most of these sites are known through projectile point finds on Holocene terraces and upland surfaces as well as along estuaries, swamp margins, and near springheads. Raw materials commonly utilized during this time include chert, argillite, jasper, quartz and rhyolite. Numerous Middle Archaic manifestations are probably located in drowned valleys and estuaries on the outer coastal plain. Middle Archaic occupations represent significant changes in Early Holocene adaptations in the region that involve exploitation of a wider range of environments and new additions to the tool kit such as drills and, later, groundstone items. The use of netsinkers indicates the more intensive use of riverine environments for fishing (Kraft 1986).

The Late Archaic period ranges from about 2000 to 1000 BC. Assemblages typically contain scrapers and drills (often fashioned from resharpened points), adzes, celts, netsinkers, anvilstones, and steatite bowls. The appearance of groundstone tools used for the processing of gathered wild plant foods evidences a reliance on new technology related to shifts in subsistence practices. The Fishtail phase marks the end ofthe Archaic period and the beginning ofthe Early Woodland at ca. 1000 BC.

3,1.3 The Woodland Period (ca. 1000 B.C.-A.D. 1600)

The Early Woodland period is marked by the introduction of ceramics (Vinette and Marcey Creek) and an intensification of burial ceremonialism. Some of these developments diffused into the coastal plain, but the evidence is limited chiefly to surface finds of trade items (e.g., Adena blocked-end tubular pipes) along major streams. There is presently little or no evidence of cultigens in the region this early. It is assumed that Early Woodland populations subsisted mainly by hunting, gathering, and fishing, in a manner not unlike their Late Archaic period predecessors. Marcey Creek, a steatite-tempered ware, and Vinette ceramics, a cmshed-quartz-tempered ware, are the primary time markers for Early Woodland in the region. Early Woodland sites are generally larger than sites of previous times, and there seems to be an increasing reliance on estuarine resources such as shellfish.

Intensification in trade networks over a large region is one of the notable trends evident by the onset of the Middle Woodland period (500 BC to AD 900). There is also an intensification of horticultural practices, although hunting, fishing, and plant collecting are still important subsistence pursuits. The subsistence economy is also marked by the initiation of maize horticulture. The large number of sites for this time period and the size of some of the sites support the argument for possible seasonal aggregation and dispersal, according to some researchers.

R2-0007808

^

Pottery styles characteristic of this period show a shift toward net-impressed wares. Stone tool kits utilized by Middle Woodland peoples are basically the same as those used during the Late Woodland, but more exotic lithic materials are evident in Middle Woodland assemblages. The technology expressed in many of the Middle Woodland site collections seems to favor bifacial tool production (Fox Creek, Selby Bay and Jacks Reef) rather than a prepared core and blade flake technology as would be found in the Ohio Valley at this time.

During the succeeding Late Woodland period there still seems to have been a focus on intensive hunting and gathering, with larger camps and villages surrounded by micro-band camps. The Late Woodland period is marked by the distinctive ceramics including various Owasco variants, Overpeck and Bowmans Brook Incised (Fischler and French 1991). Stmctures were small sub-rectangular houses that are likely predecessors to the longhouses of proto-historic times. These houses, for example, ranged from 5 to 18 meters in length and contained large storage features (Kraft 1986). The earlier Owasco or Pahaquarra phase of the Late Woodland period was followed, after 1350, by the Minisink phase, marked by similarities in village stmcture but more elaborate incised ceramics (Kraft 1986).

After AD 1350, maize horticulture was well established in the region and some settlements show evidence of fortification. Many of the recorded sites that contain Late Woodland artifacts are multi-component surface sites in a great variety of environmental settings. Other trends in the Late Woodland period in the region include shifts in lithic raw material preferences. These shifts may relate to the development of more sedentary lifestyles, the increasing reliance on horticultural products (e.g., maize, beans, and squash), and a concomitant de-emphasis on intensive hunting and gathering. One of the earliest domesticated species recovered from the archaeological record in the region is gourd at ca. AD 1000 (Fischler and French 1991) although earlier dates on domesticated maize have been recovered from contexts in the surrounding region. Ultimately, there would have been smaller foraging and hunting ranges resulting in more limited exploration for lithic raw materials and greater dependence on near-camp resources as well as those easily obtained through trade. This may have something to do with a trend toward expedient technology in the Late Woodland period and the greater use of cobble sources (Stewart 1987, 1998).

3.2 Historic Context

The following overview for Middlesex County highlights historic period settlement in the vicinity of the project area. This focuses upon regional and local changes in demography, economy, and industry and as such will indicate the potential for the recovery of historic period archaeological remains in project area.

3.2.1 Early European Settlement, Revolution and Post-Revolution (ca. A.D. 1600-1670)

The earliest European settlers were the Dutch, who laid claim to much of the region for the Dutch East India Company after the voyage of Henry Hudson in 1609. The Dutch subsequently

10

R2-0007809

established small settlements and trading posts over the next few decades to take advantage of fur trade opportunities. Ultimately, the English predominated in the region as the Dutch were never able to maintain a stronghold on the region and their population remained relatively small (Burke 1991). The first govemor of the new English colony used Perth Amboy as the first capital town (Kim 1978).

Hoping to draw New England immigrants to New Jersey settlements, Richard Nicolls oversaw the purchase of land between the Passaic and Raritan Rivers known as the Elizabethtown Tract. This "New England Type" of nucleated village and township settlement occurred on the Tract prior to New Jersey's recognition as a royal colony in 1702. Three primary townships were established: Elizabethtown in 1665, Woodbridge in 1666, and Piscataway in 1666 (Clayton 1882; Wacker 1975). Piscataway Township at that time and until 1926 included South Plainfield.

3.2.2 Rural Agrarian Intensiflcation (A.D. 1670-1815)

In 1674, the New Jersey colony was sub-divided into East Jersey and West Jersey. Later, in 1702, they became one colony. By 1700, the largely rural population of New Jersey was about 14,000 with very few large towns established (Wacker 1982, Ponfret 1964). The South Plainfield area was originally part of a 1664 land grant known as "Elizabethown Purchase." The earliest settlers in the area were primarily from New England and included largely people of Scottish ancestry. By the early 1700s, logging became established as a significant local commercial enterprise and saw mills and grist mills were also established. One of the first land areas surveyed in the South Plainfield area was owned by the Fullerton brothers (Clayton 1882, p.595). A sawmill was built in 1683 near Samptown and in 1692, a gristmill was established in what is now South Plainfield. Along Cedar Brook, a saw mill and grist mill were built ca. 1732 (South Plainfield Historical Society). Later came tavems and other commercial establishments.

By the mid-1700s two small communities were developed in the area, "Sampton" and "Brooklyn," although the area still remained largely mral in character and dominated by small farms less than 200 acres in size (South Plainfield Historical Society). Raritan Landing on the Raritan River became a large commercial center in Piscataway Township later in the 18'*' century.

During the Revolutionary War, the South Plainfield area was occupied by the British during the early period ofthe war, from late 1776 to mid-1777, a;nd army movements were frequent through the area, particularly between Perth Amboy and New Brunswick, just east of South Plainfield. There was some limited action in New Brooklyn along Bound Brook in 1777. Nearby, Woodbridge was also a center of troop activity and the site of a skirmish between Washington's and Comwallis' forces.

3.2.3 Agricultural-Industrial Transition (A.D. 1815-1870)

The area grew slowly in the late 18' to early 19 century, in part due to depletion in soil fertility (Wall and Pickersgill 1921). Through the first half of the 1800s, however, the farming industry

11

R2-0007810

had revived and agricultural products, such as hay and dairy products, reached many regional and urban market centers (Meuly 1976). Earlier commercial centers such as Raritan Landing quickly declined in importance, especially with the building of the Delaware and Raritan Canal and the railroads. Intensive archaeological investigations sponsored by the New Jersey Department of Transportation have occurred at Raritan Landing in recent years. Railroads were constmcted through the township in the 1830s and 1840s, initially facilitating the growing commerce with a much greater impact in the post-Civil War period (Meuly 1976).

By 1834, there were eight to ten dwellings in Brooklyn and about a dozen houses in Sampton where the tavern and store were located, along with service industries such as blacksmiths, millers, carpenters, and shoemakers (Clayton 1882; South Plainfield Historical Society). The large mill in Brooklyn on Bound Brook was the impetus for the development of a thriving community now called Spring Lake (Meuly 1976). A school established in Sampton had over 100 students. Industries that developed and flourished in the region during the 1800s included the clay industry, focused primarily in Woodbridge. In the early 19* century, fire clay was exported from Woodbridge and eventually clay manufacturing industries opened such as the Salamander Works, which opened in 1825 and produced fine stoneware in the 1830s and 1840s. This was a significant draw for the employment of a rapidly growing immigrant population.

After the Civil War, agriculture developed fiirther but other industries, drawing much of the area's labor force, ultimately took their toll on the farming industry (Meuly 1976). By the end of the 19* century, the farming industry was in decline. At the same time, the growth of suburban populations created a shift in regional trends that extended into the 20* century. This included larger residential developments that had ties to larger urban centers. The further development of rapid transportation facilities accelerated this period of growth and change.

3.2.4 Industrial/Urban Dominance (A.D. 1870-1930)

The first post office was established in South Plainfield in 1877 when the area was called "New Brooklyn". The nearby town of Plainfield became a more prominent commercial center in central New Jersey and the Lehigh Valley Railroad extended its line to the area (Perth Amboy to South Plainfield) to provide better access to regional markets in 1875. With the railroad came more commerce, a coal yard, and the development of an immigrant labor force, mostly Irish, who settled in the area and worked in the newly established local factories. By 1907, there was a local volunteer fire department (Lehigh Volunteer Fire Department) in South Plainfield.

In 1913, the Spicer Manufacturing Company constructed a factory near the railroad station on the old Elliot Farm, which later became the site of Comell-Dubilier and is now known as the Hamilton Boulevard Industrial tract (South Plainfield Historical Society). This marked a trend in local development that was, in part, stimulated with the constmction of the Lehigh Valley Railroad (Meuler 1976). Other industries that became established in the early 20* century include Harris Stmctural Steel on the former Blackford farm on New Bmnswick Avenue. This industry became one ofthe largest steel manufacturers in the country during World War II. This completed the development of South Plainfield from a farming community to an industrial center.

12

R2-0007811

3.2.5 Modern Period (A.D. 1930-Present)

The Modem period saw the continued growth of suburban areas around South Plainfield, supported by long established industries and a viable network of transportation systems. The Spicer manufacturing plant closed its plant in South Plainfield near the beginning ofthe 1930s but other industries, such as Comell-Dubilier Electronics, Inc., replaced the industry on the same site. By the 1950s, there were several dozen industries established in South Plainfield. At that time, rapid suburban residential growth characterized the area.

3.3 Site Distributions and Previous Archaeological Research

Background research was completed by TRC prior to the initiation of field investigations. This involved a trip to the New Jersey Historic Preservation Office (NJHPO) to examine the site files and reports on cultural resources investigations within and near the project area. TRC also visited the New Jersey State Museum to examine their archaeological site files. Based on this research, it was determined that no previously recorded historic or prehistoric archeological sites lie within the project area; however, there are a number of sites that exist in the surrounding area. Local histories, cartographic data, standing stmctures files and other documentation on the prehistory and historical resources in the area were also reviewed. The standing stmctures files showed that historic stmctures in the area are scattered and not conducive to the establishment of a cohesive historic district. For example, the Spicer Manufacturing Company was considered to be National Register eligible as of November 2006. An industrial feature, the War Emergency Pipeline (Inch Lines) runs through South Plainfield and is considered to be part of the Inch Lines Historic District. This is the first of the large diameter (24 inch) fuel transport lines built in 1942-1943^. Prior to this time, most fuel pipelines were only 8 inches in diameter (Historic American Engineering Record).

The research indicated that several cultural resources investigations have been undertaken near the project area and these are summarized below:

• A Phase I archaeological survey was conducted for Texas Eastem Gas Company in the late 1980s and no sites were recorded (Research and Archaeological Management, Inc. 1988).

• A Phase I archaeological survey (Research and Archaeological Management, Inc. 1986, updated 1989) was undertaken in Edison Township to investigate the Edison Tyler Estates, the location ofthe Stelle Farm House, built in 1839. On what is known as the Old Woodbrook Farm, 300 shovel tests were excavated and artifacts were recovered from undisturbed contexts (Research and Archaeological Management, Inc. 1986). The site was recorded as 28Mil76, an 1842 to early 20th century domestic/agricultural Euroamerican (McAdams) farmstead. The farmhouse was built in 1842, the property subdivided in 1847, and by 1860, it was a 100-acre farm. The farmhouse and

2 The Big Inch (24-inch diameter) and Little Big Inch (20-inch diameter) Pipelines were constructed in 1942 and 1943 to safely transport crude

oil and refined petroleum products from the Gulf Coast to areas near New York City and Philadelphia for refining and distribution. The Inch Lines Historic District is a 1,340-mile linear, multi-state district that extends from Texas to New Jersey.

13

R2-0007812

outbuildings were demolished in the early 1960s. Domestic and architectural debris were recovered spanning a mid-19* to 20th century time frame. The foundation and contexts of the farm house is not considered to be significant but is intact. The last family to occupy the site was the Tyler family, hence the name of the project. Nearby, Site 28Mil75 dates from 1839 to present. This is the Euroamerican Stelle Farm and it was found to contain early 19th through 20* century artifacts.

A data recovery was undertaken (Pagoulatos 1993) for the Dismal Swamp Site 28Mil43 as part ofthe Tyler Estates project. Local historian Larry Randolph believes this may be the same as Spier's site, designated as 28Mi35. The data recovery in an area measuring roughly 200 feet by 150 feet produced almost 7000 lithic artifacts (and 2500 pieces of fire-cracked rock) and a limited number of grit-tempered ceramics and faunal remains, but very few features (five hearths and a refuse pit recorded at the plow zone B-horizon interface) and no intact living floors. The site is situated on a terrace of Bound Brook but artifacts were only recovered from depths to 24 inches below surface in the 125 5-foot squares that were excavated. Most of the artifacts were recovered from the A-horizon. The age of the site includes Early through Late Archaic occupations represented by Brewerton, Lehigh, Lackawaxen and later occupations marked by Jacks Reef Middle Woodland points and late Woodland triangles. It was noted that specific areas of occupation could not be isolated due to the presence of multiple overlapping occupations and the depth of plow disturbance to the site's original contexts. Radiocarbon samples obtained from the hearth feature dated to 3340 ± 80 BP (Beta-57785), 3430 + 70 BP (Beta-57786), and 3500 + 70 (Beta-57787). The hearth feature contained flakes, shatter, fire-cracked rock, calcined mammal bone and a possible carbonized seed.

A Phase I archaeological survey was conducted in 1996 for Texas Eastem and no resources were identified (Bello 1996).

A preliminary cultural resources investigation was undertaken by Mudge in 1996 for the modification of three existing ramps on Route 287.

• Zerbe et al. (1999) conducted cultural resources investigations for the proposed Helen Street Extension, which may mn through the project area. Two stmctures were considered eligible for the National Register and the archaeological assessment recommended a survey in undeveloped portions ofthe Area of Potential Effects (APE).

A number of archaeological sites have been recorded in the vicinity of the project area, as described by Spier in the 1915 Geological Survey of New Jersey Bulletin 13, which is annotated in the New Jersey State Museum files with state site numbers to go along with Spier's original descriptions. Many of the sites are along Bound Brook and its tributaries north and east of the project area. A number of these sites are unnamed and close to the railroad; however, many of the locations are not considered to be accurate. Local historians (including Larry Randolph) have attempted to make some corrections to Spier's data. The designated sites include 28Mi27 to 28Mi37.

14

•

R2-0007813

Site 28Mi37 is about 2000 feet east ofthe project area and is described as a sandy sloping field where finds of hammerstones, arrow points and chips indicate a camp (Spier 1915, p. 87; Site 25-34-8-1-3).

Site 28Mi34, on what is referred to as the Johnson Farm, is about 1000 feet northwest of the project area and is described as a large site on a hill that is "prolific in weathered specimens of soft stone", (most likely argillite, although the author mentions argillite as being present on other sites) and trap rock. The site also contained grooved axes, drills, hammerstones and a gunflint (Spier 1915, p. 87; Site 25-34-5-9-7).

Site 28Mi33 is another site on the Johnson Farm and is located west ofthe project area. This site produced a large number of points, grooved axes, hammer stones, flakes, fire-cracked rock, and celts (Spier 1915, p. 87; 25-34-5-9-4 ).

Site 28Mi35A is on the east side of Dismal Swamp, near the project area and is on the Old Woodbrook Farms. The site produced a large number of artifacts made from chert, argillite and sandstone, including a sandstone axe, banner stone and hammer stones. The presence of large pieces of argillite suggests a tool manufacturing area (Spier 1915, pg. 87; Site 25-34-9-1-6)

Other unnamed Spier sites are located just northeast of Dismal Swamp. Site 28Mi32, possible a Late Woodland site, is badly disturbed, according to a 1993 letter from Larry Randolph to Lorraine Williams. In the surrounding area, also close to or within South Plainfield, are other sites with similar artifact descriptions. Other sites in the vicinity ofthe project area that are not recorded by Spier include 28Mil24, a prehistoric camp, and 28Mil75 and 28Mil76, previously mentioned with regard to the Tyler Estates survey work.

In the project area under investigation, it is possible that small Archaic period camps or specialized procurement sites/hunting stations of Woodland age would be located on the few available well-drained surfaces, if these had not been completely disturbed by modem site activities (e.g., grading, unauthorized dumping, etc.) on the property. The attraction to these locations as camps or stations would have been due to the level terrain and close proximity ofthe wetlands and streams.

Cartographic data show some cultural features in the vicinity ofthe project area (Figures 3-1 to 3-4). The 1781 map shows the local drainages and early towns but no cultural features close to the project area (Figure 3-1). The 1850 Otley and Keily map shows the Stelle farm (28Mil75) south ofthe project area (Figure 3-2). The 1861 H.F. Walling map shows both the McAdams and Stelle farms. The 1876 Stewart Atlas of Piscataway Township shows the McAdams farm south ofthe project area (28Mil76) (Figure 3-3). The 1872 Beers Atlas shows very similar information to the 1876 atlas. The 1905 USGS 15 minute quadrangle (Figure 3-4) shows the road crossing of Dismal Swamp and the Lehigh Valley Railroad but very few other features close to the project area with the exception of community roads.

15

R2-0007814

SCALE: 1"=1.25 MILE

SOURCE: NEW HISTORICAL ATLAS OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, NEW JERSEY, EVERTS AND STEWART 1876.

APPROXIMATE PROJECT AREA


1781 HILLS MAP OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY

WOODBROOK ROAD DUMP SITE - SOUTH PLMNFIELD. NJ

JOB NO.: 2335ES.2410-106647.0000,0000

DC/LB DATE: NOVEMBER 2007 FIGURE: 3 - 1

RLE: M:\CAD F1LES\W0RK\2335ES\CRI\2335ES-CRI-2,DWG, DATE: 11/16/2007 12:21:40PM

R2-0007815

, j r j t tuuf i

.ri>tmf«ff* \ j t ^ r r M » t i f ^ . r A a f ^

I iLLfXi

\ r\

A > - J

mlLJi f i f f jf

XKTU" DrPi^lii

, '^*^'r^,r„^,^

.1 ^ . ^

SOURCE: LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. SCALE: 1 = 0 . 2 mile


OTRC TRC ENVIRONMENTAL CORP. 57 East Willow Street Millbum, New Jersey 07041

1850 J.W. OTLEY AND J. KEILY MAP OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, NEW JERSEY

WOODBROOK ROAD DUMP SITE - SOUTH PLAINFIELD, NJ

JOB NO.: 2335ES.2410-106647.0000.0000


FILE: M:\CAD FILES\W0RK\2335ES\CRI\2335ES-CRI-5.DWG. DATE: 11/16/2007 12:22:11PM

R2-0007816

SOURCE: UBRARY OF CONGRESS SCALE: r = 0 . 5 MILE


C T R C TRC ENVIRONMENTAL CORP. 57 East Willow Street Millbum, New Jersey 07041

1876 EVERTS AND STEWART ATLAS OF PISCATAWAY TOWNSHIP, MIDDLESEX COUNTY

WOODBROOK ROAD DUMP SITE - SOUTH PLAINFIELD. NJ

JOB NO.: 2335ES.2410-106647.0000.0000


RLE: M:\CAO nLES\W0RK\2335ES\CRI\2335ES-CRI-3.DWG, DATE: 11/16/2007 12:21:21PM

R2-0007817

SOURCE: USGS


6000 FT.

APPROXIMATE SCALE


1905 USGS 15-MINUTE PLAINFIELD QUADRANGLE SHOWING APPROXIMATE LOCATION

WOODBROOK ROAD DUMP SITE - SOUTH PLAINFIELD, NJ

JOB NO.: 2335ES.2410-106647.0000,0000


RLE: M:\CAO FILES\W0RK\2335ES\CRI\2335ES-CRI-1,DWG, DATE: 11/16/2007 12:21:54PM

R2-0007818

4.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The purpose ofthe Phase I archaeological investigation is to identify historic properties that may be eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). This includes delineating any archaeological sites that might be present within the areas of impact and determining the effects of the proposed development on those properties. This work includes three primary tasks: 1) background research, 2) archaeological field investigations, and 3) laboratory processing, analysis, and report production.

In general, the project area was considered to have very low potential for prehistoric sites. In spite of the location of a number of previously recorded sites along Bound Brook north and east ofthe project area, the severe disturbance to the project area over the years has been significant (See Figure 1-2).

Background research was conducted at the New Jersey Historic Preservation Office and the New Jersey State Museum in Trenton. This research included checking archaeological site files, cultural resources reports, and other local information on historic and archaeological sites. Historic maps and subject files from online databases of the Library of Congress were investigated for information on property ownership and regional development since the 1600s.

Expectations of archeological site locations in the project area were based primarily on settlement data compiled by Spier (1915) and updates to those data based on cultural resources investigations. While there is documentation that a number of sites are located in the surrounding area, background research has confirmed that there were no previously recorded archeological sites within the project area.

4.1 Field Investieations

The Phase IA field methods involved a pedestrian survey to inspect the conditions of the project area to determine whether any subsurface testing was feasible, given the extensive disturbance to the site. The survey consisted a walkover of the entire project area to photo-document the site features, evaluate the level of surficial disturbance, and to identify and delineate any areas that may have survived intact from years of landscape modification. Photographs were taken of typical environmental settings and typical views of landscape disturbance.

20

R2-0007819

5.0 RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the walkover of the entire project area, it is very unlikely that any archaeological sites remain intact within the project area. Photo-documentation of selected representative areas (Figure 5-1 to 5-6) confirms the lack of archaeological potential. Archaeological sites representing most of the prehistory of the region would have been located on elevated surfaces near surface water settings; however, the project area consists largely of wetlands that would not have made habitable surfaces. Bound Brook flows through the project area, but its valley in this area does not contain any deep, ancient alluvium. Rather, it is composed of recent alluvium and point bar deposits that most likely represent post-early settlement land clearing silts that would have filled many of the area's channels and created low-lying riverbank areas. This was confirmed with soil sampling that showed primarily wet, loosely packed muck along Bound Book. The soils observed are typical of marshy settings and are not well suited for prehistoric occupations.

The more well-drained surfaces have been utilized for dumping activities spanning a number of years. Some of these fill areas are several meters high. Based on topographic mapping, all surfaces that should have represented the more habitable land surfaces have been covered by modem artificial fill deposits of varying thickness. There were no extensive patches of unaffected lands observed within the project area. In fact, the modification of the project area surface over the years has been relatively complete. There was even dredging activity in much of Dismal Swamp as a method of mosquito control during the early decades ofthe 20"" century.

Based on historical data and cartographic evidence, it appears that no historic resources wdll be disturbed by the proposed project. Mapped historic sites, including those that have been subjected to archaeological testing, lie primarily to the south of the project area. Consequently, due to the lack of archaeological sites in the project area, no fiirther archaeological work is recommended.

21

R2-0007820

Figure 5-1: Bound Brook Floodplain Showing Low-lying Alluvium.

Figure 5-2: Channelized Tributary to Bound Brook.

SOURCE: Field Photographs TRC Environmental

R2-0007821

Figure 5-3: East Side of Project Area Near Pipeline

Figure 5-4: Typical Modern Refuse Deposit, NE Side of Project Area.


R2-0007822

Figure 5-5: Typical Wetland View in NW Part of Project Area

Figure 5-6: Typicai Low-iy.ng ^ar.ascape, isvv Siae of Project Area.


R2-0007823

6.0 REFERENCES CITED

Adovasio, James et al. 1975 Excavations at Meadowcroft Rockshelter, 1973-1974: A Progress Report.

Pennsylvania Archaeologist 45(3): 1 -30.

Bello, Charles 1996 Phase I Cultural Resources Investigation, Texas Eastem Transmission Corp.,

1996 Remote Control Valve Project. Report prepared by CCRG, Inc. for Texas Eastem.

Braun, E. L. 1950 Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America. Hafner, New York.

Broyles, Bettye 1971 Second Preliminary Report: The St. Albans Site, Kanawha County, West

Virginia, 1964-1968. West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey Report of Investigations No. 3, Morgantovvn.

Burke, Thomas E. Jr., 1991 Mohawk Frontier: The Dutch Community of Schenectady.New York,

1661-1710. Comell University Press, Ithaca, New York.

Carbone, Victor A. 1976 Environment and Prehistory in the Shenandoah Valley. Ph.D. dissertation.

Catholic University of America. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.

Cavallo, John 1981 Turkey Swamp: A Late Paleo-Indian Site in New Jersey's Coastal Plain.

Archaeology of Eastern North America 9:1-18.

Clayton, W. Woodford 1882 History of Union and Middlesex Counties, New Jersey. Everts and Peck,

Philadelphia.

Fischler, B. and J. French 1991 The Middle to Late Woodland Transition in the Upper Delaware valley: New

Information from the Smithfield Beach Site (36Mr5). In The People of Minisink, Papers from the 1989 Delaware Water Gap Symposium, edited by D. Orr and D. Campana, National Park Service, Mid-Atlantic Region, Philadelphia, .pp. 145-174.

25

R2-0007824

Gardner, William M. 1974 The Flint Run Complex: Pattem and Process during the Paleo-Indian to Early

Archaic. In The Flint Run Paleo-Indian Complex: A Preliminary Report 1971-73 Seasons, edited by William M. Gardner, pp. 5-47. Occasional Publication No. 1, Archeology Laboratory, Catholic University, Washington, D.C.

1977 Flint Run Paleoindian Complex and Its Implications for Eastem North American Prehistory. In Amerinds and their Paleoenvironments in Northeastern North America, edited by W.S. Newmian and B. Salwen, pp. 257-263, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Vol. 288.

Holland, John D. 2005 Chert and Lithic Materials of Prehistoric New Jersey. Bulletin ofthe

Archaeological Society of New Jersey 60:54-60.

Joyce, Arthur A. 1988 Early/Middle Holocene Environments in the Middle Atlantic Region: A Revised

Reconstmction. In Holocene Human Ecology in Northeastern North America, edited by G. P. Nicholas, Plenum press, New York, pp. 185-214.

Kim, Sung Bok 1978 Landlord and Tenant in Colonial New York: Manorial Society, 1664-

1775. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.

Kraft, Herbert C. 1986 The Lenape. New Jersey Historical Society, Newark.

Marshall, Sydne B. 1982 Aboriginal Settlement in New Jersey During the Paleo-Indian Cultural

Period, ca. 10,000 BC-6000 BC. In New Jersey's Archaeological Resources from the Paleo-Indian Period to the Present: A Review of Research Problems and Survey Priorities, edited by Olga Chester, pp. 139-184. Office of New Jersey Heritage, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Trenton.

Meuly, Walter C. 1976 History of Piscataway Township 1666-1976. Piscataway Bicentennial Commission, Piscataway. Somerset Press, Somerville, New Jersey.

Owens, J.P. and J.P. Minard 1975 Geological Map ofthe Surficial Deposits in the Trenton Area, New Jersey and

Pennsylvania. U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigation Series Map I_884. U.S. Govemment Printing Office, Reston, Virginia.

26

R2-0007825

Owens, James P., Karl Stefansson, and Leslie A. Sirkin 1974 Chemical, Mineralogic and Palynologic Character of the Upper Wisconsin -

Lower Holocene Fill in Parts ofthe Hudson, Delaware and Chesapeake Estuaries. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 44(2):390-408.

Pagoulatos, Peter 1993 Archaeological Data Recovery, Dismal Swamp Prehistoric Site 28-Mi-143,

Edison Tyler Estates Project, Edison Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey. Report prepared by CCRG, Inc., Highland Park, New Jersey.

Pomfret, John E. 1964 The New Jersey Proprietors and Their Lands. The New Jersey Historical Series,

Volume 9, Princeton: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc. Powley, Van R.

1987 Soil Survey of Middlesex County, New Jersey. USDA, Soil Conservation Service.

Rescjirch and Archaeological Management, Inc. 1986 Cultural Resources Survey and Assessment, Edison Tyler Estates, Edison

Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey. Report updated and resubmitted in 1989.

1988 Phase I Archaeological Survey, Texas Eastem Gas Pipeline Company, South Plainfield Headquarters Building, South Plainfield, Middlesex County, New Jersey. Report prepared for Texas Eastem Gas Pipeline Company.

Robichaud, B. and M.F. Buell 1973 Vegetation of New Jersey. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick.

Shelford, V. E. 1963 The Ecology of North America. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.

Skinner, Alanson, and Max Schrabisch 1913 A Preliminary Report ofthe Archaeological Survey ofthe State of New Jersey.

Geological Survey of New Jersey, Bulletin 9. Trenton.

South Plainfield Historical Society www.geocities.com/sphistoricalsocietv/ accessed October 10, 2007.

Spier, Leslie 1915 Indian Remains near Plainfield, Union County, and Along the Lower Delaware

Valley. Geological Survey of New Jersey Bulletin 13, Trenton.

Stewart, R.M. 1987 Middle and Late Woodland Cobble Based Technologies in the Delaware River

Valley. Bulletin ofthe Archaeological Society of New Jersey 42:33-43.

27

R2-0007826

http://www.geocities.com/sphistoricalsocietv/

http://www.geocities.com/sphistoricalsocietv/

Stewart, R.M. 1998 The Status of Late Woodland Research in the Delaware Valley. Bulletin ofthe

Archaeological Society of New Jersey 53:1-12.

Wall, J. Patrick and Harold E. Pickersgill, eds. 1921 History of Middlesex County, New Jersey, 1664-1920. Lewis Historical

Publishing Company, New York, New York.

Wacker, P.O. 1975 Land and People. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick.

Watts, W.A. 1979 Late Quatemary Vegetation of Central Appalachia and the New Jersey Coastal

Plain. Ecological Monographs 49:4:427-469.

Whitehead, Donald 1972 Developmental and Environmental History ofthe Dismal Swamp. Ecological

Monographs 42:3:301-315.

Widmer, K. 1965 Geology of the Ground Water Resources of Mercer County. A/ewJer5e>^

Geological Survey, Geologic Report Series 1.

Zerbe, Nancy L., John W. Lawrence, and Paul J. McEachen 1999 Cultural Resources Investigation, Helen Street Extension Project, Borough of

South Plainfield, Middlesex County, New Jersey. Report prepared by Nancy L. Zerbe Historic Preservation Consulting, Inc., Metuchen, New Jersey and Richard Gmbb and Associates, Inc., Cranbury, New Jersey, for Frederic R. Harris, Inc., Iselin, New Jersey.

28

R2-0007827

APPENDIX A

CURRICULUM VITAE OF PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR

R2-0007828

OTRC

Robert D. Wall

EDUCATION: Ph.D., Anthropology, Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C, 1980. M.A., Anthropology, Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C, 1976. B.A., Anthropology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 1972.

EXPERIENCE:

1989 to Present

1988 to 1989

1983 to 1988

1984 to 1986

1980 to 1983

1978 to 1980

1975 to 1978

Consulting Archaeologist on Cultural Resources Investigations in West Virginia, Ontario, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. Companies include Louis Berger (1989-2003), URS (2003-2004) and TRC (2004 - present).

Archaeologist, Pennsylvania SHPO, Bureau for Historic Preservation, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg.

Staff Archaeologist, Baltimore District, Army Corps of Engineers.

Westem Maryland Regional Archeologist, Maryland Historical Trust, Annapolis, Maryland Historical Tmst and Frostburg State University.

Principal Investigator, Westem Maryland Coal Region Project. Archeological survey of Appalachian Plateau region of westem Maryland. Maryland Geological Survey, Baltimore.

Project Archeologist, West Patricia Land Use Plan, Historical Planning and Research Branch, Ministry of Culture and Recreation, Northwest Ontario.

Director, Survey and Excavation Project on Lake of the Woods, Northwestem Ontario, for dissertation field research.

1971 to 1978 Staff Archaeologist, Thunderbird Research Corporation and Middle Shenandoah Valley Research Project, Front Royal, Virginia, W.M. Gardner, Director.

PUBLICATIONS AND PROFESSIONAL PAPERS:

Author or co-author of more than 100 technical reports, publications and reviews pertaining to archaeology in the Middle Atlantic region and Subarctic Canada.

R2-0007829

PHASE I ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION

Documents

Transcript of PHASE I ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION