Phase Diagram: Water

Nu Xu 1/18STAR Decadal Plan Meeting at UIC, September 10 th, 2010

High-Energy Nuclear Collisions and QCD Phase Structure

What is the phase structure of QCD matter?

- Motivations and recent results- Observables and schedule

Bedanga Mohanty and Nu Xu


Phase Diagram: Water

Phase diagram: A map shows that, at given degrees of freedom, how matter organize itself under external conditions.

The QCD Phase diagram: structure of matter with quark- and gluon-degrees (color degrees) of freedom.


QCD Phase Diagram (2009)

1983 US Long Range Plan - by Gordon Baym

nucl-th: 0907.4489, NPA830,709(09) L. McLerran nucl-th 0911.4806: A. Andronic, D. Blaschke, P. Braun-Munzinger, J. Cleymans, K. Fukushima, L.D. McLerran, H. Oeschler, R.D. Pisarski, K. Redlich, C. Sasaki, H. Satz, and J. Stache

Systematic experimental measurements (Ebeam, A) : extractnumbers that may be related to the QCD phase diagram!

nuclei

hadron gasCSC

quark-gluon plasma

TE

Baryon Chemical Potential

Critical Point?

Tem

pera

ture Ear

ly U

nive

rse

12

3

2 TE

RHIC, FAIR1 Tini, TC

LHC, RHIC3 Phase boundary

RHIC, FAIR, NICA

The QCD Phase Diagram and High-Energy Nuclear Collisions

TC


BNL PAC, 21 - 22, 2010

HFT 2013

TPC

FGT 2011

STAR Detectors Fast and Full azimuthal particle identification

EMC+EEMC+FMS(-1 ≤ ≤ 4)TOF

DAQ1000

MTD 2013


TOF Performance√sNN = 39 GeV Au + Au Collisions

TPC TPC+ToF

Beam Energy Timing Resolution Remarks

200 (GeV) 85 (ps) At 39 GeV, using a new calibration scheme without information of start time from VPD, 87 ps of timing resolution has been achieved.

62.4 (GeV) 90 (ps)

39 (GeV) 85 (ps)

11.5 & 7.7 (GeV) ~ 80 (ps)


PID: 7.7, 39, 200 GeV (π±, K±, p)Au+Au at 7.7 GeV Au+Au at 39 GeV Au+Au at 200 GeV


Low pT (≤ 2 GeV/c): hydrodynamic mass orderingHigh pT (> 2 GeV/c): number of quarks ordering s-quark hadron: smaller interaction strength in hadronic medium light- and s-quark hadrons: similar v2 pattern

=> Partonic Collectivity at RHIC !

(I) Partonic Collectivity at RHIC

STAR: preliminaryPHENIX: nucl-ex/0604011

QM

09: arXiv 0907.2265


Observable: nq Scaling of v2

- m ~ mp ~ 1 GeV- ss not K+K- - h << p,

In the hadronic case:(i) No number of quark scaling (ii) Very small value of v2 !


High Order Correlations

Event by event:

1. net-proton Kurtosis Kp(E)*2. two proton correlation functions C2(E)3. ratio of the d/p4. ratio of K/p * Gavai and Gupta, 03, 05; Gupta 0909.4630

M. Cheng et al. 08 Gupta, Karsch, Stephanov, INT, 08€

Kp =Np

4 − 3 Np2 2

Np2


Observable: High MomentsSTAR: 1004.4959, PRL in print

1) High moments are more sensitive to critical point related fluctuation.

2) The 4th moment, Kurtosis, is directly related to the corresponding thermodynamic quantity: susceptibility for conserved quantum numbers such as Baryon number, charge, strangeness…


Observable: LPV

The separation between the same-charge and opposite-charge correlations.

- Strong external EM field- De-confinement and Chiral symmetry restoration

L or B

STAR; PRL 103, 251601(09); PRC 81, 54908(10).

€

cos φα + φβ − 2ΨRP( )Parity even observable

Beam Energy Dependence & U+U


Student Lecture, “Quark Matter 2006”, Shanghai, Nov. 14 - 20, 2006

Slope Parameter Systematics

€

mT = pT2 +m 2

f ∝ exp(−mT /Tslope )


Observable: Direct Radiation (M ≥ 1)

Expanding partonic matter at RHIC and LHC!

Di-leptons allow us to measure the direct radiation from the matter with partonic degrees of freedom, no hadronization!

- Low mass region: , , e-e+

minv e-e+

medium effect Chiral symmetry

- Intermediate region: J/ e-e+

minv e-e+

Direct radiation hadronic partonicDirect radiation:


Maximum Baryon Density

1) The maximum baryon density at freeze-out: √sNN ~ 8 GeV

2) Both K+/π and Λ/π ratios reach maximum at this energy

Physics Experimental Measurements Detectors Remarks

A. Critical Point(i) Net-p σ, S, κ, fluctuations (ii) <K/π>, <p/π>, <pT>, <Nch>(iii) Light nuclei cluster multiplicity

distributions

TPC, FTPC, TOF

B. Phase Boundary

(i) Heavy flavor collectivity including J/ψ v2

(ii) Di-lepton spectra and v2 vs. mass and pT

(iii) The nq-v2 scaling(iv) Net-p & net-K: σ, S, κ(v) LPV

TPC, FTPC, TOF, HFT

C. Exotics(i) Light nuclei, strangelets(ii) Di-lepton spin alignment at

high mass region, including J/ψ, γ and DY

TPC, TOF, EMCal HLT

Runs √sNN (GeV) Detectors Remarks

Run10 7.7, 11.5, 39, 62.4, 200

TPC, FTPC, TOF, BBC, PMD

Run11 6.1(?), 18, 27, 200 TPC, FTPC, TOF, BBC, PMD

Run14-15(DM11)

Finer steps in beam energy (?) TPC, TOF, BBC

- FTPC removed- Energy region depends on the outcomes of Run 10-11


Year # Milestone2013 HP8 Measure flavor-identified q and qbar contributions to the spin of the proton via the

longitudinal-spin asymmetry of W production.

2013 HP12(update of HP1)

Utilize polarized proton collisions at center of mass energies of 200 and 500 GeV, in combination with global QCD analyses, to determine if gluons have appreciable polarization over any range of momentum fraction between 1 and 30% of the momentum of a polarized proton.

2015 HP13(new)

Test unique QCD predictions for relations between single-transverse spin phenomena in p-p scattering and those observed in deep-inelastic lepton scattering

2014 DM9(new)

Perform calculations including viscous hydrodynamics to quantify, or place an upper limit on, the viscosity of the nearly perfect fluid discovered at RHIC.

2014 DM10(new)

Measure jet and photon production and their correlations in A≈200 ion+ion collisions at energies from medium RHIC energies to the highest achievable energies at LHC.

2015 DM11(new)

Measure bulk properties, particle spectra, correlations and fluctuations in Au+Au collisions at √sNN between 5 and 60 GeV to search for evidence of a critical point in the QCD matter phase diagram.

2016 DM12(new)

Measure production rates, high pT spectra, and correlations in heavy-ion collisions at √sNN = 200 GeV for identified hadrons with heavy flavor valence quarks to constrain the mechanism for parton energy loss in the quark-gluon plasma.

2018 DM13(new)

Measure real and virtual thermal photon production in p+p, d+Au and Au+Au collisions at energies up to √sNN = 200 GeV.

DOE New RHIC Performance Milestonessp

inH

eavy

ion


STAR Physics Focus

Polarized p+p program - Study proton intrinsic properties

Forward program - Study low-x properties, initial condition,

search for CGC - Study elastic and inelastic processes in

pp2pp

1) At 200 GeV top energy - Study medium properties, EoS - pQCD in hot and dense medium

2) RHIC beam energy scan (BES) - Search for the QCD critical point - Chiral symmetry restoration

Phase Diagram: Water

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