Pharmacology Mnemonics (Z-Q)

1) Anti-hypertensives used in emergencies...Singh & Gambhir HELP

S-sodium nitroprussideG-GTN H-hydralazineE-esmolol L-labetalolP-phentolamine…..

Ca++ channel blockers: uses CA++ MASH:Cerebral vasospasm/ CHFAnginaMigranesAtrial flutter, fibrillationSupraventricular tachycardiaHypertension

Cholinergics (eg organophosphates): effectsIf you know these, you will be "LESS DUMB":LacrimationExcitation of nicotinic synapses

SalivationSweatingDiarrheaUrinationMicturitionBronchoconstriction 

Amiodarone: action, side effects 6 P's:Prolongs action potential durationPhotosensitivityPigmentation of skinPeripheral neuropathyPulmonary alveolitis and fibrosisPeripheral conversion of T4 to T3 is inhibited -> hypothyroidism .

2) Methyldopa: side effectsMETHYLDOPA:Mental retardationElectrolyte imbalanceToleranceHeadache/ HepatotoxicitypsYcological upsetLactation in femaleDry mouthOedema

Parkinsonism

Chloroquine: uses" My RED LIP "• Malaria• Rhematoiid arthritis• Extraintestinal amoebiasis• DLE• Lepra reaction• Infectious mononucleosis• Photogenic reactions

Respiratory depression inducing drugs"STOP breathing":Sedatives and hypnoticsTrimethoprimOpiatesPolymyxins

Drugs causing gynaecomastia."DESI Gossypol R Most Common Cause oF Gynaecomastia in Kommon People"

D- DigitalisE-Ethionamide,Estrogen

S-SpirinolactoneI- INH

Gossypol-GriseofulvinR- ReserpineMost-Methyl dopaCommon- Cyperoterone acetate,cimitidine,Cause-clomiphine,Calcium antagonistoF-FlutamideGynaecomastia- GoserelinKommon-KetoconazolePeople-Phenytoin.

Aminoglycosides: common characteristicsAMINO:Active Against Aerobic gram negativeMechanism of resistance are Modifying enzymes Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to 30S subunitNephrotoxicOtotoxic

Opioids: effectsBAD AMERICANS:Bradycardia & hypotensionAnorexiaDiminished pupilary size

AnalgesicsMiosisEuphoriaRespiratory depressionIncreased smooth muscle activity (biliary tract constriction)ConstipationAmeliorate cough reflexNausea and vomitingSedationsAntimuscarinics: members, action"Inhibits Parasympathetic And Sweat":IpratropiumPirenzepineAtropineScopolamine• Muscarinic receptors at all parasympathetic endings sweat glands in sympathetic.

B2agonist......SMART1)Salmeterol

2)Metaproterenol

3)Albuterol

4)Ritodrine

5)Terbutaline.

Captopril (an ACE inhibitor): side effectsCAPTOPRIL:CoughAngioedema/ AgranulocystosisProteinuria/ Potassium excessTaste changesOrthostatic hypotensionPregnancy contraindication/ Pancreatitis/ Pressure drop (first dose hypertension)Renal failure (and renal artery stenosis contraindication)/ RashIndomethacin inhibitionLeukopenia/ Liver toxicity

Drugs causing lupus like symptoms

SHIPsulfonamidehydralazineisoniazid

procanamide

Drugs causing gynaecomastia.DISCO

DigitalisINHSpironolactoneCimetidineOestrogen

drugs causing hypokalemia

B-beta2 agonistsA-Amphotericin BD-DigoxinF-Furesemide,FoscarnetI-InsulinT-Thiazide

Direct sympathomimetic catecholaminesDINED:DopamineIsoproterenol

NorepinephrineEpinephrineDobutamine

Dose related adr of tetracylinesKAPIL DEVK-KIDNEY DAMAGEA-ANTIANABOLIC EFFECTP-PHOTOTOXICITYI-INCREASED INTRACRANIAL PRESSUREL-LIVER DAMAGED-DIABETES INSIPIDUSE-TEETH AND BONESV-VESTIBULAR TOXICITY

Phar 2

Sulfonamide: major side effects• Sulfonamide side effects:Steven-Johnson syndromeSkin rashSolubility low (causes crystalluria)Serum albumin displaced (causes newborn kernicterus and potentiation of other serum albumin-binders like warfarin)

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins): side effects, contraindications, interactionsHMG-CoA:• Side effects:HepatotoxicityMyositis [aka rhabdomyolysis]• Contraindications:Girl during pregnancy/ Growing children• Interactions:Coumarin/ Cyclosporine

PHENYTOIN TOXICITY5H's

Hyperplasia of gumsHyperglycemiaHirsutismHypersensitivityHydontoin Syndrome

ORGANOPHOSPHATE POISONING

DUMBLES

D=diaphoresisU=urinationM=meiosisB=bowl motility(incresed)L=LacrimationE=emesisS=salivation

METRONIDAZOLE-SPECTRUM OF ACTIONSPECTRUM OF ACTIONA-AmoebiasisB-Bacteroides fragilisC-Clostridium perfringensD-Dracunculus medinensisE-Pseudomembranus EnterocolitisF-FusobacteriumG-GiardiasisH-Helicobacter PyloriS-Anaerobic StreptococciT-Trichomonas

Tricyclic antidipressents (TCA): side effectsTCA'S:ThrombocytopeniaCardiac (arrhymia, MI, stroke)

Anticholinergic (tachycardia, urinary retention, etc)Seizures

Inhibitors of p450:IC(see) KEGS (going down)INH, Cimetidine, Ketoconazole, Erythromycin,Grapefruit,Sulfonamides

Zero order kinetics drugs (most common ones)"PEAZ (sounds like pees) out a constant amount":PhenytoinEthanolAspirinZero order

Steroids: side effectsBECLOMETHASONE:Buffalo humpEasy bruisingCataractsLarger appetiteObesityMoonfaceEuphoriaThin arms & legsHypertension/ Hyperglycaemia

Avascular necrosis of femoral headSkin thinningOsteoporosisNegative nitrogen balanceEmotional liability

Second line anti tubercular drugs

Please TAKE Carbon Copy

Paraaminosalicylic acidThiacetazoneAmikacinKanamycinEthinamideCycloserineCapreomycine

Beta-1 vs Beta-2 receptor location"You have 1 heart and 2 lungs":Beta-1 are therefore primarily on heart.Beta-2 primarily on lungs.

Beta blockers with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity

Picture diabetic and asthmatic kids riding away on a cart that rolls on pinwheels.Pindolol and Carteolol have high and moderate ISA respectively, making them acceptable for use in some diabetics or asthmatics despite the fact that they are non-seletive beta blockers.

TOM thumb for short acting Benzodiazepines.TriazolamOxazepamMidazolam

(Triazolam is the drug of choice for sleep on overnight flight.)

Thalidomide: effect on cancer cells"Thalidomide makes the blood vessels hide":Use thalidomide to stop cancer cells from growing new blood vessels.

Atropine use: tachycardia or bradycardia"A goes with B":Atropine used clinically to treat Bradycardia.

Beta-blocker main contraindications / cautionsABCDE: • Asthma• Block (heart block)• COPD• Diabetes mellitus• Electrolyte (hyperkalemia

Inhibition of Choline uptake during ACh synthesisHICUp ":

Hemicholinium Inhibits Acetyl Choline Uptake (Choline Uptake is the rate limiting step in ACh synthesis)

Quinolones [and Fluoroquinolones]: mechanism"Topple the Queen":Quinolone interferes with Topoisomerase II.

• First Generation Cephahlosporins - Remember this story:Mr. Fazol (ceFAZOLin) is a Lorry Driver (cephaLORIdine). He works very hard and has become Thin (cephaloTHIN) He has a "Rad" Watch on his hand (cephRADine) and a "Lux" soap (cephaLEXin). He wears a bright green

Drawer {i.e trousers} ( cefaDROxil)

Route of drug administration: He will put the Lux soap in his Drawer - (Cefalexin & Cefradine are given orally. The latter can also be given i.v. /.i.m.. All others- i.v. /.i.m)• Second Generation Cephalosporins: Remember FOX, FUR, FAC - ceFOXitin, ceFURoxime, ceFAClor• Third Generation Cephalosporins - The story goes thus:Mr. Aziz (ceftAZIdime) is taking an Ox (ceftizOXime, cefpodOXime) in a Taxi (cefoTAXIme) for slaughtering, i.e. an Operation (cefOPERAZONE). For this purpose he is taking Three Axon blades (cefTRIAXONe). He will Fix (ceFIXime) the ox for dinner (cefDINIR) in a short time!

Route of drug administration: Fix the price and eat (only Cefixime is given oral: all others im/iv).

ADRs: Operation will cause bleeding (Cefoperazone cause bleeding)• Fourth Generation Cephalosporins:My wierd dream: QUEEN of ROME who FLEW to OZONE layer, fell down and was made IP (Inpatient) by ME. Helps you to remember fourth generation cephalosporins - Cefquinome, Cefpirome, Cefluprenam,

Cefozopran, Cefipime.

Morphine vs. Amphetamine :Pupils in overdose"MorPHINE: Fine and AmPHETamine: Fat"Morphine overdose: pupils constricted (fine)Amphetamine overdose: pupils dilated (fat)

Reversible Anticholinesterases ( antiChEs )" Car PPENDoRi ": Read as "carpentry"Reversible Anticholiesterases belonging to Carbamates are • Physostigmine• Pyridostigmine• Edrophonium• Neostigmine• Donepezil• Rivastigmine