Pharamceutical Chemistry report of group4

8/10/2019 Pharamceutical Chemistry report of group4

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-it is a complex of iodine with Povidone at which is a

polymer also known as polyvinylpyrrolidone or PVP

-member of iodophors


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Uses

Povidone/ iodine solution is used for:

-Treating minor wounds and infections, as well as killingbacteria.

-Povidone/iodine solution is an antiseptic combination. It

works by killing sensitive bacteria.


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Silver nitrate

-also known as Azotas Argentinous, Cristales Lunares

-protein precipitant action-oligo-dynamic action

-too much use of silver preparation causes a darkening of

the skin due to the deposition of free silver below

epidermis.


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Uses

-antimicrobial

-astringent


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-it is a 1% solution for installation into the eyes of newborn

babies.

-0.5% aq solution in the form of wet dressing on burned

areas of patients suffering from third degree burns


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-Lunar caustic

-used as escharotic and germicide especially for small

septic wounds and ulcers


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-White precipitate

-It readily dissolves with HCl and HNO3

-insoluble in water


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Uses

-local anti-infective.

-topically as a 5% ointment to skin or as a 3% ophthalmicointment.


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-Flowers of sulfur

-rhombic form of sulfur

-insoluble in alcohol and water

-obtained by condensing the sulfur vapors produced byheating any form of sulfur


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-Milk of sulfur

-prepared by mixing sulfur with metal hydroxides to form

mictures of metal sulfides and thiosulfates.

-practically insoluble in water and alcohol


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Uses

-scabicides

-dermatological agent-keratolytic agent


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-Liver of sulfur

-It occurs as irregular, liver brown pieces when freshly

made, changing to a greenish yellow color,


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-Selenium disulfide

-insoluble in water and organic solvents.

-it Is toxic in large quantities


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Uses

-used in shampoos

-used for a condition that causes discoloration of the skin


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-Tartar Emetic

Uses

-expectorant

-drug of choice in infections caused by Schistomajaponicum examples is stibophen


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Chapter 7


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also known as tooth decay or a cavity

An infection, bacterial in origin, that causes

demineralization and destructionof the hardtissues of the teeth(enamel, dentin and

cementum)

Caused by Lactic Acid (dissolves the enamel)

Obtained from oral bacterial metabolism of

dietary carbohydrates


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Build up of Plaque aids the decay process - forming

pockets or creviceson the teeth surface in which food

particles can lode and can be degraded by the bacteria of

the mouth


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Brushing To remove materials from the toothSurface before it hardens into calculus


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Fluoride

Administered either internally or topically to the

teeth

Internally- fluoride in solution or in rapidlysoluble salts is deposited in the bone or

developing teethwith the remainder excreted

by the kidneys.


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If taken excessively: Dental fluorosis- mottledenamel

Adsorbs the color of the food, chalky and softenamel

Occurs in area where the fluoride concentrationof drinking water exceeds 2pp

Only occurs during excessive ingestion offluoride during the period of teeth developmentand over prolonged period


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1. Fluoride decreases the solubility of enamel in

acid

2. Bacterial inhibition hypothesis which is based

on the enzyme inhibitory properties of fluoride


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Most convenient dosage form

Water fluoridation is the controlled addition of fluoride to

a public water supply to reduce tooth decay.

Usually done by adding NaF or a fluorosilicate, yielding a

fluorine concentration of 0.7 1 ppm

Fluoridation does not affect the

appearance taste, and smell

Of the drinking water


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PROPERTIES:

White odorless

powder

Soluble- water Insoluble- alcohol

Lethal dose is 2-5

grams

USES:

Dental prophylactic

agent

2% NaF solution

widely used topically

Age 3, 7, 11, 13


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PROPERTIES:

White crystalline powder

Bitter salty taste

Melts in 213C

Soluble- water

Insoluble- alcohol, ether and chloroform

USE:

Topical fluoride applicatio

Application of 8% solution at 6-12 month interval is

used.

One application per treatment; other treatments-4

Applied to a clean, dried teeth.


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PROPERTIES:

Very light

Hard rough porous grayish

masses

Gritty gray powder

USE:

Dental abrasive

-A Substance of volcanic origin consisting of chiefly of

complex silicates of aluminum, potassium and sodium

GRADES OFFINENESS:

Pumice flour/super

fine pumice

Fine pumice

Coarse pumice


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Chapter 8


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Known as: Sal ammoniac, Salmiac, Ammonium Muriate

Properties:

Colorless crystals; White, fine or coarse crystallinepowder; Cool, saline taste; hygroscopic

Uses:

Increases the secretions (saliva, mucous and sweat);

Expectorant; Less viscous and less tenacious Crude form - electrolyte for voltaic batteries

Systematic acidifier; Chloride replenisher


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Known as: Kalium Jodatum

Properties:

Cubicle crystals; Slightly hygroscopic ; neutral or alkaline to

litmus

Uses:

Expectorant; employed in the treatment of asthma, bronchitis,

emphysema and sinusitis

Antifungal agent and antitussive agent; Treatment of goiter;Small amount is added to table salt

ANTIDOTES


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Known as: Natrium, and Nitrosum

Properties: White to slightly yellow granular powder or white opaque,

fused masses or sticks.

Mild saline taste and deliquescent in air; Alkaline to litmus

Use: Antidote to cyanide poisoning - (physiological antidote)


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Known as: Antichlor Hypo, incorrectly called sodium

Hyposulfate

Properties: large colorless crystals or as a coarse,

crystalline powder.

Antidote to cyanide poisoning - and in iodine poisoning

Hypo-used in photography as a fixer in photographic

films because of its solubilizing action on silver halides

Antichlor-in bleaching paper pulps


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Known as: Carbon Ligni

Preparation: obtained by incomplete combustion of wood

out of contact of air, the residue left being composed of

almost pure carbon

Properties: Fine, Black, odorless powder free from gritty

matter

Use: general purpose is Antidote


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Known as: Blue Vitriol, Blue Stone, Copper Sulfate,

Caparrosa Azul, Piedra Lipis

Properties: occrs as deep blue, triclinic crystals or as blue

crystalline granules or powder. It is acid to litmus

Use: antidote for phosphorus poisoning. In Doses of

300mg as emetic. As an astringent on tonic from 10 to

30mg


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Known as: Gypsum, Alabaster, Satin Spar, Light Spar for

the dihydrate calcium sulfate

Properties: anhydrous or contains two molecules of water

of hydration. Fine to slightly yellow-white, odorlesspowder

Use: Anhydrous form is marketed as Drierite and used as

a rechargeable laboratory and industrial disiccant.

It is also known as Plaster of Paris or hemihydrate of

calcium


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Properties: submicroscopic fused silica prepared by the

vapor-phase hydrolysis of a silicon tetrachloride.

Use: Tablet diluent, suspending and thickening agent.


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Are added to the mixture making it possible to eject the

tablet cleanly leaving no residue behind in the mold.

Most of the lubricants are insoluble soaps-heavy metals

of fatty acids


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Act by altering the surface character of the solvent.

Others are thickening agents


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Chapter 9


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a radioactive compound used for diagnostics ortherapeutic purposes.


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a substance introduced into a part of the body in order toimprove the visibility of internal structure during

radiography.


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Alpha particles (, 4He2+) Heaviest and slowest

Penetrating power is very low and can be stopped by a sheet of

paper or a very thin sheet of aluminum.

Emitted only from element having atomic number greater than 82.

226Ra 22Rn + 4He2+


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Beta particles () Negatron

Negatively charge species having a mass of an electron

Move a faster velocity (0.9 the speed of light)

More penetrating power Emitted by unstable nuclei

1n 1p + 14C 14N +


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Beta particles (+) Positron

Have positive charge

Emitted from nuclei having a proton/neutron ratio above stable

limits Will decay to the element having the next lowest atomic

number.

1p 1n + + 65Zn 65Cu + +


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Gamma particles () Photon of electromagnetic radiation

No mass, no charge, high energy, excellent penetrating power

Very thick lead is required to protect against radiation

Produced by isotope with an unstable proton/ neutron ratio


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Penetrates into the tissue

Chemical species can alter the local pH or serve to

initiate free radical chain reactions, resulting in production

of peroxides and other toxic compounds.

Destruction of tissue or organ.


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Isotopes important as radiopharmaceutical are:

1. Those emitting beta and gamma radiation since they

can penetrate body tissues

2. Isotopes which can be concentrated in specific manner

in certain organ of cells.

3. Should be eliminated from the body easily and aside

from the associated radioactivity, they and the decay

products should be of low toxicity.


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Sodium Chromate Cr 51 Injection (Chromitope Sodium

Rachromate-51)

Uses: Diagnostic determination of RBC mass, volume and survivaltime, and scanning of the spleen.

Gold Au 198 Injection (Aurcoloid -198, Aureotope,

Auroscan)

Uses: Diagnostic preparation for scintillation scanning of the liver)

Sodium Iodide I 123 solution (Iodotope I 125)

Sodium Iodide I 131 capsule and solution (Iodotope I 131)

Uses: Study of the function of the thyroid gland,

determine the blood and plasma volume,determination of cardiac output.


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Sodium Rose Bengal I 131 Injection (Robengatope I 131)

Uses: Radioactive tracer in the determination of the liver function.

Sodium Iodohippurate I 131 injection (Hippuran I 131)

Uses: Diagnostic agent to determine kidney function

Sodium Phosphate P 32 solution (Phosphotope)

Uses: treatment of polycythemiavera (increase in RBC),

Localization of intraocular tumors


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Chlomerodin Hg 197 injection and Hg 203 injection

Uses: scintillation scanning of the kidneys and brain

Technetium TC 99m injection (sodium Pertechnetate)Uses: Brain scanning to determine the presence and location of

neoplastic lesions

Cyanocobalmin Co-97 and Co-60 capsules and solution

Uses: diagnostic agent for pernicious anemia


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Chemical compounds containing elements of high atomicnumber which will stop the passage of X-rays


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Synonyms:

Barium Meal, Sulfato de

Bario, Esophotrast

Caution: title should

be written in full, to

avoid confusion with

the poisonous Barium

sulfide and Barium

Sulfite

Properties:

fine, white, odorless

and bulky powder, free

form grittiness

Insoluble in water,

organic solvents and

aqueous solutions of

acids and alkalis.


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Uses: Opaque contrast

medium in the

roentgenographic

examination of theintestinal tract and the

stomach so that they

may be photographed

Pharamceutical Chemistry report of group4

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