The Late RepublicPgs. 338-343

Growth of Territory• Roman had to give the Gauls a huge amount of

gold to leave the city (How did this lead to the growth of Roman territory?)

Organization of the Army• The Roman army

was organized into “Legions” of about 6,000 soldiers each and subdivided into “Centuries” of 100 soldiers each. This organization made Rome powerful and flexible in battle (large or small groups).

Farming and Trade• Many people left their farms to go live in Rome• Wealthy Romans built bigger farms, but had

others run it and slaves work it• Farmers couldn’t grow enough food • Relied on trade to support increasing population• Romans made coins (copper, silver, etc.) to pay

for the food, metals, and slaves

As Rome’s power grew, other countries felt threatened and came to see Rome as a rival in the region.

270 BC100 BC

The Punic Wars• Series of wars against Carthage• Fiercest of the wars• “punic” means Phoenicians…they built the city at

Carthage• Rome and Carthage went to war three times

between 264 and 146 BC. The outcome of these wars would determine which city-state would control the Mediterranean region.

First Punic War – In 246 BC, Carthage sent it’s army onto the island of Sicily. Rome countered and after 20 years of fighting gained control of all of Sicily.

Second Punic War

In 218 BC the Carthage general, Hannibal led an attack on Rome via Spain and the Italian Alps. Famously, Hannibal used elephants to cross the Alps. He defeated the Romans in battle many times but…..was not able to take Rome itself. The Romans sent an army to attack Carthage and this drew Hannibal off Rome to return to defend Carthage. Hannibal’s army was defeated at the Battle of Zama.

Third Punic War

• By the 140’s BC Rome was again concerned about the growing power of the city-state of Carthage. A large Roman army was sent to destroy Carthage once and for all. Rome destroyed Carthage, killed most of its people, sold the rest into slavery and gained control over north Africa.

• The Romans now controlled Sicily, Corsica, Spain and North Africa. They took over Greece and parts of Asia. The Romans would be greatly influenced by Greek culture.

Crisis Strikes the RepublicProblem: Rich citizens were getting richer. Romans feared that violence would erupt between the rich and the poor How did leaders try and address the problem?.

How did the death of the Gracchus Brothers change Roman politics?

Tiberius Gracchus

Gaius Gracchus

How did leaders try and solve Rome’s Problems?

Gaius Marius• Problem:

• Attempted Solution:

Lucius Cornelius Sulla

• Problem:

• Attempted Solution

Spartacus• Problem:

• Attempted Solution:

Update on Happenings in the East

After Alexander Died• Macedonian King got

into an alliance with Carthage against Rome (during 2nd Punic War

• Rome became allies with the rival of Macedonia- this kept fighting in the east so Rome didn’t have to take resources away from the Punic war.

• Peace was reached

2nd War• Rome aligned themselves

with Greece and occupied troops there “for protection”

• Macedonians kept trying to control Greece

• Rome won, broke their territory into 4, and enslaved thousands

• Rome took over Greece and made an example of the wealthy town of Corinth

Hellenization of Rome

Culture spreads to Rome

• Culture, education, and values more extravagant than Rome was used to

• Duty and frugality vs. ostentatious (flashy) living

• Architecture, foods, dress, art

• Greek intellectuals welcome