Pez Maya January-March 2011 Quaterly Report
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Transcript of Pez Maya January-March 2011 Quaterly Report
Global Vision International 2011 Report Series No. 001
GVI Mexico
Pez Maya Marine Expedition
Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve
Quarterly Report 111
January- March 2011
GVI Mexico, Pez Maya Expedition Report 111
Submitted in whole toGVI
Amigo de Sian Ka’anComisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas (CONANP)
Produced by
Vicki Bush – Base ManagerEdward Houlcroft – Science and Dive Officer
Nicola Weeden – Science OfficerMartin Stelfox – Science and Dive Officer
Jack Fazey – Dive Officer Sarah Davies – Science Officer
And
Zoe Baty Volunteer Carolyn Popoli VolunteerChristina Ruffle Volunteer Jacob Kowalewski Volunteer
Kylie Nordstrand Volunteer Patrick Vincent VolunteerSimon Nunn Volunteer Jamie Coleman Volunteer
Michelle Thomas Volunteer Philip Holmqvist Volunteer
Susanna Burmeister VolunteerArely Penguilly
Macias NSP
Martha Schnellmann VolunteerAraceli Lopez Patoni
Caro NSPRachael Boothman Volunteer Daniel Mendoza ScholarLee Christina Sotis Volunteer Emily Ross Scholar
Susie Bradwell Volunteer Tobias Spegel-Lexne VolunteerIda Dotevall Volunteer Nicholas Chisholm VolunteerCarla Deane Volunteer Samantha Mehltretter Volunteer
Kristina Stepan Volunteer Charlotte Wallmark VolunteerOliver Hefford Volunteer
Edited by Sarah DaviesLluvia Soto
GVI Mexico, Pez Maya
Email: [email protected] Web page: http://www.gvi.co.uk and http://www.gviusa.com
Executive Summary
The 31st ten week phase of the Pez Maya, Mexico, GVI expedition has now been
completed. The programme has maintained working relationships with local communities
through both English classes and local community events. The programme has continued
to work towards the gathering of important environmental scientific data whilst working
with local, national and international partners. The following projects have been run during
Phase 111:
Monitoring of strategic sites along the coast.
Training of volunteers in the MBRS methodology including fish, hard coral, and
algae identification.
Continuing the MBRS Synoptic Monitoring Programme (SMP) for the selected sites
within the northern Sian Ka’an Biosphere to provide regional decision makers with
up to date information on the ecological condition of the reef.
Providing English lessons and environmental education opportunities for the local
community.
Further developing of the recycling Project “Punta Allen Verde”.
Continuation of the Mayan Farm Project, Nuevo Durango Organic farm, assisting a
local Mayan community to establish and develop a composting programme.
Liaising with local partners to develop a successful and feasible programme of
research in collaboration with GVI into the future.
Continue adding to a coral and fish species list that will expand over time as a
comprehensive guide for the region.
Continuation of weekly beach cleans within the reserve, monitoring waste
composition and trends.
Daily bird monitoring and Incidental sightings program.
Marine Turtle Monitoring Programme along the Pez Maya beach.
Continuation of the National Scholarship Programme, whereby GVI Pez Maya
accepts a Mexican national on a scholarship basis into the expedition.
© GVI – 2010 ii
Table of Contents
Executive Summary.............................................................................................................iiList of Figures.....................................................................................................................ivList of Tables......................................................................................................................iv1. Introduction.................................................................................................................52. Synoptic Monitoring Programme...............................................................................6
2.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................62.2 Aims......................................................................................................................82.3 Methodology.........................................................................................................82.4 Results.................................................................................................................102.5 Discussion...........................................................................................................13
3. Community programme.................................................................................................163.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................163.2 Aims....................................................................................................................163.3 Activities and Achievements..............................................................................163.4 Review................................................................................................................17
4. Incidental Sightings.......................................................................................................194.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................194.2 Aims....................................................................................................................194.3 Methodology.......................................................................................................194.4 Results.................................................................................................................204.5 Discussion...........................................................................................................21
5. Marine Litter Monitoring Programme...........................................................................245.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................245.2 Aims....................................................................................................................245.3 Methodology.......................................................................................................245.4 Results.................................................................................................................255.5 Discussion...........................................................................................................26
6. Bird Monitoring Programme..........................................................................................276.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................276.2 Aims....................................................................................................................276.3 Methodology.......................................................................................................286.4 Results.................................................................................................................28
7. References......................................................................................................................328. Appendices.....................................................................................................................34
Appendix I – SMP Methodology Outlines...............................................................34Appendix II - Adult Fish Indicator Species List.......................................................38Appendix III - Juvenile Fish Indicator Species List.................................................39Appendix IV - Coral Species List.............................................................................40Appendix V - Fish Species List................................................................................41Appendix VI - Bird Species List...............................................................................45
iii
List of Figures
Figure 2-3-1 The monitoring sites of Pez Maya (Courtesy of JuniperGIS)
Figure 2-4-1 Percentage of diseased colonies presenting different diseases, across all sites
Figure 2-4-2 Breakdown of percentage coral cover observed this phase, by site
Figure 2-4-3 Total number of individuals recorded within each family for each monitoring site
Figure 5-4-1 Breakdown of marine litter collected
Figure 6-4-1 Total composition of birds sighted in phase 111 (“Other” refers to species presenting a
percentage of 1% or less).
Figure 6-4-2 The most commonly recorded species (more than 50) in the first quarter of 2011
(phase 111) compared to 2010 (phase 101)
Figure 6-4-3 Bird sightings by status
List of Tables
Table 2-3-1 GPS locations of the monitoring sites. GPS points are listed here in the WGS84 datum.
Table 2-4-1 Total number of individuals recorded for each monitoring site and the average number
of individuals recorded per transect for adult and juvenile fish
Table 4-4-1 Number of sightings for each category during phase 111
iv
1. Introduction
The Yucatan Peninsula is fringed by the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System (MBRS), the
second largest barrier reef system in the world, extending over 4 countries. Starting from
Isla Contoy at the North of the Yucatan Peninsula it stretches down the Eastern coast of
Mexico down to Belize via Honduras and Guatemala.
The GVI Marine Programme was initiated within Mexico with the setup of its first base, Pez
Maya, in the Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve in 2003. Since then the programme has
flourished, with a sister site being set up in the south of Quintana Roo at Punta Gruesa.
Both projects assist our partners, Amigos de Sian Ka’an (ASK) and Comisión Nacional de
Áreas Naturales Protegidas (CONANP) in obtaining baseline data along the coast of
Quintana Roo through marine surveys. This data allows ASK to focus on the areas
needing immediate environmental regulation depending on susceptibility and therefore,
implement management protection plans as and when required.
With the continuing development of the Riviera Maya, effective monitoring is becoming
ever-more important. Inadvertent environmental degradation can be prevented if the
appropriate measures are taken to advocate long-term, sustainable ecotourism. Continual
assessment of Sian Ka’an’s reef health can support and develop management strategies
for the area, the work outlined in this report forming a key part of that assessment.
Methodologies continue to be improved and focused as experience is gained and
improvement to data quality is continuous. A full Annual Report will collate and summarize
all data and enable more descriptive and accurate analysis.
The following research/monitoring programmes have been carried out this phase:
The MBRS Synoptic Monitoring Programme
Community Work Programme
Incidental Sightings
Marine Littering Monitoring Programme
Bird Monitoring Programme
© GVI – 2010 Page 5
2. Synoptic Monitoring Programme
2.1 Introduction
The Synoptic Monitoring Programme looks to evaluate the overall health of the reef by
looking at three main areas: Benthic cover, fish populations and physical parameters.
Benthic Cover
Caribbean reefs were once dominated by hard coral, with huge Acropora palmata stands
on the reef crests and Acropora cervicornis and Montastraea annularis dominating the fore
reef. Today, many reefs in the Caribbean have been overrun by macro algae during a
phase shift which is thought to have been brought about by numerous factors including a
decrease in herbivory from fishing and other pressures, eutrophication from land-based
activities and disease (McClanahan & Muthiga, 1998).
Benthic transects record the abundance of all benthic species as well as looking at coral
health. The presence of corals on the reef is in itself an indicator of health, not only
because of the reefs’ current state, but also for its importance to fish populations (Spalding
& Jarvis, 2002). Coral health is not only impacted by increased nutrients and algal growth,
but by other factors, both naturally occurring and anthropogenically introduced. A report
produced by the United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring
Centre (UNEP-WCMC) in 2004 stated that nearly 66% of Caribbean reefs are at risk from
anthropogenic activities, with over 40% of reefs at high to very high risk (UNEP-WCMC,
2006).
Through monitoring the abundances of hard corals, algae and various other key benthic
species, as well as numbers of Diadema urchin encountered, we aim to determine not only
the current health of the local reefs but also to track any shifts in phase state over time.
Fish Populations
Fish surveys are focused on specific species that play an important role in the ecology of
the reef as herbivores, carnivores, commercially important fish or those likely to be
affected by human activities (AGRRA, 2000).
© GVI – 2010 Page 6
For more in depth rationale of the importance of each of the key fish families please see
previous GVI Pez Maya reports.
All reef fish play an important role in maintaining the health and balance of a reef
community. Fishing typically removes larger predatory fish from the reef, which not only
alters the size structure of the reef fish communities, but with the reduction in predation
pressure, the abundance of fish further down the food chain is now determined through
competition for resources (AGRRA, 2000).
Although each fish is important, the removal of herbivores can have a considerable impact
on the health of the reef, particularly in an algal dominated state, which without their
presence has little chance of returning to coral dominance. Through the monitoring of
these fish and by estimating their size, the current condition of the reef at each site can be
assessed, any trends or changes can be tracked and improvements or deteriorations
determined.
The monitoring of juvenile fish concentrates on a few specific species. The presence and
number of larvae at different sites can be used as an indication of potential future
population size and diversity. Due to the extensive distribution of larvae, however,
numbers cannot be used to determine the spawning potential of a specific reef. The
removal of fish from a population as a result of fishing, however, may influence spawning
potential and affect larval recruitment on far away reefs. The removal of juvenile predators
through fishing may also alter the number of recruits surviving to spawn themselves
(AGRRA, 2000).
Together with the information collected about adult fish a balanced picture of the reef fish
communities at different sites can be obtained.
Physical Parameters
For the optimum health and growth of coral communities certain factors need to remain
relatively stable. Measurements of turbidity, water temperature, salinity, cloud cover, and
sea state are taken during survey dives. Temperature increases or decreases can
negatively influence coral health and survival. As different species have different optimum
temperature ranges, changes can also influence species richness. Corals also require
© GVI – 2010 Page 7
clear waters to allow for optimal photosynthesis. The turbidity of the water can be
influenced by weather, storms or high winds stirring up the sediment, or anthropogenic
activities such as deforestation and coastal construction. Increased turbidity reduces light
levels and can result in stress to the coral. Any increase in coral stress levels can result in
them becoming susceptible to disease or result in a bleaching event.
In the near future, GVI Pez Maya hopes to be able to use this data for analysis of temporal
and seasonal changes and try to correlate any coral health issues with sudden or
prolonged irregularities within these physical parameters.
2.2 Aims
The projects at Pez Maya and Punta Gruesa aim to identify coral and fish species with a
long term, continuous dataset allowing changes in the ecosystem to be identified. The
projects also aim to ascertain areas of high species diversity and abundance. The data is
then supplied to the project partners who can use the data to support management plans
for the area.
2.3 Methodology
The methods employed for the underwater visual census work are those outlined in the
MBRS manual (Almada-Villela et al., 2003), but to summarize, GVI use three separate
methods for buddy pairs:
Buddy method 1: Surveys of corals, algae and other sessile organisms
Buddy method 2: Belt transect counts for coral reef fish
Buddy Method 3: Coral Rover and Fish Rover diver
The separate buddy pair systems are outlined in detail in Appendix I.
The 9 sites that are monitored as part of the MBRS programme at GVI Pez Maya,
replicates a similar study conducted over 15 years ago (Padilla et al. 1992), concentrating
monitoring efforts on the reefs in the northern area of the Sian Ka’an Biosphere (See
Figure 2-3-1 below.
© GVI – 2010 Page 8
These sites have 21 stations in total and are monitored every 3 months to give a long term
evaluation of the reef health.
Figure 2-3-1 The monitoring sites of Pez Maya (Courtesy of JuniperGIS)
© GVI – 2010 Page 9
Location Site ID Depth (m) Latitude LongitudeLa Colonia LC10 10.9 19.78693º N 087.43310º W
LC20 17.9 19.78637º N 087.42628º WPaso Juana PJ05 6.1 20.01498º N 087.46475º W
PJ10 9.1 20.01690º N 087.46215º WPaso
LagrimasPL05 3 20.05045º N 087.47035º WPL10 6.7 20.05200º N 087.46625º WPL20 16.7 20.05138º N 087.46275º W
Punta Xamach
PX05 7.4 19.93205º N 087.43415º WPX10 12.3 19.93395º N 087.43355º WPX20 16.2 19.93333º N 087.43213º W
Table 2-3-1 GPS locations of the monitoring sites. GPS points are listed here in the WGS84 datum.
The sites have a wide range of types of reef including spur and groove formations.
2.4 Results
A total of 104 transects were successfully completed, from three stations. However, due to
rough sea conditions and strong winds, the 5m sites at Paso Juana and Paso Lagrimas
and all depths at Punta Xamach and La Colonia were not monitored.
Benthic Cover
A total of 216 corals were monitored for coral community studies, sighting 58 incidences of
disease (26.85%). Dark spot disease was the most prevalent, accounting for 60.34% of
the diseases seen; approximately 94% of the dark spot recorded was found on Siderastrea
siderea colonies. Other diseases noted during this phase were white plague, black band
and yellow blotch (Figure 2-4-1). There were no recorded sightings of hyperplasms,
neoplasms or patchy necrosis. Different levels of bleaching were recorded on 29.17% of all
corals monitored; 19.05% of these were partially bleached and 80.95% pale bleached. No
corals were recorded as totally bleached. The majority of pale bleaching (66.67%) was
seen on Siderastrea siderea. Sponges were the most common form of predation recorded,
accounting for 68.97% of all coral colonies affected by different predators. Other forms of
predation seen were the encrusting gorgonian, damselfish predation, zoanthids, Millepora
predation and mat tunicates.
© GVI – 2010 Page 10
Figure 2-4-1. Percentage of diseased colonies presenting different diseases, across all sites
The point intercept data showed average hermatypic coral coverage to be 12.94% across
all the sites, while macroalgae coverage remains considerably higher, at 49.78%. The
remaining 50.22% is made up of smaller and less abundant reef creatures, such as
bryozoans, corallimorphs, coralline algae, gorgonians, sponges, tunicates and zoanthids.
Of the 233 corals monitored along the PI transects, Siderastrea siderea was the most
commonly seen, accounting for 25.75%, while Agaricia agaricites was the second most
common coral (18.03%). PL20 showed the highest percentage coral cover with 17.17%,
whereas PJ10 had the least coral cover with just 8.33% (Figure 2-4-2).
Figure 2-4-2- Breakdown of percentage coral cover observed this phase, by site
© GVI – 2010 Page 11
Fish Populations.
349 adult target fish and 298 juvenile fish were recorded over 24 transects. The average
number of fish recorded per transect ranged from 12.25 (PL20) to 16.5 (PL10) (Figure 2-4-
3). PJ10 shows the highest biomass for all fish for each of the sites with 24.03g/m² (Table
2-4-1). PJ10 also showed the highest diversity (Shannon H 11.48 and Simpson D 8.28).
The most commonly record family was Acanthuridae (Surgeonfish), making up 51.6% of
the total number of adult fish recorded, followed by Haemulidae (Grunts) with 17.8%.
Figure 2-4-3. Total number of individuals recorded within each family for each monitoring site
Table 2-4-1. Total number of individuals recorded for each monitoring site and the average number of individuals recorded per transect for adult and juvenile fish
PJ10 PL10 PL20
Total number of adult individuals 119 132 98
Average number of adult fish per transect 14.88 16.5 12.25
Total fish biomass (g/m²) 24.03 22.56 15.96
Total number of juvenile individuals 120 110 67
Average number of juveniles per transect 15 13.75 8.38
© GVI – 2010 Page 12
The 298 juvenile fish recorded covered four families. The most commonly recorded
juvenile family was Labridae, with the three most common species recorded being;
Thalassoma bifasciatum (Bluehead Wrasse), Stegastes partitus (Bicolour Damsel) and
Chromis cyanea (Blue Chromis).
2.5 Discussion
Macroalgae is consistently the dominant benthic species recorded at Pez Maya. This is in
line with benthic cover in the rest of the Caribbean, since a recent phase shift from coral to
algal dominance. The average percentage coral cover across the Caribbean is
approximately 16% (Schutte et al., 2010), but at Pez Maya this phase, it was found to be
12.94%. The variation in percentage coral cover could be attributable to the differences in
location, which will allow for variation in currents and therefore nutrient cycling, along with
variation in growth factors such as salinity, temperature and turbidity. As seen in the fish
data analysis section of this report, PJ10 has a low number of grazing fish species. This
could contribute to the low percentage coral cover at this site, as corals are competing with
algal species for space, light and nutrients. The fish analysis also shows that PL20, the site
with the highest percentage coral cover, shows the greatest number of grazing fish
species, which could be aiding coral growth by constantly grazing down algae.
Siderastrea siderea was recorded as the most abundant coral this phase – this species
tends to be particularly susceptible to bleaching, which explains the high percentage of
pale bleached corals recorded, as the majority of those observed with bleaching were S.
siderea. Its susceptibility to bleaching could be a result of the clade of zooxanthellae
housed by the coral. Coral bleaching can occur through an increase in water temperature,
which causes the zooxanthellae to die and be expelled by the coral. When this happens,
the coral can no longer photosynthesise, the flesh loses its colour which is usually created
by the zooxanthellae, and the colony becomes “bleached”. Zooxanthellae are
dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium, of which there are several clades, or groups.
Sampayo et al. (2008) found that each clade has fine-scale differences, which allows some
to be more thermally tolerant than others. Some coral species can harbour more than one
clade, whereas others may be restricted to only one.
© GVI – 2010 Page 13
Dark spot disease was the most prevalent disease recorded this phase. Dark spot disease
was most frequently seen on Siderastrea siderea – a coral which is particularly susceptible
to this disease. Siderastrea siderea was also the species observed with the most
bleaching – therefore this result is unsurprising, as bleaching causes great stress to a
coral and the colony can become much more vulnerable to diseases (Humann & DeLoach,
2008). Sponges were the most prevalent predator on corals this phase; perhaps as a
direct result of the vast numbers of sponges growing on the reefs around Pez Maya. Ten
per cent of the PI transect points were accounted for by different types of sponge.
Acanthuridae was once again the dominant family recorded during this phase making up
over half of all adult fish sightings. Acanthuridae are an important grazer on the reefs
keeping down algae levels allowing space for new coral recruits to attach and grow. Within
shallow reef areas it is not uncommon to observe large mixed aggregations of Acanthurus
coeruleus (Blue Tang), A.bahianus (Ocean Surgeonfish) and A.chirurgus (Doctorfish)
grazing on the algae abundant on these reefs (Deloach, N. 1999). Haemulidae were seen
to be the dominant family on PJ10. Haemulidae have been known to show the largest
biomass in areas that have large expanses of seagrass bed or sand flats (Humann &
DeLoach 2008b) feeding on the crustaceans and invertebrates which are known to forage
in these areas. The surrounding area of PJ10 would be perfect for this with the spur and
grove reef surrounded by sandy areas and has seagrass beds boarding the shallower
areas of the reef.
The trend of Juvenile recruitment tends to be lower in the winter months at Pez Maya.
After the high number of juvenile fish recorded last year the average number recorded per
transect for this phase was lower. The target juvenile fish species were common on the
reef although the majority were too large to be counted indicating that these are the
individuals monitored during pervious phases. The later phases of this year will show
whether the recruitment on the reefs will continue to show the promising results of
increased numbers seen during 2010. It is also an encouraging sign to see more juveniles
on the reefs as over the last year the number of Lionfish sighted on the reef has been
increasing with each phase. Lionfish are known to target juvenile fish and have a dramatic
effect on the recruitment of the reef (Morris, J. et al. 2009). When Lionfish have been
caught at Pez Maya their stomach are dissected and the most commonly seen fish are
© GVI – 2010 Page 14
juvenile wrasse species. Future studies will enable us to find out if the increase in lionfish
sightings has an effect on the recruitment of the reefs.
© GVI – 2010 Page 15
3. Community programme
3.1 Introduction
GVI is committed to working with the local communities, assisting them to guide their
development towards a sustainable future. For that, activities are centred in two main
aspects: English and Environmental Education.
GVI hopes to provide the local community with the tools to develop the area beneficially for
themselves, their professions and needs, whilst protecting it for the future. Consequently,
during both the child and adult education programs, wherever possible an environmental
theme has been included within the structure of the lessons.
3.2 Aims
The aims of the community programme in Pez Maya are:
1. To raise awareness about the importance of the ecosystems that surround their
area, providing them with information about it and organizing activities to reinforce
the knowledge given.
2. To provide locals with English lessons that will help them to develop a skill that is
necessary for them in order to be able to communicate with the growing tourist
visitors that come to the area.
3. To participate in the different activities that are organized by the locals and provide
help if it is needed.
3.3 Activities and Achievements
Nuevo Durango
Due to the soil composition, amount of rocks and lack of nutrients found within the thin soil
of the Yucatán Peninsula, growing crops can be a challenging business. During the weekly
visits to Nuevo Durango, staff and volunteers work on farms collecting soil and cutting
vegetation, in preparation for setting up a compost pit; each week a different family is
helped. The compost produced is used by local families to grow a range of organic crops
that can be sold locally. In order to expose volunteers to the way of life in Nuevo Durango,
each week, the host family prepares lunch for the volunteers, allowing the group to
exchange experiences and learn about each other’s life and culture.
© GVI – 2010 Page 16
Pez Maya also supports the Mayan farmers by purchasing some of the weekly fruit and
vegetable supply from the host families.
Punta Allen
Volunteers visit the village once a week during the phase. English lessons for children are
carried out during school hours to ensure the maximum number of children benefit from
the curricula. Three different educational levels are targeted: Kindergarten, Primary and
Secondary school. Volunteers are in charge of preparing lesson plans, including English
language topics and fun activities, such as games, song and painting. Often an
environmental theme is included in the lessons.
Pez Maya also started a recycling project “Punta Allen Verde” (PAVER) in April 2010. The
project has several objectives: to create a solid waste separation programme, to
encourage people to participate and separate household solid waste with which a
proportion of the profits will support financially the recycling centre, and to establish Punta
Allen as an exemplary community for the region.
Following the delivery of the classes, volunteers participate in a range of activities at the
recycling centre, for example plastic collection around town, tidying up the centre, making
containers for the recycling. The activities vary depending on what have the people in the
village needing doing.
3.4 Review
Nuevo Durango
Over seven weeks, seven families were worked with at the organic farm. Volunteers
travelled to the farm to spend the day working on setting up composting areas and making
the compost itself. They were also shown how to make the growing areas needed to be
able to grow the crops the village uses themselves and those that are sold on. Good
relationships have formed between volunteers and the families, and most days have
involved a tour of the villages’ insect museum to learn a little more about the local wildlife.
© GVI – 2010 Page 17
Punta Allen
The deterioration of the road meant that Punta Allen could only be visited once during this
quarter. During this visit the kindergarten children reviewed the lessons from the previous
year covering colours, numbers and shapes and also introductions. The Primary and
Secondary school children were helped with working through their English text books.
In the afternoon volunteers worked in the recycling centre helping with the PAVER project.
The volunteers went around town collecting the recycling and helping to prepare the
recycling centre to make it more inviting to the local people.
© GVI – 2010 Page 18
4. Incidental Sightings
4.1 Introduction
GVI Pez Maya has implemented an incidental sightings program since 2003. This species
are good indicators of reef health and provide early warnings of changes, therefore it is
useful to continue keeping long-term records of which species are around. Species that
make up the incidental sightings list are:
Sharks
Rays
Eels
Turtles
Marine Mammals
Lionfish
Snakes and crocodiles
Terrestrial mammals
These groups are identified to species level where possible and added to the data
collected by the Ocean Biogeographic Information Systems Spatial Ecological Analysis of
Megavertebrate Populations (OBIS-SEAMAP) database. An interactive online archive for
marine mammal, seabird and turtle data, OBIS-SEAMAP aims to improve understanding
of the distribution and ecology of marine mega fauna by quantifying global patterns of
biodiversity, undertaking comparative studies, and monitoring the status of and impacts on
threatened species.
4.2 Aims
The aim of the project is to record all mega fauna sightings in the vicinity of Pez Maya and
to keep track of the population numbers and spread of lionfish.
4.3 Methodology
Each time an incidental sighting species is seen on a dive, snorkel or around Pez Maya
base, it is identified, and the date, time, location, depth it was seen at, and size are all
© GVI – 2010 Page 19
recorded. The volunteers are provided with a Mega fauna presentation during science
training, which aids in identification of shark, ray and turtle species.
For the first time in 093 GVI Pez Maya began recording lionfish sightings. Over the past
decade the Pacific Lionfish (Pterois volitans and P. miles) has established itself along the
Atlantic coast as a result of multiple releases (intentional or otherwise) from private
aquaria. This invasive species lacking in natural predators, has adapted well to the warm
waters of the Caribbean, and is currently spreading its geographical range along the
Mesoamerican coastline.
4.4 Results
During phase 111 a total of 279 incidental sightings were recorded, 138 of these being
lionfish sightings.
Table 4-4-1. Number of sightings for each category during phase 111
Category Total Number of Sightings
Lionfish 138
Rays 61
Eels 22
Marine Mammals 16
Turtles 16
Sharks 15
Snakes and Crocodiles 11
A total of 16 turtle sightings were recorded, an increase from the 9 that were recorded
during the previous 3 months. A total of 3 different turtle species were recorded; the Green
turtle, the Hawksbill turtle and the Loggerhead turtle. The fourth species that can be found
in the area, the Leatherback, is categorised as critically endangered by the IUCN, and has
not been recorded since monitoring began. Within the total of 16 individuals, 8 were
Green, 3 were Hawksbill, 1 was a Loggerhead and 4 were unidentified individuals.
© GVI – 2010 Page 20
When broken down into categories, the shark species sighted were 13 Nurse sharks, 1
Bull shark and 1 Scalloped Hammerhead (a first for Pez Maya!). The 3 other species that
have been sighted previously (Blacktip, Reef shark and Great Hammerhead) were not
seen.
Rays were the most commonly sighted species with a total of 61 sightings. There are
several species of ray that are monitored; the Caribbean Stingray, Giant Manta Ray,
Lesser Electric Ray, Southern Stingray, Spotted Eagle Ray and Yellow Stingray. The
Southern Stingray was the most commonly sighted of the rays with a total of 45 sightings;
this seems to be the case for every phase.
Of the marine mammals sighted, Bottlenose dolphins and Atlantic spotted dolphins
accounted for the majority; with totals of 6 and 7 sightings respectively. It is worth noting,
however, that they were seen as one pod of 7 Atlantic spotted, and two pods of 3
Bottlenose dolphins. Manatees follow the trend of low numbers of sightings since 2007
with just 3 recorded.
Phase 111 saw low numbers in recorded sightings of snakes and crocodiles; 4 American
crocodiles and 7 unidentified snake sightings. Since 2010, sightings of snakes and
crocodiles have been steadily increasing with the majority being snake sightings; however
the data from this phase does not seem to follow this pattern.
Since the lionfish monitoring started there has been a dramatic increase in sightings. This
phase 138 individual sightings were recorded; this makes up nearly half of all the
incidental sightings, and is almost double the 98 that were sighted over the previous 3
month phase.
4.5 Discussion
Incidental sightings of large marine creatures are often good indicators of how healthy an
ecosystem is. As can be seen from the data, the number of sightings and species
recorded varies from phase to phase, with few obvious trends. These species are highly
mobile animals and therefore their movements depend on a range of external factors.
Phase 101 had the greatest total number of recorded incidental sightings since the
© GVI – 2010 Page 21
implementation of the programme. However, variation in recorded numbers could be a
reflection of the amount of diving that occurred. Over the past two years there has been a
steady increase in the number of sightings, suggesting an increase in reef health. In 2007,
Hurricane Dean hit the coast of Mexico and greatly affected the reef and animals that live
in and around it. The number of incidental sightings recorded during and since 2010 shows
a return to similar numbers before the hurricane hit, suggesting some reef recovery.
Turtles were one of the least recorded species, this follows a predictable pattern. Nesting
season for all turtle species found on the Yucatan runs between May and September
which coincides with the second and third quarters or phases of each year. Phase 111 is
outside the season and subsequently would show reduced numbers of turtle sightings.
This pattern is encouraging and shows a relatively stable population of turtle species in
Pez Maya’s region.
There appears to be a general trend over previous phases of rays being the most
commonly sighted species, aside from lionfish. This is again true and could be for a
number of reasons; rays tend to lay stationary on sandy bottoms in open water and would
therefore be more easily spotted. They are also frequently seen close to the shore whilst
observers are swimming or snorkeling and this too could explain the slightly higher
numbers recorded. Since the project began, there is a clear trend that sightings of
Southern stingrays are slowly on the rise, a thriving species could be the reason for
incline, however this doesn’t appear to be a seasonal trend and could simply be
improvements in what is now a well established incidental sightings program. It is worth
noting that, during one dive, a group of 10 Southern stingrays were observed together
resting on the sand whilst one swam around above them. This behaviour has not been
observed here before, and it seems likely it was a mating ritual.
The lower numbers of eel and shark sightings could be due to the lifestyle of the species.
Eels hide in rocky crevices away from passing predators or prey and are therefore more
difficult to spot. Sharks are generally mobile and pelagic, and sightings would
subsequently not be as common. This is with the exception of the nurse shark however,
which was the most commonly sighted shark species. Nurse sharks are reef dwellers and
are able to remain in one place without having to move to breathe; therefore they are most
likely to be spotted on Pez Maya sites. The Scalloped Hammerhead shark that was
© GVI – 2010 Page 22
observed at a depth of around 18 meteres has been the only one sighted at a Pez Maya
dive site. Hammerhead sharks are considered oceanic but sometimes cruise reefs or reef
walls, they are also more likely to be seen in the colder waters of the winter season, the
same being true for Bull sharks. On occasions sharks have also been observed in the
shallows near the lagoon mouth; however exact numbers and species can often be
mistaken as only the fin is seen.
The majority of mammals seen were dolphins, with the exception of three manatees.
Mammals are difficult to monitor as they generally inhabit deeper pelagic waters. In
addition dolphins are mostly observed from the surface by boat, therefore exact numbers
can be difficult to determine. Manatees generally prefer the calmer waters of the mangrove
lagoons than the ocean, which could explain the reduced numbers.
As in the previous three month phase (phase 104), there were lower numbers of sightings
of snakes and crocodiles. Sightings have been steadily increasing over the past year with
the majority being snake sightings. Mangroves are the likely place to encounter crocodiles
which involves a walk to the bridge early morning or early evening. This would suggest
that in previous phases more people are actively seeking to look for crocodiles, and results
would therefore depend on the volunteers there are on base. Snakes are cold-blooded and
tend to hibernate during the winter months; this could also indicate why the number of
sightings was lower.
The staggering increase in lionfish sightings poses a potentially large problem for the reefs
at Pez Maya. This problem will only increase unless more efforts are made to keep the
population in check. Regular catch and removal of this species is vital to reduce the
increasing numbers.
It could be thought that some categories or species (e.g. snakes and land mammals) may
be under-represented, as observers tend to concentrate on known target species and
forget to record other species. In general, sightings are on the increase, which not only
indicates an improvement in the quality of data collection and recording, but is also a good
indicator of reef health in the area.
© GVI – 2010 Page 23
5. Marine Litter Monitoring Programme.
5.1 Introduction
Pez Maya’s location on the Yucatan Peninsula means that it faces the Caribbean Current.
This is a circular current that combined with the Loop current and the Yucatan current,
transports a significant amount of water northwest ward through the Caribbean Sea. The
main source is from the equatorial Atlantic Ocean via the North Equatorial, North Brazil
and Guiana Currents. Due to the volume of water that is transported and both the nature
and origin of the said currents, it is possible that the litter being found is from quite far
afield. Other factors also include outflows from rivers and storm drains etc. If this is the
most common source for the marine debris then it is likely that weather changes, which
have an impact on both tidelines and sea turbulence, will have a direct and noticeable
effect on the amount of rubbish washed up.
Marine litter is prevalent along the Caribbean coast and is not only unsightly but a health
hazard to marine life and humans alike. In order to collect more data on this issue a beach
clean program will be conducted every phase. This is part of a worldwide program and is
just one method of investigation to discover where marine litter originates from and which
materials are most common.
5.2 Aims
This project has three main aims:
Quantified data and photographic evidence as to the extent of marine litter.
Conservation of terrestrial and marine fauna threatened by litter.
Improvement of beach aesthetics.
Creation of a monitoring programme that can be implemented in other locations
within the reserve.
5.3 Methodology
Marine litter is collected weekly on a 300 metre stretch of beach south of base. The
transect is cleared one week prior to the commencement of the monitoring program, in
order that only a weekly amount of debris is recorded. Materials are collected from the
tidemark to the vegetation line to eliminate waste created by inland terrestrial sources.
© GVI – 2010 Page 24
The waste is separated, weighed and recorded by the categories below:
Fabric
Glass
Plastic
Polystyrene
Metal
Natural material (modified)
Medical waste
Rubber
Rope
Other
5.4 Results
Nine representative weekly litter picks were conducted this phase, collecting a total of
103.9 kg of marine litter. Plastic accounted for approximately 52.4% of the total weight
collected. Even though polystyrene was one of the lightest categories in terms of weight, a
large percentage of polystyrene contributed to the overall breakdown of total rubbish
collected
Figure 5-4-1. Breakdown of marine litter collected
© GVI – 2010 Page 25
5.5 Discussion
As has been the case for the majority of monitors, plastics have again constituted the
largest volume of all the categories this phase. This could be due to its light weight making
it easy to transport and its robustness against degradation. The fact that the level of plastic
found is consistently high from phase to phase is a worrying trend as when plastics such
as Polythene, found in plastic bags, breakdown they form smaller plastic particles that can
contaminate the food web and be passed on through the trophic levels. Plastic debris can
act like a sponge soaking up toxic chemical compounds. Once these are ingested into the
food chain the high concentrations will be spread from organism to organism until the
levels become fatal.
Even though the data shows a large volume of rubbish being collected from a relatively
small section of beach, the results do not do justice to the actual problem at hand.
Plastic bottles collected may not necessarily be washed up by sea, but could be deposited
on land by visitors. In addition, heavier materials such as metals and water logged fabrics
are likely to sink to the sea bed, and subsequently would not get washed up on our
shorelines and included in the monitoring transects.
© GVI – 2010 Page 26
6. Bird Monitoring Programme
6.1 Introduction
With regard to avi-fauna, Mexico, Central and South America can be divided into three
distinct regions separated by mountain ranges: the Pacific slope, the Interior and the
Atlantic slope. These regions can be further divided into other sub-zones, based on a
variety of habitats.
The Yucatan Peninsula lies on the Atlantic slope and is geographically very different from
the rest of Mexico: It is a low-level limestone shelf on the east coast extending north into
the Caribbean. The vegetation ranges from rainforest in the south to arid scrub
environments in the north. The coastlines are predominantly sandy beaches but also
include extensive networks of mangroves and lagoons, providing a wide variety of habitats
capable of supporting large resident populations of birds.
Due to the location of the Yucatan peninsula, its population of resident breeders is
significantly enlarged by seasonal migrants. There are four different types of migratory
birds: Winter visitors migrate south from North America during the winter (August to May).
Summer residents live and breed in Mexico but migrate to South America for the winter
months. Transient migrants are birds that breed in North America and migrate to South
America in the winter but stop or pass through Mexico. Pelagic visitors are birds that live
offshore but stop or pass through the region.
Pez Maya is located near the town of Tulum inside the Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve
between a network of mangrove lagoons and the Caribbean Sea. The local area contains
three key ecosystems; wetland, forest and marine environments.
6.2 Aims
Develop a species list for the area
Gain an idea of the abundance and diversity of bird species. Long-term bird data
gathered over a sustained period could highlight trends not noticeable to short-term
surveys.
© GVI – 2010 Page 27
Educate the volunteers in bird identification techniques, expanding on their general
identification skills. The birding project also provides a good opportunity to obtain a
better understanding of area diversity and the ecosystem as a whole.
6.3 Methodology
Bird monitoring surveys are conducted using a simple methodology based on the bird
monitoring program at Costa Rica Expedition. A member of staff accompanied by
volunteers monitor the transects daily between 6 and 8am. There are five transects –
Beach, Bridge, Road, Base and Mangrove. These transects were selected to cover a
range of habitats, including coastline, mangroves, secondary growth and scrub. The
transects are completed in approximately 30 minutes to allow for consistency of data. To
reduce duplication of data, recordings are taken in one direction only which also helps to
avoid double-counting where individuals are very active or numerous. Birds are identified
using binoculars, cameras and a range of identification books. Identification of calls is also
possible for a limited number of species for experienced observers. If the individual
species cannot be identified then birds are recorded to family level.
Each survey records the following information; location, date, start time, end time, name of
recorders and number of each species seen. Wind and cloud cover have also been
recorded to allow consideration of physical parameters.
6.4 Results
During phase 111, 27 transects were carried out, 6 at the bridge, 8 at the beach, 4 on the
road, 6 at in the mangroves and 3 on base. Each transect lasted an average of 29 minutes
(range 15-31 minutes) conducted by 1-5 observers. A total of 812 individuals were
recorded 703 were identified by species level and 109 by genus.
The Royal Tern was the most commonly sighted species with 116 recorded, followed by
the Great-tailed grackle (96 sightings), the magnificent frigate bird (63 sightings), the
Brown pelican (74 sightings), the Ruddy turnstone (42 sightings) and the Tropical mocking
bird (42 sighting) (Figure 6-4-1).
© GVI – 2010 Page 28
Magnificent frigatebird9%
Ruddy turnstone6%
Royal tern17%
Tropical mockingbird6%
Yellow warbler3%
Other18%
Great-tailed grackle14%
Brown pelican11%
Sanderling5%
Osprey1%
Black catbird3%
White Ibis1%
Turkey vulture4%
Hooded Oriole0%
Snowy egret0%
Bananaquit0%
Golden-fronted Woodpecker
0%
Great blue heron1%
Yellow-throated warbler1%
Figure 6-4-1 Total composition of birds sighted in phase 111 (“Other” refers to species presenting a
percentage of 1% or less).
Figure 6-4-2 shows the most commonly recorded species (more than 50 individuals
sighted) in the first quarter of 2010 (phase 101) compared to 2011 (phase 111). The royal
tern was the most frequently recorded species in both years. The White ibis was sighted
57 times in 2010 with only 5 sightings recorded in 2011. Showing a reduction in sightings
from 3% to 0.7% of the total individuals recorded. A higher percentage of great tailed
grackles were recorded in 2011 (13.7%) compared to 2010 (8%).
© GVI – 2010 Page 29
Figure 6-4-2 The most commonly recorded species (more than 50) in the first quarter of 2011 (phase
111) compared to 2010 (phase 101).
When broken down into status, almost half the species sighted were resident breeders
(Figure 6-4-3) with winter non breeding visitors (32%) being the second most common
category and 19% breeding colony. Neither transient migrants nor summer resident
breeders were sighted during this phase. There was a lower percentage of winter visitors
sighted compared to the equivalent quarter in 2010 (38%).
Resident breeder
49%Winter (non breeding)
visitor32%
Breeding colony
19%
Figure 6-4-3 Bird sightings by status
© GVI – 2010 Page 30
6.5 Discussion
From phase to phase Pez Maya experiences variations in the numbers and presence of
many species of birds, as the Yucatan peninsula lies along a major migratory route.
Fluctuations in numbers between phases reflect seasonal migration and breeding patterns.
Phase 111 (January-March 2011) is a winter phase explaining the high numbers of winter
visitors and lack of summer breeders. When comparing the most commonly sighted birds
(more than 50 sightings), a similar percentage of birds were recorded compared to the
previous year. In concordance with the previous phase (September-December 2010) the
Great Tailed grackle was the most commonly sighted bird. The Great Blue heron was
recorded as one of the most commonly sighted species in phase 101 (January-March
2010), interestingly in phase 111 (January-March 2011) only 7 were sighted. There was a
dramatic decrease in the numbers of White ibis recorded in phase 111, only 5 were
recorded compared to 57 the previous year (accounting for 1% and 3% of the total birds
recorded respectively). Fewer transects were carried out this quarter (27 transects)
therefore a decrease in the overall numbers of birds recorded would be seen in
comparison to previous years or quarters. This also affects the most commonly sighted
species and would explain the decrease in numbers of individuals previously described as
common (more than 50 sightings).
© GVI – 2010 Page 31
7. References
AGRRA (2000) Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment (AGRRA). The AGRRA Rapid
Assessment Protocol. http://www.agrra.org/method/methodhome.htm
Almada-Villela P.C., Sale P.F., Gold-Bouchot G. Kjerfve B. (2003) Manual of Methods for
the MBRS Synoptic Monitoring System: Selected Methods for Monitoring Physical and
Biological Parameters for Use in the Mesoamerican Region. Mesoamerican Barrier Reef
Systems Project (MBRS).
Deloach, N. (1999) Reef fish behaviour. New World Publications, Inc
Humann, N. & DeLoach, P. (2008) Reef Coral Identification: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas.
Florida: New World Publications,
Humann, N. & DeLoach, P. (2008) Reef Fish Identification: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas.
Florida: New World Publications.
Morris, J.R, Akins, J.L., Barse, A., Cerino, D., Freshwater, D. W., Green, S.J., Munoz, R.C.
Paris, C., Whitfield, P.E. (2009). Biology and Ecology of the Invasive Lionfishes, Pterois
miles and Pterois volitans. Proceedings of the 61st Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute
November 10 - 14, 2008. 1-6.
McClanahan, T.R., Muthiga, N.A. (1998) An ecological shift in a remote coral atoll of Belize
over 25 years. Environmental Conservation 25: 122-130.
Padilla C., Gutierrez D. Lara M., Garcia C. 1992. Coral Reefs of the Biosphere Reserve of
Sian Ka’an, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Proceedings of the International Coral Reef
Symposium, Guam. 2, 986-992.
© GVI – 2010 Page 32
Sampayo, E.M, Ridgeway, T., Bongaerts, P. & Hoegh-Goldberg, O. (2008). Bleaching
susceptibility and mortality of corals are determined by fine-scale differences in symbiont
type. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. 105, 10444-10449.
Schutte, V. G. W., Selig, E. R. & Bruno, J. F. (2010). Regional spatio-temporal trends in
Caribbean coral reef benthic communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 402, 115-122.
Spalding, M.D., Jarvis, G.E. (2002). The impact of the 1998 coral mortality on reef fish
communities in the Seychelles. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44: 309-321.
UNEP-WCMC (2006). In the front line: shoreline protection and other ecosystem services
from mangroves and coral reefs. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK.
© GVI – 2010 Page 33
8. Appendices
Appendix I – SMP Methodology Outlines
Buddy method 1: Surveys of corals, algae and other sessile organisms
At each monitoring site five replicate 30m transect lines are deployed randomly within
100m of the GPS point. The transect line is laid across the reef surface at a constant
depth, usually perpendicular to the reef slope.
The first diver of this monitoring buddy pair collects data on the characterisation of the
coral community under the transect line. Swimming along the transect line the diver
identifies, to species level, each hermatypic coral directly underneath the transect that is at
least 10cm at its widest point and in the original growth position. If a colony has been
knocked or has fallen over, it is only recorded if it has become reattached to the
substratum. The diver also records the water depth at the beginning and end of each
transect.
The diver then identifies the colony boundaries based on verifiable connective or common
skeleton. Using a measuring pole, the colonies projected diameter (live plus dead areas) in
plan view and maximum height (live plus dead areas) from the base of the colonies
substratum are measured.
From plane view perspective, the percentage of coral that is not healthy (separated into
old dead and recent dead) is also estimated.
The first diver also notes any cause of mortality including diseases and/or
predation and any bleached tissue present. The diseases are characterised using
the following categories:
Black band disease Red band disease
White band disease Hyperplasm and Neoplasm (irregular growths)
White plague Dark spot disease
Yellow blotch disease Unknown
© GVI – 2010 Page 34
Predation and overgrowth are also recorded on each of the coral colonies. The following
categories are considered:
Parrotfish predation Fire coral predationDamselfish predation Gorgonian predationFireworm predation Zoanthid predationShort coral snail predation Coralline algae overgrowthOvergrowing mat tunicate Sponge overgrowthVariable boring sponge Cliona sp.
Bleaching is described as either pale, partial of total using the following definitions:
Pale – the majority of the colony is pale compared to the original colour of the coral
Partial – the colony has a significant amount of patchy white areas
Total – all, or almost all, of the colony is white
Any other features of note are also recorded, including, orange icing sponge, coral
competition and Christmas tree worms.
The second diver measures the percentage cover of sessile organisms and substrate
along the 30m transect, recording the nature of the substrate or organism directly every
25cm along the transect. Organisms are classified into the following groups:
Coralline algae - crusts or finely branched algae that are hard (calcareous.
Turf algae - may look fleshy and/or filamentous but do not rise more than 1cm above the
substrate
Macroalgae - include fleshy and calcareous algae whose fronds are projected more than
1cm above the substrate. Three of these are further classified into additional groups which
include Halimeda, Dictyota, and Lobophora
Gorgonians
Hermatypic corals - to species level, where possible
Bare rock, sand and rubble
Any other sessile organisms e.g. sponges, tunicates, zoanthids and hydroids.
Buddy method 2: Belt transect counts for coral reef fish
© GVI – 2010 Page 35
At each monitoring site 8 replicate 30m transects lines are deployed randomly within 100m
of the GPS point. The transect line is laid just above the reef surface at a constant depth,
usually perpendicular to the reef slope. The first diver is responsible for swimming slowly
along the transect line identifying, counting and estimating the sizes of specific indicator
fish species in their adult phase. The diver visually estimates a two metre by two metre
‘corridor’ and carries a one meter T-bar divided into 10cm graduations to aid the accuracy
of the size estimation of the fish identified. The fish are assigned to the following size
categories:
0-5cm 21-30cm
6-10cm 31-40cm
11-20cm >40cm (with size specified)
The buddy pair then waits for three minutes at a short distance from the end of the
transect line before proceeding. This allows juvenile fish to return to their original positions
before they were potentially scared off by the divers during the adult transect. The second
diver swims slowly back along the transect surveying a one metre by one metre ‘corridor’
and identifying and counting the presence of newly settled fish of the target species. In
addition, it is also this diver’s responsibility to identify and count the Banded Shrimp,
Stenopus hispidus. This is a collaborative effort with UNAM to track this species as their
population is slowly dwindling due to their direct removal for the aquarium trade. The
juvenile diver also counts any Diadema antillarum individuals found on their transects.
This is aimed at tracking the slow come back of these urchins.
Buddy Method 3: Coral & Fish Rover divers
At each monitoring site the third buddy pair completes a thirty minute survey of the site in
an expanding square pattern, with one diver recording all adult fish species observed. The
approximate density of each fish species is categorised using the following numerations:
Single (1 fish)
Few (2-10 fish)
Many (11-100 fish)
© GVI – 2010 Page 36
Abundant (>100 fish)
The second diver swims alongside the Fish Rover diver and records, to species level, all
coral communities observed, regardless of size. The approximate density of each coral
species is then categorised using similar ranges to those for fish:
Single (1 community)
Few (2-10 communities)
Many (11-50 communities)
Abundant (>50 communities)
© GVI – 2010 Page 37
Appendix II - Adult Fish Indicator Species ListScientific Name Common Name Scientific Name Common Name
Acanthurus coeruleus, Blue Tang Scarus guacamaia Rainbow ParrotfishAcanthurus bahianus, Ocean Surgeonfish Scarus vetula Queen ParrotfishAcanthurus chirurgus, Doctorfish Sparisoma viride Stoplight ParrotfishChaetodon striatus, Banded Butterflyfish Scarus taeniopterus Princess ParrotfishChaetodon capistratus, Four Eye Butterflyfish Scarus iserti Striped ParrotfishChaetodon ocellatus, Spotfin Butterflyfish Sparisoma aurofrenatum Redband ParrotfishChaetodon aculeatus, Longsnout Butterflyfish Sparisoma chrysopterum Redtail ParrotfishHaemulon flavolineatum French Grunt Sparisoma rubripinne Yellowtail ParrotfishHaemulon striatum Striped Grunt Sparisoma atomarium Greenblotch ParrotfishHaemulon plumierii White Grunt Sparisoma radians Bucktooth ParrotfishHaemulon sciurus Bluestriped Grunt Epinephelus itajara Goliath GrouperHaemulon carbonarium Caesar Grunt Epinephelus striatus Nassau GrouperHaemulon chrysargyreum Smallmouth Grunt Mycteroperca venenosa Yellowfin GrouperHaemulon aurolineatum Tomtate Mycteroperca bonaci Black GrouperHaemulon melanurum Cottonwick Mycteroperca tigris Tiger GrouperHaemulon macrostomum Spanish Grunt Mycteroperca interstitialis Yellowmouth GrouperHaemulon parra Sailor’s Choice Epinephelus guttatus Red HindHaemulon album White Margate Epinephelus adscensionis Rock HindAnisotremus virginicus Porkfish Cephalopholis cruentatus GraysbyAnisotremus surinamensis Black Margate Cephalopholis fulvus ConeyLutjanus analis Mutton Snapper Balistes vetula Queen TriggerfishLutjanus griseus Gray Snapper Balistes capriscus Gray TriggerfishLutjanus cyanopterus Cubera Snapper Canthidermis sufflamen Ocean TriggerfishLutjanus jocu Dog Snapper Xanithichthys ringens Sargassum TriggerfishLutjanus mahogoni Mahaogany Snapper Melichthys niger Black DurgonLutjanus apodus Schoolmaster Aluterus scriptus Scrawled FilefishLutjanus synagris Lane Snapper Cantherhines pullus Orangespotted FilefishOcyurus chrysurus Yellowtail Snapper Cantherhines macrocerus Whitespotted FilefishHolacanthus ciliaris Queen Angelfish Bodianus rufus Spanish HogfishPomacanthus paru French Angelfish Lachnolaimus maximus HogfishPomacanthus arcuatus Grey Angelfish Caranx rubber Bar JackHolacanthus tricolour Rock Beauty Microspathodon chrysurus Yellowtail DamselfishScarus coeruleus Blue Parrotfish Sphyraena barracuda Great BarracudaScarus coelestinus Midnight Parrotfish
The following list includes only the adult fish species that are surveyed during monitoring
dives.
© GVI – 2010 Page 38
Appendix III - Juvenile Fish Indicator Species List
The subsequent list specifies the juvenile fish species and their maximum target length
that are recorded during monitoring dives
Scientific Name Common Name Max. target length (cm)
Acanthurus bahianus Ocean surgeonfish 5Acanthurus coeruleus Blue tang 5Chaetodon capistratus Foureye butterflyfish 2Chaetodon striatus Banded butterflyfish 2Gramma loreto Fairy basslet 3Bodianus rufus Spanish hogfish 3.5Halichoeres bivittatus Slipperydick 3Halichoeres garnoti Yellowhead wrasse 3Halichoeres maculipinna Clown wrasse 3Thalassoma bifasciatum Bluehead wrasse 3Halichoeres pictus Rainbow wrasse 3Chromis cyanea Blue chromis 3.5Stegastes adustus Dusky damselfish 2.5Stegastes diencaeus Longfin damselfish 2.5Stegastes leucostictus Beaugregory 2.5Stegastes partitus Bicolour damselfish 2.5Stegastes planifrons Threespot damselfish 2.5Stegastes variabilis Cocoa damselfish 2.5Scarus iserti Striped parrotfish 3.5Scarus taeniopterus Princess parrotfish 3.5Sparisoma atomarium Greenblotch parrotfish 3.5Sparisoma aurofrenatum Redband parrotfish 3.5Sparisoma viride Stoplight parrotfish 3.5
© GVI – 2010 Page 39
Appendix IV - Coral Species List
Family Genus Species Family Genus Species
Acroporidae Acropora cervicornis Meandrinidae Dendrogyra cylindrusAcroporidae Acropora palmata Meandrinidae Dichocoenia stokesii
Acroporidae Acropora prolifera Meandrinidae Meandrina meandrites
Agariciidae Agaricia agaricites Milliporidae Millepora alcicornis
Agariciidae Agaricia fragilis Milliporidae Millepora complanata
Agariciidae Agaricia grahamae Mussidae Isophyllastrea rigida
Agariciidae Agaricia lamarcki Mussidae Isophyllia sinuosa
Agariciidae Agaricia tenuifolia Mussidae Mussa angulosa
Agariciidae Agaricia undata Mussidae Mycetophyllia aliciae
Agariciidae Helioceris cucullata Mussidae Mycetophyllia ferox
Antipatharia Cirrhipathes leutkeni Mussidae Mycetophyllia lamarckiana
Astrocoeniidae Stephanocoenia intersepts Mussidae Mycetophyllia reesi
Caryophylliidae Eusmilia fastigiana Mussidae Scolymia sp.
Faviidae Colpophyllia natans Pocilloporidae Madracis decactis
Faviidae Diploria clivosa Pocilloporidae Madracis formosa
Faviidae Diploria labrynthiformis Pocilloporidae Madracis mirabilis
Faviidae Diploria strigosa Pocilloporidae Madracis pharensis
Faviidae Favia fragum Poritidae Porites astreoides
Faviidae Manicina areolata Poritidae Porites divaricata
Faviidae Montastraea annularis Poritidae Porites furcata
Faviidae Montastraea cavernosa Poritidae Porites porites
Faviidae Montastraea faveolata Siderastridae Siderastrea radians
Faviidae Montastraea franksi Siderastridae Siderastrea sidereal
Faviidae Solenastrea bournoni Stylasteridae Stylaster roseus
Faviidae Solenastrea hyades
© GVI – 2010 Page 40
Appendix V - Fish Species List
This list was begun for Pez Maya in 2003. This list is compiled from the Adult and Rover
diver surveys.
Family Genus Species Common Names
Acanthuridae Acanthurus Bahianus Ocean surgeonfish
Acanthuridae Acanthurus Chirurgus Doctorfish
Acanthuridae Acanthurus Coeruleus Blue tang
Atherinidae, Clupeidae, Engraulididae Silversides, Herrings, Anchovies
Aulostomidae Aulostomus Maculates Trumpetfish
Balistidae Balistes Capriscus Gray triggerfish
Balistidae Balistes Vetula Queen triggerfish
Balistidae Canthidermis Sufflamen Ocean triggerfish
Balistidae Melichthys Niger Black durgon
Balistidae Xanithichthys Ringens Sargassum triggerfish
Bothidae Bothus Lunatus Peacock flounder
Carangidae Caranx Bartholomaei Yellow jack
Carangidae Caranx Crysos Blue runner
Carangidae Caranx Ruber Bar jack
Carangidae Trachinotus Falcatus Permit
Centropomidae Centropomus Undecimalis Common snook
Chaenopsidae Lucayablennius Zingaro Arrow blenny
Chaetodontidae Chaetodon Aculeatus Longsnout butterflyfish
Chaetodontidae Chaetodon Capistratus Foureye butterflyfish
Chaetodontidae Chaetodon Ocellatus Spotfin butterflyfish
Chaetodontidae Chaetodon Sedentarius Reef butterflyfish
Chaetodontidae Chaetodon Striatus Banded butterflyfish
Cirrhitidae Amblycirrhitus Pinos Red spotted hawkfish
Congridae Heteroconger Longissimus Brown garden eel
Dasyatidae Dasyatis Americana Southern stingray
Diodontidae Diodon Holocanthus Balloonfish
Elopidae Megalops Atlanticus Tarpon
Gobiidae Coryphopterus Eidolon Palid Goby
Gobiidae Coryphopterus Glaucofraenum Bridled goby
Gobiidae Coryphopterus Lipernes Peppermint goby
Gobiidae Coryphopterus personatus/hyalinus Masked/glass goby
Gobiidae Gnatholepis Thompsoni Goldspot goby
Gobiidae Gobiosoma Oceanops Neon goby.
Gobiidae Gobiosoma Prochilos Broadstripe goby
Grammatidae Gramma Loreto Fairy basslet
© GVI – 2010 Page 41
Family Genus Species Common Names
Grammatidae Gymnothorax Funebris Green moray
Grammatidae Gymnothorax Moringa Spotted moray
Haemulidae Anisotremus Virginicus Porkfish
Haemulidae Haemulon Album White margate
Haemulidae Haemulon Aurolineatum Tomtate
Haemulidae Haemulon Carbonarium Ceaser Grunt
Haemulidae Haemulon Flavolineatum French grunt
Haemulidae Haemulon Macrostomum Spanish grunt
Haemulidae Haemulon Plumierii White grunt
Haemulidae Haemulon Sciurus Bluestriped grunt
Haemulidae Haemulon Striatum Striped grunt
Haemulidae Anisotremus Surinamensis Black margate
Haemulidae Haemulon Parra Sailor’s choice
Holocentridae Holocentrus Adscensionis Squirrelfish
Holocentridae Holocentrus Rufus Longspine squirrelfish
Holocentridae Myripristis Jacobus Blackbar soldierfish
Holocentridae Neoniphon Marianus Longjaw squirrelfish
Holocentridae Sargocentron Bullisi Deepwater squirrelfish
Holocentridae Sargocentron Coruscum Reef squirrelfish
Holocentridae Sargocentron Vexillarium Dusky squirrelfish
Kyphosidae Kyphosus sectatrix/incisor Chub
Labridae Bodianus Rufus Spanish hogfish
Labridae Clepticus Parrae Creole wrasse
Labridae Halichoeres Bivittatus Slipperydick
Labridae Halichoeres Garnoti Yellowhead wrasse
Labridae Halichoeres Pictus Rainbow wrasse
Labridae Halichoeres Poeyi Blackear wrasse
Labridae Halichoeres Radiatus Puddingwife wrasse
Labridae Lachnolaimus Maximus Hogfish
Labridae Thalassoma Bifasciatum Bluehead wrasse
Labridae Xyrichtys Martinicensis Rosy razorfish
Labridae Xyrichtys Novacula Pearly razorfish
Labrisomidae Malacoctenus Triangulatus Saddled blenny
Lutjanidae Lutjanus Analis Mutton snapper
Lutjanidae Lutjanus Apodus Schoolmaster snapper
Lutjanidae Lutjanus Cyanopterus Cubera snapper
Lutjanidae Lutjanus Griseus Grey snapper
Lutjanidae Lutjanus Jocu Dog snapper
Lutjanidae Lutjanus Mahogoni Maghogony snapper
Lutjanidae Lutjanus Synagris Lane snapper
© GVI – 2010 Page 42
Family Genus Species Common Names
Lutjanidae Ocyurus Chrysurus Yellowtailed snapper
Malacanthidae Malacanthus Plumieri Sand tilefish
Syngnathidae Micrognathus ensenadae Harlequin pipefish
Monacanthidae Aluterus Scriptus Scrawled filefish
Monacanthidae Cantherhines Macrocerus White spotted filefish
Monacanthidae Cantherhines Pullus Orange spotted filefish
Mullidae Mulloidichthys Martinicus Yellow goatfish
Mullidae Pseudupeneus Maculates Spotted goatfish
Myliobatidae Aetobatus Narinari Spotted eagle ray
Opistognathidae Opistognathus Aurifrons Yellowhead jawfish
Ostraciidae Acanthostracion Quadricornis Scrawled cowfish
Ostraciidae Lactophrys Bicaudalis Spotted trunkfish
Ostraciidae Lactophrys Triqueter Smooth trunkfish
Pempheridae Pempheris Schomburgki Glassy sweeper
Pomacanthidae Holacanthus Ciliaris Queen angelfish
Pomacanthidae Holacanthus Tricolour Rockbeauty
Pomacanthidae Pomacanthus Arcuatus Grey angelfish
Pomacanthidae Pomacanthus Paru French angelfish
Pomacentridae Abudefduf Saxatilis Seargant major
Pomacentridae Chromis Cyanea Blue chromis
Pomacentridae Chromis Enchrysurus Yellowtail reef fish
Pomacentridae Chromis Insolata Sunshinefish
Pomacentridae Chromis Multilineata Brown chromis
Pomacentridae Microspathodon Chrysurus Yellowtailed damsel fish
Pomacentridae Stegastes Adustus Dusky damselfish
Pomacentridae Stegastes Diencaeus Longfin damselfish
Pomacentridae Stegastes Leucostictus Beaugregory
Pomacentridae Stegastes Partitus Bicolour damselfish
Pomacentridae Stegastes Planifrons Threespot damselfish
Pomacentridae Stegastes Variabilis Cocoa damselfish
Scaridae Scarus Coelestinus Midnight parrotfish
Scaridae Scarus Coeruleus Blue parrotfish
Scaridae Scarus Guacamaia Rainbow parrotfish
Scaridae Scarus Iserti Striped parrotfish
Scaridae Scarus Taeniopterus Princess parrotfish
Scaridae Scarus Vetula Queen parrotfish
Scaridae Sparisoma Atomarium Greenblotch parrotfish
Scaridae Sparisoma Aurofrenatum Redband parrotfish
Scaridae Sparisoma Chrysopterum Redtail parrotfish
Scaridae Sparisoma Radians Bucktooth parrotfish
© GVI – 2010 Page 43
Family Genus Species Common Names
Scaridae Sparisoma Rubripinne Yellowtail parrotfish
Scaridae Sparisoma Viride Stoplight parrotfish
Sciaenidae Equetus Lanceolatus Jackknife fish
Sciaenidae Equetus Punctatus Spotted drum
Sciaenidae Pareques Acuminatus Highhat
Scombridae Scomberomorus Maculates Spanish mackerel
Scombridae Scomberomorus Regalis Cero
Scorpaenidae Scorpaena Plumieri Spotted scorpionfish
Serranidae Cephalopholis Cruentatus Graysby
Serranidae Cephalopholis Fulvus Coney
Serranidae Epinephelus Adscensionis Rockhind
Serranidae Epinephelus Itajara Goliath grouper
Serranidae Epinephelus Striatus Nassau grouper
Serranidae Hypoplectrus Aberrans Yellowbelly hamlet
Serranidae Hypoplectrus Chlorurus Yellowtail hamlet
Serranidae Hypoplectrus Guttavarius Shy hamlet
Serranidae Hypoplectrus Indigo Indigo hamlet
Serranidae Hypoplectrus Nigricans Black hamlet
Serranidae Hypoplectrus Puella Barred hamlet
Serranidae Hypoplectrus Unicolor Butter hamlet
Serranidae Liopropoma Rubre Peppermint basslet
Serranidae Mycteroperca Bonaci Black grouper
Serranidae Mycteroperca Interstitialis Yellowmouth grouper
Serranidae Mycteroperca Tigris Tiger grouper
Serranidae Mycteroperca Venenosa Yellowfin grouper
Serranidae Paranthias Furcifer Creolefish
Serranidae Rypticus Saponaceus Greater soapfish
Serranidae Serranus Tabacarius Tobaccofish
Serranidae Serranus Tigrinus Harlequin bass
Serranidae Serranus Tortugarum Chalk bass
Sparidae Calamus Calamos Saucereyed porgy
Sphyraenidae Sphyraena Barracuda Great barracuda
Synodontidae Synodus Intermedius Sand diver
Tetraodontidae Canthigaster Rostrata Sharpnosed puffer
Tetraodontidae Sphoeroides Splengleri Bandtail puffer
Torpedinidae Narcine Brasiliensis Lesser electric ray
Urolophidae Urolophus Jamaicensis Yellowstingray
© GVI – 2010 Page 44
Appendix VI - Bird Species List
Bird species identified to species level in Pez Maya.
Common name Species Common name Species
Great-tailed grackle Quiscalus mexicanus Wilson's plover Charadrius wilsonia
Magnificent frigatebird Fregata magnificens Belted Kingfisher Ceryle alcyon
Ruddy turnstone Arenaria interpres Cinnamon hummingbird Amazilia rutila
Royal tern Sterna m. maxima Common black-hawk Buteogallus anthracinus
Tropical mockingbird Mimus gilvus Common ground-dove Columbina passerina
Brown pelican Pelecanus occidentalis Melodious blackbird Dives dives
Sanderling Calidris alba Mangrove Vireo Vireo pallens
Yellow warbler Dendroica petechia Spot Breasted Wren Thryothorus maculipectus
Osprey Pandion haliaetus Yellow-crowned Night-
Heron
Nycticorax violaceus
Black catbird Dumetella glabrirostris Black-bellied Plover Pluvialis squatarola
White Ibis Eudocimus albus Black-crowned Night-
Heron
Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli
Turkey vulture Cathartes aura Black vulture Coragyps atratus
Hooded Oriole Icterus cucullatus Great Egret Egretta alba egretta
Snowy egret Egretta thula Green kingfisher Chloroceryle americana
Bananaquit Coereba flaveola Laughing gull Larus atricilla
Golden-fronted
Woodpecker
Centurus aurifrons Little Blue Heron Egretta caerulea
Great blue heron Ardea herodias Mangrove warbler Dendroica erithachorides
Yellow-throated warbler Dendroica dominica Neotropic Cormorant Phalacrocorax brasilianus
Bare-throated Tiger heron Tigrisoma mexicanum Roseate spoonbill Platalea ajaja
Semipalmated sandpiper Calidris pusilla Solitary Sandpiper Tringa solitaria
White-collared Seedeater Sporophila torqueola Tricolored heron Egretta tricolor
Great Kiskadee Pitangus sulphuratus White-winged dove Zenaida asiatica
Plain Chachalaca Ortalis vetula
© GVI – 2010 Page 45