PET PS Blending

8/10/2019 PET PS Blending

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Polymer And Process

Group

8

Lab Presentation


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Group Members


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Contents

Introduction of PET & PBT

Experimentation of PET-PS Blend

Introduction to FTIR

Interpretation of IR Spectra

Characterization of Blends with FTIR


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Introduction of Polyethylene

terephthalate (PET)

Fahad ul Hassan

2010-PE-19


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Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)

Trade Name:

Dacron

Class:Thermoplastic

Structure:


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History

PET was developed as a

textile fiber in 1940s.

Initially it was used forpackaging.

In 1970, it was first introduced

as a bottle which was later

introduced commercially and

got great fame.


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Physical Properties of PET

Some of the physical properties of PET are:

properties

value

Unit

Specific gravity 1.35 -----

Melting Temperature 256 0C

Glass transition temperature 76 oC

Processing temperature 280-300 0C

Properties Behavior

Flammability Self extinguishing

Resistance to ultra-violet

Good

Refractive index

1.58-1.65

Water absorption over 24 hr 0.1 %

Density

1.30-1.34 g/cm3


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Chemical Properties of PET

Some important chemical properties of

PET are:

Hydrolytic corrosion

Thermal and photo degradation

Chemical recycling


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Applications of PET

PET Bottles: PET is used in manufacturing bottles

which can be made crystal clear to display thecontents and they are light weight, reduce transport

cost and are fully recyclable. It is very suitable for

content with both liquids (mineral water or soda

water) and with solid foods such as bakery goods.

PET Containers: PET containers are tough, stiff,

and have excellent barrier properties.

In Portland Cement: PET fibers have also been

proposed for constructional application materialacting as Portland cement reinforcement with

encouraging results. Addition of PET fibers up to 2

weight % can improve the toughness of the cement.


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Applications of PET

In medicines: They are used in pharmaceuticals

due to its physiological inertness .PET is used inthe form of a mesh or replace diseased sectionsof arties. It is also used in artificial heart valves.

Packaging: PET has a considerably lowercrystallization rate and is therefore mainly used in

packaging such as tapes and films.

PET films: They are used in capacitors, slot linersfor motors, magnetic tape, x-ray film,photographic film, graphic art and draftingapplications, and food packaging.

Ovens:PET shows great thermal stability andthus it is used in microwave ovens andconventional ovens.


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Introduction of Polybutylene

terephthalate (PBT)

Azhar Habib

2010-PE-41


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Polybutylene terephthalate(PBT)

Trade Name:

Celanex

Class

Thermoplastic

linear & flexible aromatic polyester

Structure:


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History

PBT is being produced since 1942 and was

commercialized by Celanese corporation in 1969,

under the trade name Celanex.

PBT has been commercially produced as a molding

polymer and as a fiber.

Now a days in engineering plastic market itsannual world production is more than 800,000 tons.


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Physical Properties of PBT

The most important physical properties of PBT are

given in table as below:

Property Value Units

Tg 303-333 K

Tm 495-505 K

Specific Gravity 1.32-1.66 -

Impact strength 53 J/m

Specific Heat 223 kJ/kg.K

Thermal conductivity 1.35 W/m.K

Linear coefficient of thermal

expansion

7*10-5 K-1

Density 1.31 g/cm3

Water absorption over 24 hr

(%)

0.1 -

Volume Resistivity 1015 Ohm.cm


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Chemical Properties OF PBT

Some important chemical properties of PET are:

Thermo oxidative DecompositionDepolymerization of PBT with Alcohols

Reaction with Alkalis


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Applications Of PBT

Industrial Components: industrialpump

housings, impellers etc. as PBT has good

dimensional stability (especially in water), is

resistant to hydrocarbon oils and has high

mechanical strength.

Electrical Components: Electrical parts

(such as connectors, LED displays,

telephone components, circuit breakers andfuse cases) as it show outstanding wear

resistance, it has a relatively low heat

deflection temperature.


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Applications Of PBT

Automobile Components: In automotive

exterior parts (such as bumpers and vertical

panels), and in various automotive under-the-

hood parts as it shows improved tensile

strength, flexural modulus, and impact strength.

Optical Fiber Cables: PBT is used for the

tubing of loose-tube optical fiber cables

because of its relatively high modulus and good

processabilty.

Brush Bristles: BTis used in tooth and paint

brushes as it shows great wear resistance.


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Experimentationfor PET-PS Blend

Javed Ahmad

2010-PE-67


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Polymerization Techniques

Some of most common methods of

Polymerization include the following:

Bulk or Mass Polymerization

Solution or Solvent Polymerization

Emulsion Polymerization

Suspension Polymerization

Solid state Polymerization

Plasma Polymerization


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Experimentation

Experimentation involves the following:

Chemicals

ApparatusProcedure

Observations


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Chemicals

Styrene monomer 20 ml

Benzol Peroxide (BOP) 0.02 gCrushed PET 5 g

PS-PET Blend in ratio 1:4


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Apparatus

Glass veil

Glass rod

Stirrer

Water Bath

Stand

Thermometer

Burette


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Procedure

First of all we took 20 ml Styrene

monomer in a Glass veil with the help of

Burette

Then added 0.02 g of Benzol Peroxideinitiator

Stirred it with glass rod

Then heated the Water Bath up to 1hr to

achieve 80C temperature

Then heated the Glass veil in the water

bath for Polymerization


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Procedure

Then added crushed PET into it to form

blend and heated it for 3 hours

Stirring it after intervals of 20 min for first

hour After that Viscosity of Styrene start

increasing

Then gentle stirring applied after 10 minso that PET does not suspended and to

obtained a homogenous blend


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Block Diagram

Styrene monomer

20 ml

Crushed PET

5 g

Mixed & Heatedfor about 3 hrs

with Periodic

Stirring

PET

Benzol Peroxide

0.02 g

Cooling

Blend


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Introduction to FTIR

Muhammad Bilal

2010-PE-13


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INTRODUCTION

OPERATION

SPECTRA

PRECUTIONS


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Introduction

FTIR is used for the identification of

functional groups in organic

compounds. FTIR is stand for Fourier Transform

infared spectrometer .


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Operation

LIGHTSOURCE

INTERFEROMETER

SAMPLESECTION

DETECTOR AMPLIFIERA/D

CONVERTER

FOURIERTRANSFORM

UNITSPECTRA


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Transmittance & Absorbtion


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Wavelength and Wavenumber


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Precautions

CO2 + H2O effects Noising

Correction through software

Desiccant (Silica Gel)


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Interpretation of IR Spectra

Muhammad Sohail Qureshi

2010-PE-54


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Group frequencies and fingerprint

frequenciesMotions in polymer molecule occur when IR passed through it and

shows certain frequencies which are of two types as under:

GroupFrequencies

They are given by thevibrational motion of

functional groups

They are specific for specificgroups and hence help toidentify the sample

They generally lie above1500 cm-1 (high frequencies

)

Fingerprint

Frequencies

They are given by the motionof the molecule or polymer

segment as a whole

They are random for every

sample since molecularmotion is controlled by otherfactors including chain

hindress ,crystalanity etc.

They generally lie bellow1500 cm-1 (lower

frequencies)


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Summary of IR Absorptions

Lighter atoms will allow the oscillation to be fasterhigher energy.This

is especially true of bonds to hydrogenC-H, N-H and O-H.

Stronger bonds will have higher energy oscillations

Triple bonds > double bonds > single bonds in energy


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Carbon-Carbon Bond Stretching

Stronger bonds absorb at higher frequencies.

C-C 1200 cm-1

C=C 1660 cm-1

CC 2200 cm-1

Conjugation lowers the frequency.

isolated C=C 1640-1680 cm-1

conjugated C=C 1620-1640 cm-1

aromatic C=C approx. 1600 cm-1


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Aromatics

aromatic C=C approx. 1600 cm-1

the region between 1667-2000 cm-1 is the determination of

the substitution pattern on the aromatic ring.

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

Mono substituted

1,2 disubstituted (orthoor o-

)

1,2 disubstituted (metaor

m-)

1,4 disubstituted (paraorp-

)


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2000-1650 e

bandscm1


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Carbon-Hydrogen Stretching

Bonds with more scharacter absorb at a higher

frequency.

1) sp3C-H, just below 3000 cm-1(to the right).

2) sp2C-H, just above 3000 cm-1(to the left).

3) spC-H, at 3300 cm-1


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IR Spectra: Functional Groups

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Alkane

Alkene

Alkyne

-C-H C-C


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O-H and N-H Stretching

Both of these occur around 3300 cm-1,

but they look different

Alcohol O-H, broad with rounded tip

Secondary amine (R2NH), broad with one

sharp spike

Primary amine (RNH2), broad with two

sharp spikes

No signal for a tertiary amine (R3N).


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An Alcohol IR Spectrum


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An Amine IR Spectrum


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Carbonyl Stretching

The C=O bond of simple ketones, aldehydes, andcarboxylic acids absorb around 1710 cm-1.

Carboxylic acids will have O-H also. This O-H

absorbs broadly, 2500-3500 cm-1, due to strong

hydrogen bonding.

Aldehydes have two C-H signals around 2700 and

2800 cm-1


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An Aldehyde IR Spectrum


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An Carboxylic Acid IR Spectra


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Carbon - Nitrogen Stretching

C - N absorbs around 1200 cm-1

C = N absorbs around 1660 cm-1and is much

stronger than the C = C absorption in the same

region

C N absorbs strongly just above2200 cm-1.

The alkyne C C signal is much weaker and is

just below2200 cm-1


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A Nitrile IR Spectrum


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Characterization of Blends

with FTIR

Asmat Ullah

2010-PE-10


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Important Aspects of Blends

Polymer blends are used for a variety of reasons.

The principal motivation is to enhance the

properties of the individual homopolymers in the

blend. The polymers must be compatible, which means

that they must form stable mixtures at the

molecular level otherwise phase separation occurs.

The behavior of polymer blends depends, ingeneral, on the degree of mixing of the

components and their mutual interaction, as well as

on the individual properties of the components.


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Analysis of a blend

Thermoanalysis:For incompatible blends the Tg of one component will

be displaced in the direction of the Tg of the second

component. For compatible polymer blends, only a

single Tg is observed.

FTIR analysis:

will tell about the following:

Presence of Interaction

Level of Interaction shown by individual polymers

Effect of Aging and heat treatment


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Compatibility Analysis

From an IR point of view, compatibility

of a blend is defined in terms of thepresence of a detectable 'interaction'

spectrum that arises when the spectrum

of the blend is compared to the spectra

of the two homopolymers.

If the homopolymers are incompatible,

the spectrum of the blend is simply the

spectral sum, of the spectra of the two

homopolymers and hence interaction

spectrum will be a straight line.

If the homopolymers are compatible, an

interaction spectrum with frequencyshifts and intensity modifications that

are intrinsic to the system will be

observed.


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Changes w.r.t. Compostion


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Level of Interaction

Level/Degree of Interaction is expressed as the %

of either of the two homopolymers that has

contributed in the interaction spectrum

Different values of Interaction values are exhibitedby either of the homopolymer in different

compositions of the blend

Also different Interaction % are shown by same

compositions if obtained the sample after heattreatment of the blend at different temperatures


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Changes w.r.t Temperature


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Changes w.r.t Time


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References

PET PS Blending

Documents

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