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Transcript of PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO...
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A Floresta Atlântica e a Mudança do Clima no
Nordeste do Brasil
Dr. Marcelo TabarelliLaboratório de Ecologia Vegetal
Universidade Federal de [email protected]
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Conteúdo• O que é a floresta Atlântica nordestina;• Que tipo de pressão a floresta está sofrendo;• Como a floresta responde as pressões
antrópicas;• Como as mudanças climáticas influenciam a • Como as mudanças climáticas influenciam a
resposta da floresta;• Qual o destino da biodiversidade e dos serviços
ambientais em função da resposta as mudanças;
• De que forma podemos mitigar os danos causados pelas ações antrópicas e preservar a biodiversidade e os serviços da floresta.
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Esclarecimento
• Informações representam hipóteses de trabalho;
• Hipóteses baseados em estudos conduzidos na FAN;
• As hipóteses estão na fronteira do • As hipóteses estão na fronteira do conhecimento;
• São válidas para todas as florestas tropicais;
• Abordagem biológica no nível de ecossistema.
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A Floresta Atlântica
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Floresta Atlântica nordestinaMatas Secas
• Aves
56.400 km2
Hiléia Sul-Bahiana
Fonte: IBGE (1995)
• Aves• Plantas Lenhosas• Anfíbios• Borboletas
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Floresta Atlântica Nordestina
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Sul-Atlântico nordestinas
Amazônico-nordestinas
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Floresta Atlântica Nordestina
> 2000 plantas vasculares
418 espécies de avesParaíba
4,6% da área originalPernambuco
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Diversidade subestimada
Aechmea gustavoi
Glaucidium mooreorum
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A Floresta Atlântica Nordestina é única!Nordestina é única!
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A pressão sobre a floresta
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Source: Carlos A. Peres The Amazon region
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Incêndios florestais
The Amazon region
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Defaunação
Source: Rhett A. Butler / mongabay.com
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Floresta Atlântica Nordestina
• 1989-2000• 5,6% dos fragmentos desapareceram;• 11,4% dos fragmentos ficaram menores;• média 35,7% menores;• média 35,7% menores;• 10% da floresta remanescente
desapareceu;
Tabarelli & Silva em preparação
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Floresta Atlântica NordestinaFloresta Atlântica Nordestina
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Paisagens naturais
Perturbações antrópicas
Intensificação uso terra
Paisagens antrópicas
Cobertura florestal+ -
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Resposta da floresta as perturbaçõesperturbações
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O destino das grandes árvores
Increased wind turbulance
Source: Laurance et al. 2000
Increased physiological stress
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Colapso de biomassa e proliferação de pioneiras
Source: Laurance et al. 1997 Science
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60
80
100
Per
cent
age
of tr
ee s
peci
es
Forest edge
Forest interior
Proliferação de plantas pioneiras na floresta Atlântica
0
20
40
60
Pioneerspecies
Emergentspecies
Canopyspecies
Understoryspecies
Vertebratedispersedspecies
Ecological groups
Per
cent
age
of tr
ee s
peci
es
Source: Oliveira et al. 2004 Oryx
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Extração de madeira e proliferação de pioneiras
Canopy cover
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Exploração de madeira e proliferação de pioneiras
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Incêndios e proliferação de pioneiras
Source: Ana Alencar
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Habitat Fragmentation
Edgeeffects
Fire Logging Hunting
Forest structural collapseElimination of frugivores
Pioneerproliferation
Early-successional systems
Decline of shade-tolerant trees
Source: Tabarelli et al. 2008 Biotropica
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Secundarização da floresta
Creation of forest edges
Old-growth
Edge-affected habitats
Retrogressive succession over time
Early-successional system
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The retrogressive succession as forest
response
Forest “secondarization” by
repeated fires
Source: Barlow J. & Peres, C.A. 2008. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B.
High mortality of large treesCollapse of forest structureBiomass collapseProliferation of pioneers and ruderasl
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Forest dieback via a
The retrogressive succession as forest
response
Forest dieback via a combination of repeated
fires, logging, and drought
Source: Nepstad et al. 2008. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B-Biol.
High mortality of large treesCollapse of forest structureBiomass collapseProliferation of pioneers and ruderasl
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The retrogressive succession as forest
response
The receding forest edges
Souce: Gascon et al. (2000)
High mortality of large treesCollapse of forest structureBiomass collapseProliferation of pioneers and ruderasl
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Agro-mosaicos na Floresta Atlântica Nordestina
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The remaining Atlantic forestA collection of secondary stands
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A intensidade da resposta (secundarização)
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Mid-successional
Old-growth stage
+
-
Forest response to human disturbances
Matrix harshness
Old-growth taxa favoring
Pioneer favoring
Time after initial disturbance
Early successional
+Pioneer favoring
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Mid-successional
Old-growth stage
+
-
Collection of forest products
Old-growth taxa favoring
Pioneer favoring
Forest response to human disturbances
Time after initial disturbance
Early successional
+Pioneer favoring
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Mid-successional
Old-growth stage
Historical exposure to disturbance
+
-
Forest response to human disturbances
Occurrence of disturbance-adapted species
Occurrence of disturbance-adapted species
Time after initial disturbance
Early successional
Occurrence of disturbance-adapted species
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– Mudanças climáticas
Aquecimento Global!!
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Mid-successional
Old-growth stage
+
-
Environmental extremes
Forest response to human disturbances
Old-growth taxa favoring
Pioneer favoring
Time after initial disturbance
Early successional
+ Pioneer favoring
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Eventos climáticos extremos tendem a intensificar a
secundarização da florestasecundarização da floresta(impacto na escala de ecossistema)
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Destino da biodiversidade e dos serviços ambientaisdos serviços ambientais
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Spe
cies
rich
ness
dive
rsity
Bio
mas
s
Prim
ary
prod
uctiv
ity
Forest regeneration
Early succ. Mid-successional Late successional
Ecosystem functioning across forest regeneration/retrogressive succession
Time after disturbance
Spe
cies
rich
ness
Fun
ctio
nal
Bio
mas
s
Prim
ary
prod
uctiv
ity
Retrogressive succession
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Bio
dive
rsity
ret
entio
n
+
Eco
logi
cal s
ervi
ces
Nee
d fo
r m
anag
emen
tE
cono
mic
val
ue o
f for
est
Soc
ial a
nd c
ultu
ral d
iver
sity
Land-use intensification
>90% < 50% < 30% < 10%
Intact FragmentedVariegated Relictual
Bio
dive
rsity
ret
entio
n
-
Eco
logi
cal s
ervi
ces
Nee
d fo
r m
anag
emen
tE
cono
mic
val
ue o
f for
est
undisturbed
disturbed
Forest cover
Soc
ial a
nd c
ultu
ral d
iver
sity
Landscape type
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Base Biotecnológica
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Água
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Paisagens antrópicas = ambientes frágeis
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Floresta Atlântica Nordestina(Centro Pernambuco)
• Tipos de vegetação Área (km 2) Vegetação remanescente (km 2)
% do total % do total
• Formações pioneiras 2.922,88 (5.1%) 614,74 21,03
• Áreas de tensão ecológica 19.715,18 (34,9) 665,89 3,37
• Fl. Estacional semidecidual 16.045,06 (28,4) 803,72 5,00
• Fl. Ombrófila densa 6.141,02 (10,8) 280,35 4,56
• Fl. Ombrófila aberta 11.576,74 (20,52) 832,92 7,19
• Total 56.400,88 3.197,62 5,66
• Fonte: SOS Mata Atlântica/SNE (1993)
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Sistema de UCs
• Número reduzido de unidades (60, 0,3%);• Unidades pequenas (< 500 ha);• Não implantadas (> 90%);• Concentradas na região metropolitana de • Concentradas na região metropolitana de
Recife (40);
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Tabela 2. Número de espécies e subespécies de aves em diferentes categorias de distribuição geográfica e de ameaça de extinção nas cinco usinas de açúcar com maior riqueza de aves no Centro Pernambuco.
Categorias/Usinas1 Cruangino. (%)3
Frei Caneca
Santo Antônio Serra Grande
Trapiche
Distribuição geográfica
endêmica floresta Atlântica 8 (28,5) 17 (60,7) 9 (32,1) 21 (75,0)14
(50,0)
endêmica Centro Pernambuco 18 (66,6) 22 (81,4) 13 (48,1) 22 (81,4)19
(70,3)18 (66,6) 22 (81,4) 13 (48,1) 22 (81,4)
(70,3)
Ameaçadas de extinção
Ministério do Meio Ambiente 20 (50,0) 26 (65,0) 16 (40,0) 28 (70,0)22
(55,0)
BirdLife 7 (33,3) 11 (52,3) 5 (23,8) 13 (61,9)10
(47,6)
Total 26 40 23 45 33
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Floresta Atlântica Nordestina está submetida a um processo severo de
secundarização que deverá se agravar com as mudanças climáticas globais
Tabarelli et al. (2008) Biotropica
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• Espécies ameaçadas
Fonte: Adriano Paglia CI-Brasil
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Floresta Atlântica Nordestina
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E o caminho a seguir...
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Ampliar Proteção
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Restaurar a Floresta
com Alta Diversidade
Biológica
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Restaurar para...
• Ampliar o tamanho dos fragmentos;• Mitigar efeitos de borda;• Aumentar a conectividade biológica;• Controlar invasoras e pioneiras;• Controlar invasoras e pioneiras;• Recuperar o potencial de prestação de
serviços ambientais ;• Recuperar habitats chaves como as
florestas ciliares;• Ampliar a cobertura florestal.
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Corredores de biodiversidade
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O aquecimento global pode ajudar a floresta remanescente,
sua biodiversidade e seus sua biodiversidade e seus serviços!!!
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Agradecimento!
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Obrigado!!