Permafrost Fragile Nature of Permanently (or not so permanently) Frozen Ground Presented by Julie...
Transcript of Permafrost Fragile Nature of Permanently (or not so permanently) Frozen Ground Presented by Julie...
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PermafrostPermafrostFragile Nature of Permanently Fragile Nature of Permanently
(or not so permanently) Frozen Ground(or not so permanently) Frozen Ground
Presented byPresented by Julie Brigham-Grette and Beth CaissieJulie Brigham-Grette and Beth Caissie
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ContinuousDiscontinuous
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http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/permafrosttunnel/1g3_Massive_Ice.htm
Ground cracks
Water or sand fall in
Process repeats many times for many years
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Beth Caissie, from Russia
B Hallett, Svalbard, NGS
Massive ice ices and ground ice
Elaborate stone circles
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“Cold is powerful. It freezes subsurface water, which can force frozen ground upward to form cone-shaped mounds with cores of ice—pingos—on Canada’s Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula.”
http://tectonic.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/2007-12/permafrost/bernard-edmaler-photography.html
Photograph by Bernhard Edmaier
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“High above the treeline in Swiss National Park, icy soil warms in the summer sun, slipping over layers of earth like icing dripping down the side of a cake.”
Photograph by Bernhard Edmaier
http://tectonic.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/2007-12/permafrost/bernard-edmaler-photography.html
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“Permafrost terrain encompasses vast reaches of the Northern Hemisphere. In Iceland’s central highlands, braids of summer meltwater flow from a nearby glacier and flank a cluster of ragged ponds. Perched on impermeable ground, the shallow pools spread, likely shaped by prevailing winds.”
http://tectonic.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/2007-12/permafrost/bernard-edmaler-photography.html
Photograph by Bernhard Edmaier
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“Darker than surrounding Canadian tundra, ponds absorb more heat from the sun, amplify their own melting, and over time thread together into beaded streams. As the Earth warms, its vast frozen lands are being transformed—and we are only starting to grasp the consequences.”
http://tectonic.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/2007-12/permafrost/bernard-edmaler-photography.html
Photograph by Bernhard Edmaier
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“Thawing and refreezing each year, an active layer of soil lies over permafrost. Fine sediments and coarse gravels on the surface shift and tilt as the active layer expands and contracts, sorting themselves over centuries into labyrinths of circles and lines—decoration for an Arctic island.”
http://tectonic.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/2007-12/permafrost/bernard-edmaler-photography.html
Photograph by Bernhard Edmaier
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“Ice wedges penetrate deep into frozen soil, chiseling tundra into room-size polygons—a signature texture of permafrost landscapes. Climate change may be marking the Canadian Arctic, too, as meltwater erodes the edges of some polygons and deepens pools in their centers.”
http://tectonic.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/2007-12/permafrost/bernard-edmaler-photography.html
Photograph by Bernhard Edmaier
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“Warming waters may have formed the embayment expanding across an icy spit of land in the Canadian Arctic. When carbon-rich blocks of thawing permafrost crumble into the water, they decompose and can release potent greenhouse gases such as methane.”
http://tectonic.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/2007-12/permafrost/bernard-edmaler-photography.html
Photograph by Bernhard Edmaier
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“In Iceland, where volcanic fire does battle with glacial ice, green folds of hummocky terrain and a reddish slash of oxidized soil rise above a black expanse of newer lava.”
http://tectonic.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/2007-12/permafrost/bernard-edmaler-photography.html
Photograph by Bernhard Edmaier
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“Drunken Forests”
http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=172095
http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/landscapes/details_e.php?photoID=509
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Damage from Melting PermafrostF. Nelson
http://www.klimanotizen.de/html/newsletter_14e.html
http://nsidc.org/sotc/permafrost.html
http://www.flickr.com/photos/73423050@N00/912440368/
Cherskii, Siberia
Fairbanks, AK
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Permafrost damage in Fairbanks,
AK and Tibet
“Thawing permafrost can render railroad tracks useless, as seen in this photo from the northern Tibetan Plateau taken in the early 1960s.” Credit: Tingjun Zhang
http://www.livescience.com/environment/041222_permafrost.html
http://www.globalwarmingimages.net/gallery/index/disp_media/429/gallery/perma_frost/0/
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Engineering Solutions
• Refrigeration of ground
• Build on “stilts”(c)2005 Derek Ramsey
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Alaska_Pipeline_System
http://www.soilsalaska.com/Construction.htm
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Ammonia NH3 refrigeration(temp and pressure driven)
http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/ammonia_refrigeration/ammonia/index.html
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IPCC Projections2100 AD
CO2 (450-1100)CH4 (1500-3700)
Petit et al. (1999) Nature 399:429-436
50100150200250300350400
400
800
1200
1600
180
240
300
360
kyr BP
Today
Vostok Ice Core
389
Carbon Dioxide and Methane: The last 400 thousand years
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Karen Frey, images.
Thawing permafrost forecast to release CO2 and CH4 -- huge areas of Siberia are a gigantic source of additional green house gases, as across many parts of the Arctic
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Karen Frey; image
CH4
CH4
CH4
CH4
CH4
CH4
CH4
CH4
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Shakova et al, 2010, Science 327 Methane venting from East Siberian Arctic Shelf
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Katey Walter’s Videoshttp://www.alaska.edu/uaf/cem/ine/walter/videopage.xml
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